French nationalism

French nationalism usually manifests as cultural nationalism, promoting the cultural unity of France.[1]

History

French nationalism emerged from its numerous wars with England, which involved the reconquest of the territories that made up France. The wars produced a great icon of French nationalism, Joan of Arc. The Catholic religion also played a major role after the Protestant Reformation.[2] French nationalism became a powerful movement after the French Revolution in 1789. Napoleon Bonaparte promoted French nationalism based upon the ideals of the French Revolution such as the idea of "liberty, equality, fraternity" and justified French expansionism and French military campaigns on the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution across Europe, and also to expand France into its so-called "natural borders." Napoleon's invasions of other nations had the effect of spreading the concept of nationalism outside France.[3]

1814-1914

After Napoleon's defeat and downfall, French nationalism from the 19th to early 20th century took on an assertive and extreme patriotism that supported military force to achieve its political goals.[3] During World War I France pursued irredentist claims on the region of Alsace-Lorraine that had been lost to Germany at the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. French national pride was damaged in World War I by the long, drawn-out war with Germany fought on its soil; especially in World War II when the French government surrendered to Germany in 1940; and after France lost many of its colonies due to decolonization after World War II.[3]

The symbols of nationalism included not only Joan of Arc but also Roland, the hero of The Song of Roland (La chanson de Roland). He died in combat against the Unfaithful while defending Charlemagne and his men, making him a suitable patriotic symbol for the modern age.[4]

The politics of left and right played a role as conservatives seized on nationalism to attack the left. Conservative French nationalists successfully labeled antimilitarism as antinationalist in the 1898-1914 era. Many of the more vocal antimilitarists were activist anarchists and radical Marxist organizations. Historians have interpreted this attack by arguing French nationalism was rejecting its roots in the French Revolution and was becoming something of an extremist, protofascist movement. However, most antimilitarists did not reject their nation, but instead claimed to be protecting the Republic, which they saw as synonymous with the nation. They saw the conservatives as a danger to a republican France.[5]

The large conservative Catholic element, frustrated by the failure to restore the monarchy, turned to a new variation on nationalism. Led by the daily newspaper La Croix, founded by the Assumptionist priests in 1883, it denounced the Republic's anti-clericalism and encouraged Boulangism and Germanophobia. It promoted French imperialism as the fulfillment of a mission to bring civilization and Christianity to the pagans ("mission civilisatrice") and it boasted of France's cultural superiority over everyone else.[6]

The Dreyfus affair of the 1890s saw conservatives use nationalism to attack the Third Republic. However, when the republicans passed laws hostile to the Catholic Church in 1901-1905, such as disbanding the Assumptionists, many conservatives switched their energies and funding away from nationalistic projects to instead a defense of the Church. Devout Catholic women were especially active in this switch. Historian Robert Fuller argues it effectively ended the nationalist challenge to the Third Republic.[7]

Since 1914

After the humiliating defeat in 1940 by Germany, Philippe Pétain, a hero of the world war, was called to again save France, in the name of French nationalism. He responded by stressing "the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government".[8] According to Robert Bruce:

He longed to take an active part in remaking France in his image and ridding the nation of the past twenty years of socialist and Marxist teachings and programs whose bitter fruit had been the defeat of 1940. France would be strong again. France would be great again, and it was his duty to make that come to pass."[9]

Pétain's great enemy was the leader of Free France, Charles de Gaulle. He became President of France and sought to resurrect national pride. De Gaulle sought to make France the leader of an independent Europe - free from American and Soviet influence.[10] De Gaulle's government sought Franco-German reconciliation and took a leading role in the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community that sought to resolve economic tensions between France and Germany, that French foreign minister Robert Schuman declared was designed "to end Franco-German hostility once and for all.".[10]

In recent years one controversy has been the legal treatment of veiled Muslim women and prostitutes. The government has targeted what some perceive as the 'under-covered' bodies of prostitutes and the 'over-covered' bodies of veiled Muslim women in order to exclude them from the public space. The emerging forms of French nationalism emphasize the promotion of sexual liberalism as a core value of citizenship. Julie Billaud and Julie Castro argue that the goals are to enforce a virile nationalism, prescribe new sexual norms, and criminalize immigrants and those living at the social margins.[11]

Parties and organizations

Current

French Nationalist Party (1983–present)
National Rally (France) (1972–present)
Popular Republican Union (2007) (2007–present)
Debout la France (2008–present)
French Dissidence (2018–present)

Defunct

Croix-de-feu
Parti franciste (1933-1944)
Rassemblement national populaire (1941-1945)
Parti français national-collectiviste
Parti populaire français (1936-1945)
Parti nationaliste français et européen
Groupe Union Défense (1968-2017)
Bastion social (2017-2019)

