Muslim Independence Movement

The Muslim Independence Movement (MIM) was a secessionist political organization in the Philippines.

On 1 May 1968, two months after the Jabidah Massacre, Datu Udtog Matalam, a former governor of Cotabato, issued a Manifesto for the declaration of the Muslim Independent Movement that sought for an independent Muslim state from the Philippines comprising Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan regions.[1] It was later renamed as the Mindanao Independence Movement (still MIM) to assure non-Muslims in Cotabato that they are included in the envisioned state.[2]

Although the MIM was not long-lasting, its impacts were far-reaching as it is argued to be the key factor that led to the formation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).[3]

Background

Internal colonisation

Mindanao, with its favourable location below the typhoon belt and is rich with mineral resources, naturally attracted foreign capital to the area. This prompted then President Ramon Magsaysay since the mid-1950s and subsequently President Ferdinand Marcos (1966–1986) to systematically resettle its people into Mindanao. This led to the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from majority in 1913 to minority by 1976.[4] The best lands in Mindanao were given to settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country.[5] The resettlement programme was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands.[6]

The Muslims were alienated by the Philippines government and felt threatened by Christian economic and political domination in their own homeland. This resorted in some Muslim groups to turn to extortion and violence to protect their own land and refrain from being displaced.[1] Such efforts of “integration” had led to the crystallisation of the Moro identity as the Muslims’ identity with the Filipino nation declined rapidly due to the threat in economic and social Muslim life.[7]

As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred as datu) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them. These local datus suffered a loss in prestige as they could no longer control the Muslim lands.[8] These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace.[9]

Jabidah Massacre

The alleged massacre took place in March 1968 which took the lives of Muslim army recruits and subsequently awakened the Muslim intellectuals to realise the problem besetting the Muslims in Philippines.[6] The occurrence of the Jabidah massacre was timely in that it provided the basis for the call of Muslim solidarity in the Philippines to fight against the government's negligence in the plight of the Muslims. The massacre was regarded to have provided the impetus for the declaration of the MIM[5] which is considered as one of the triggers of the Moro armed struggle in the long-run.[6]

Datu Udtog Matalam

During the 1950s and most of 1960s, prior to the resettlement of the Christians into Cotabato, Datu Udtog Matalam governed Cotabato unchallenged. He was revered as a religious leader and was also an anti-Japanese guerrilla hero during the World War II. He was voted as the Governor of the province for 5 times and had kept Cotabato out of trouble created by others.[10]

Leveraging on the dissatisfaction of the Muslims fired by the Jabidah Massacre and their disadvantaged plight under the Marcos government, former governor of Cotabato province, Datu Udtog Matalam, initiated an open movement for secession of the Muslim state through the formation of the MIM.[11]

Although some scholars observed that the MIM was formed because Muslim political leaders felt that the government was not doing enough for the Muslims,[12] others have argued that the declaration of the MIM was only political than was it for the betterment of the plight of the Muslims in Philippines.[13] Matalam was betrayed by his own brother-in-law, Congressman Salipada Pendantun, and was forced to retire from office. As a political casualty of the national party politics, he subsequently found himself away from the reins of provincial power which he previously enjoyed[14] and therefore was motivated to regain his power through the declaration of the MIM.

Separately, other scholars exposed that it was more personal than political for Matalam to declare the MIM. It was the killing of his son by a National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) agent which intensified his resentment of the Philippines government. Despite sending emissaries to Manila seeking justice, the officers involved in the killing were not convicted. Coupled with the dissent of being thrown out of power by the Christian settlers, Matalam felt that the Manila government was turning its back on him which spurred him to retaliate by declaring for an independent Muslim state.[10][15]

Another group of scholars analysed that the declaration of the MIM was a façade by the Muslims leaders to show their concern after failing to improve living standards of the Muslims. Prior to the Jabidah massacre and against the backdrop of economic repression in Mindanao, local datus did not show concern for the plight of the Muslim natives but were more concerned over their own statuses.[16] Underlying such pretext by the Muslim leaders, the formation of the MIM was regarded as an avenue for leaders like Matalam to gain recognition for his leadership which he would otherwise not be able to achieve. His efforts paid off when Marcos appointed him as Presidential Adviser on Muslim Affairs.[13] The outrage of the Muslims due to the Jabidah episode was used by Matalam to gain personal ends.[10]

The movement

Manifesto, constitution and by-Laws and a note to the President

In the first document issued by Matalam on 1 May 1968 which he termed as the Manifesto, he seeks to establish an Islamic state, which would be known as ‘The Republic of Mindanao and Sulu’, that embodies the Islamic ideals and heritage and is therefore independent from the Philippines. The Islamic state shall comprise the southern part of the Philippine Archipelago inhabited by the Muslims namely Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga and Zamboanga City, Basilan City, Lanao, Sulu, Palawan, and other adjoining areas that are inhabited by Muslims. The MIM states that the 4 million population of Muslims possess their own culture and history which are distinct from the majority Christians in Philippines which makes integration impossible. The manifesto also mentioned that the secession request was decided on as a response to “the systematic extermination of the Muslim youth - like the Corregidor Fiasco” (the Jabidah massacre) and “the policy of isolation and dispersal of the Muslim communities” that have been pursued vigorously much to the detriment of the Muslim community. In the addendums and subsequent documents issued from 8 June 1968 to 26 July 1968, Matalam, as the principal signatory of all these documents, further clarified that the organisation is to be known as the Muslim Independence Movement and be referred to as MIM. Membership for the movement is only open to able-bodied Muslims within the Philippines and application can be done through the secretariat. In one of the documents, Matalam added that Muslims would need its own defined territory to abide by their own shariah (Muslim laws) and adat (practices). He added that the Muslims are ready to self-govern with sufficient trained men in all fields. Matalam regarded the MIM as the “concerted voice, organised solely as an instrument for the realisation of their (the Muslims’) cherished dreams and aspirations.”[17][18]

Amended policy

On 26 August 1968, Matalam issued a Declaration of Policy stating that the independent Islamic state shall “extend and guarantee full and equal citizenship and fair representation in all its institutions, provisional or permanent, on all non-Muslims inhabitants of the said islands who make known their desires to secede from the Republic of the Philippines and join the new Islamic state”.[18] Within three months of the issuance of the manifesto, Matalam had changed the policy to provide equal rights to Christian inhabitants and subsequently, further mellowed his demand and only sought for a statehood under a federal system.[10] He changed the name of the MIM to Mindanao Independence Movement in an effort to reassure Christian settlers that they are not excluded from the movement and would be accorded equal rights as the Muslims.[2]

End of movement

Just after 5 months of declaring the MIM Manifesto and demanding for an independent state from the Philippines, Matalam went on the flipside. On 11 October 1968, he met President Ferdinand Marcos who appointed Matalam as his adviser on Muslim Affairs. In a statement issued by the MIM Secretariat Matalam reasoned that he “accepted the position as a gesture of sportsmanship on his part as the leader of the more than four million Muslims in the Philippines”.[13] This suggests that the Jabidah Massacre was less an impetus as compared to his own personal drivers to declare the formation of the MIM.[14]

Albeit riding on the wave of Muslim dissent against the government, the MIM failed to garner support of the Muslim masses. The Muslims did not see how the MIM could be a tool to help them achieve betterment of their lives considering that the leaders of the movement were the exact leaders who did not care for their plight prior the Jabidah Massacre.[13] According to the statistics of a census, Alpha Report, conducted by the Manila-based Filipinas Foundation, the results of the survey showed that more than half interviewed opposed the secession idea and about another quarter were uncommitted which effectively meant that the MIM only had the support of a quarter of the some 4 million Muslims in the region.[19] The MIM never managed to become a popular movement as it was limited to only publications of documents and communiques that were released by the press.[20]

The MIM was disintegrated in 1972 with the surrender of Matalam in December[21] with many of its members consequentially and subsequently rallying the MNLF.[2]

Impact

Increase in armed conflicts

The declaration of the MIM provided opportunity for the blossom of armed gangs who received political respectability in their fight towards an independent Islamic state.[22] The MIM also provoked thoughts of self-discovery amongst the Muslims to oppose the ruling government and this provocation has led to subsequent violent encounters.[14]

In March 1970, a gun battle in Upi, Cotabato, exposed the existence of Ilagas (rats) who were trained and systematic in attacking Muslims and were backed by Christian mayors to ensure that political power is kept by Christians in the wake of the upcoming 1971 elections.[22] Other scholars have argued that the anti-Moro Ilaga Movement was actually in response to the declaration of the MIM[23] as the Christians were “frightened”.[15] In response to the attacks by the Ilagas, the Blackshirts and Barracudas (the private army of Ali Dimaporo, a Muslim congressman of the Nationalista party)[24] were formed and trained to engage in gang warfare against the Ilagas.[21] The Blackshirts were claimed to be financially backed by Matalam to mobilise fighting squads to launch attacks against Christians[25] but this claim cannot be proven. During this period, one notable incident would be the Manili massacre in June 1971 which claimed the lives of Muslims in a mosque in Manili when unarmed Muslims were shot by government officials and Christian civilians.[26]

Significantly, the MIM produced a boom of gunmen who may not be politically driven but rather content with only robbery and plundering.[22]

International pressure

Matalam went to Kuala Lumpur in April 1969 to meet the delegations of the Conference of Muslim States to appeal for assistance to support his cause[20] but it was Rascid Lucman of the MIM who provided the critical link to external sponsors such as Malaysia[24] where Tun Mustapha, then Chief Minister of Sabah, and then Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak who were angered by Operation Merdeka sponsored the training of 90 Muslim youths in Pulau Pangkor in 1969.[27] Nur Misuari, one of the prominent people of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), had met with Matalam and Salipada Pendantun to organise the training camp on the island of Pangkor.[3]

After the Manili massacre, Libya responded by placing the matter before the UN Subcommittee for Human Rights in August 1971. President Muammar Gaddafi accused the Manila government for genocide and persecution of Muslim minorities in Philippines and was determined to provide material aid to the Muslims in Philippines, and this was also supported by other Arab countries. The sectarian violence between the Ilagas and Barracudas had turned into a religious conflict as Muslim governments (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco and Libya) promised to send aid to the Muslims in Philippines.[20]

The pressures from the Muslim countries was argued to have influenced Marcos to declare Martial Law to retrieve unauthorised weapons and ban all political organisations to control the Muslims in the south.[2]

Continuation of the Moro armed struggle

The MIM was argued to be the precursor of the MNLF.[28] In response to the sectarian violence, Nur Misuari convened a conference to discuss the situation of the Muslims in south. This conference was attended by the trainees of the camp on Pangkor Island and also members of the youth wing of the MIM. The most important and significant result of this conference was the official formation of the MNLF.[3] As the MIM was “abandoned” by its leaders who were offered high positions in the government, young passionate followers such as Nur Misuari saw that they had to continue the battle and went on to form the MNLF.[15] Based on an interview with a Bangsa Moro Commander conducted by Frank Gould, the MNLF reportedly arose as an underground movement in the youth section of the MIM.[29] These young followers also saw the MIM as being small and effective therefore created a more radical MNLF[30] which had longer-lasting and more significant effects in Philippines till today.

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References
  1. Gowing, Peter G. (1979). Muslim Filipinos - Heritage and Horizon. New Day Publishers. pp. 190–192.
  2. Gross, Max L. (2007). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. National Defence International College. pp. 184–187.
  3. Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 267–268.
  4. Werning, Rainer (2009). "Southern Philippines: Bitter Legacies of a Long-Lasting War". In Graf, Arndt; Kreuzer, Peter; Werning, Rainer (eds.). Conflict in Moro Land: Prospects for Peace?. Universiti Sains Malaysia. pp. 6–8.
  5. Rodell, Paul A. (2005). "The Philippines and the Challenges of International Terrorism". In Smith, Paul J. (ed.). Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 125–127.
  6. Muslim, Macapado A. (1994). The Moro Armed Struggle in the Philippines: The Nonviolent Autonomy Alternative. Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University. pp. 91–93.
  7. Wurfel, David (1988). Kahin, George McT. (ed.). Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Cornell University Press. p. 31.
  8. Rüland, Jürgen (2006). "Ethnic Conflict, Separatism and Terrorism". In Hoadley, Stephen; Rüland, Jürgen (eds.). Asian Security Reassessed. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 233.
  9. McKenna, Thomas M. (1988). Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. University of California Press. p. 137.
  10. George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–134.
  11. Majul, Cesar A. (1985). The Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines. Mizan Press. p. 45.
  12. Rajaretnam, M. (1978). "Some Observations on Martial Law in the Philippines: The Dilemmas of a Developing State". In Rajaretnam, M. (ed.). Trends in the Philippines II: Proceedings and Background Paper. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 16.
  13. Glang, Alunan C. (1969). Muslim Secessation or Integration?. pp. 26–28.
  14. McKenna, Thomas M. (1988). Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. University of California Press. pp. 143–149.
  15. Wurfel, David (1988). Kahin, George McT. (ed.). Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Cornell University Press. p. 156.
  16. Tan, Samuel K. (1977). The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle, 1900–1972. Filipinas Foundation, Inc. pp. 117–118.
  17. Documents issued by the MIM can be found in the appendixes of Glang's Secession or Integration? (1969)
  18. Glang, Alunan C. (1969). Muslim Secessation or Integration?. pp. 102–122.
  19. George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 152.
  20. Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma / Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 253–258.
  21. Gutierrez, Eric U. (2000). Rebels, Warlords and Ulama: A Reader on Muslim Separatism and the War in Southern Philippines. Institute for Popular Democracy. pp. 112–113.
  22. George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–143.
  23. Islam, Syed Serajul (1998). "The Islamic Independence Movements in Patani of Thailand and Mindanao of the Philippines" (PDF). Asian Survey. doi:10.1525/as.1998.38.5.01p03552.
  24. Heraclides, Alexis (1991). The Self-Determination of Minorities in International Politics. Frank Cass and Company Limited. pp. 168–169.
  25. Utrecht, Ernst (1975). "The Separatist Movement in the Southern Philippines". Race and Class.
  26. May, R. J. (1981). "The Philippines". In Ayoob, Mohammed (ed.). The Politics of Islamic Reassertion. Croom Helm. p. 219.
  27. Marohomsalic, Nasser A. (1995). Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines. Mindanao State University. p. 166.
  28. Abinales, Patricio N. (2010). Orthodoxy and History in the Muslim-Mindanao Narrative. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 123.
  29. Noble, Lela Garner (1976). "The Moro National Liberation Front in the Philippines". Pacific Affairs.
  30. Hafez, Mohammed M. (2003). Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Regression in the Islamic World. Lynne Richner Publishers, Inc. p. 95.
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