Netupitant

Netupitant is an antiemetic drug. In the United States, the combination drug netupitant/palonosetron (trade name Akynzeo) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, including highly emetogenic chemotherapy such as with cisplatin.[1][2] In Europe, it is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the same indication.[3][4]

Netupitant
Clinical data
License data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability>60% (estimated)
Protein binding>99%
Metabolismmainly CYP3A4; also CYP2D6 and CYP2C9
Elimination half-life88 hours
Excretion71% (faeces)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC30H32F6N4O
Molar mass578.603 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Adverse effects

Side effects of the combination netupitant/palonosetron are similar to palonosetron alone, so that no common side effects can be attributed to netupitant.[3][1]

headache, weakness, indigestion, fatigue, constipation, and skin redness

Interactions

Netupitant blood plasma levels are expected to increase when combined with inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4 and lowered when combined with inductors of this enzyme.[3]

Being a CYP3A4 inhibitor itself, netupitant could also increase plasma levels of pharmaceuticals that are metabolized by CYP3A4. This effect has been observed with dexamethasone, the anti-cancer drugs docetaxel and etoposide, and to a minor (not clinically significant) extent with levonorgestrel, erythromycin and midazolam.[3]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Netupitant is a selective NK1 receptor antagonist.[5]

Netupitant is a selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist with potential antiemetic activity. Netupitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the human substance P/NK1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting NK1-receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP), which may result in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). SP is found in neurons of vagal afferent fibers innervating the brain-stem nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema, which contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and may be elevated in response to chemotherapy. The NK-receptor is a G-protein receptor coupled to the inositol phosphate signal-transduction pathway and is found in both the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema.[6]

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability is estimated to be over 60% for orally taken netupitant. Highest blood plasma concentrations are reached five hours after application. Availability is moderately (10–20%) increased when taken after a fatty meal. Netupitant and its main metabolites (called M1 and M3) are bound to plasma proteins to more than 99%, and M2 protein binding is 97%.[3]

The substance is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. The main metabolites are desmethyl-netupitant (M1), netupitant N-oxide (M2), and hydroxy-netupitant (M3); all three are pharmacologically active.[3][7]

Netupitant and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the faeces.[3] Biological half-life is 88 hours, significantly longer than that of the first NK1 receptor antagonist, aprepitant, which has a half-life of 9 to 13 hours.[8]

Netupitant metabolites[7]
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gollark: Are trojan reindeer actually any good?

References
  1. "Akynzeo- netupitant and palonosetron capsule Akynzeo- fosnetupitant and palonosetron injection". DailyMed. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  2. "FDA approves Akynzeo for nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy". Food and Drug Administration. October 10, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  3. "Akynzeo: Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  4. "Akynzeo EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  5. Rizzi A, Campi B, Camarda V, Molinari S, Cantoreggi S, Regoli D, Pietra C, Calo G (2012). "In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the novel NK(1) receptor selective antagonist netupitant". Peptides. 37 (1): 86–97. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.010. PMID 22732666.
  6. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Netupitant#section=Top
  7. Spinelli, T; Calcagnile, S; Giuliano, C; Rossi, G; Lanzarotti, C; Mair, S; Stevens, L; Nisbet, I (2013). "Netupitant PET imaging and ADME studies in humans". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1002/jcph.198. PMC 4282341. PMID 24122871.
  8. Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
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