Personalities

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References

Motyl 2001, p. 170.
David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (2001).
Motyl 2001, pp. 171.
Isabel N. DiVanna, "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century." Historical Research 84.223 (2011): 109-134.
Elizabeth Propes, "Re-thinking Antimilitarism: France 1898–1914." Historical Reflections 37.1 (2011): 45-59.
William F. Ryan, . La Croix and the rise of French rightist nationalism in the 1880s," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1974) 1#2 pp 159-172
Robert L. Fuller, "Catholic Women and the Unmaking of French Nationalism After the Dreyfus Affair." European History Quarterly 37.2 (2007): 242-264.
Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1991), p. 201
Robert B. Bruce (2008). Petain: Verdun to Vichy. Potomac Books. p. 100.
Motyl 2001, pp. 172.
Julie Billaud and Julie Castro, "Whores and Niqabées: The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism," French Politics, Culture & Society (2013) 31#2 pp 81-101

Bibliography

Bell, David A. "Lingua Populi, Lingua Dei: Language, Religion, and the Origins of French Revolutionary Nationalism." American Historical Review 100#5 (1995), pp. 1403–1437. in JSTOR.
Bell, David A. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (2001) emphasizes religion and the wars with England.
Ben-Amos, Avner. "Monuments and Memory in French Nationalism." History and Memory 5#2 (1993), pp. 50–81. in JSTOR
Billaud, Julie and Castro, Julie. "Whores and Niqabées: The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism." French Politics, Culture & Society (2013) 31#2 pp 81–101
Hyslop, Beatrice Fry. French Nationalism in 1789 According to the General Cahiers (1934)
Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Sternhell, Zeev. "Paul Deroulede and the Origins of Modern French Nationalism." Journal of Contemporary History 6#4 (1971), pp. 46–70. in JSTOR.
Vincent, K. Steven. "National Consciousness, Nationalism and Exclusion: Reflections on the French Case." Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 19#3 (1993), pp. 433–449. in JSTOR

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[FOOTNOTEMotyl2001170-1] Motyl 2001, p. 170.

[2] David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (2001).

[FOOTNOTEMotyl2001171-3] Motyl 2001, pp. 171.

[4] Isabel N. DiVanna, "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century." Historical Research 84.223 (2011): 109-134.

[5] Elizabeth Propes, "Re-thinking Antimilitarism: France 1898–1914." Historical Reflections 37.1 (2011): 45-59.

[6] William F. Ryan, . La Croix and the rise of French rightist nationalism in the 1880s," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1974) 1#2 pp 159-172

[7] Robert L. Fuller, "Catholic Women and the Unmaking of French Nationalism After the Dreyfus Affair." European History Quarterly 37.2 (2007): 242-264.

[8] Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1991), p. 201

[9] Robert B. Bruce (2008). Petain: Verdun to Vichy. Potomac Books. p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEMotyl2001172-10] Motyl 2001, pp. 172.

[11] Julie Billaud and Julie Castro, "Whores and Niqabées: The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism," French Politics, Culture & Society (2013) 31#2 pp 81-101

Ethnic nationalism
Nationalisms	Acholi Afrikaner Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in North Macedonia Andalusian Arab Aragonese Armenian Assyrian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Baloch Basque Bavarian Belarusian Bengali Berber Bodo Bosniak Breton Canarian Cantonese Castilian Catalan Chicano Chinese Circassian Coptic Cornish Corsican Croatian Czech Egyptian English Estonian Filipino Finnish French Galician German in Austria Georgian Greek in Cyprus Hazara Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Iranian Irish Italian Japanese Kabyle Khmer Korean Kurdish Lebanese Lezgin Lombard Macedonian Malay Manchurian Montenegrin Naga Norwegian Occitan Ogoni Palestinian Pashtun Polish Punjabi Romanian Russian Sahrawi Sardinian Scottish Serbian Sicilian Sindhi Sinhalese Somali Slovak Slovenian Spanish Syrian Taiwanese Tamil in Sri Lanka Tripuri Turkish Ukrainian Ulster Uyghur Valencian Venetian Vietnamese Welsh Zaza
Pan-nationalisms	American Arab Celtic German Hispanic Indian Iranian Latin Mongolian Native American Pakistani Slavic Turanian Turkic
Movements	Alsace independence movement Assam separatist movements Assyrian independence movement Balawaristan National Front Catalan independence movement East Turkestan independence movement Faroese independence movement Flemish Movement Free Aceh Movement Free Papua Movement Future of Åland Galician independence (Spain) Greenlandic independence Guangdong Independence Movement Hawaiian sovereignty movement Inner Mongolian independence movement Kaszëbskô Jednota Māori protest movement Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) National Liberation Front of Corsica Patani United Liberation Organisation Ryukyu independence movement Scottish independence Siberian regionalism Silesian Autonomy Movement Székely autonomy movement Taiwan independence movement Tibetan independence movement Vojvodina Autonomist Movement Wallmapuwen Walloon Movement Welsh independence
Concepts	Arakan Artsakh Assyria Azawad Balawaristan Balochistan Bangsamoro Chameria Champa Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Circassia Crimea Hatay State Hazarajat Danzig Donetsk East Turkestan Herzeg-Bosnia Hutu Power Ilirida Karakalpakstan Karelia Kashmiriyat Katarismo Ketuanan Melayu Kurdistan Lezgistan Luhansk Manchukuo Marathi Abhimaangeet Northern Epirus Ossetia Pashtunistan Republika Srpska Sápmi Saraikistan Silesia Sindhudesh Székely Land Tamil Eelam Tibet
Other	Racial American Indigenous Black Indigenous White Zionism
Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism.