Flora of Lebanon

The flora of Lebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species.[1] Situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Basin, Lebanon is a reservoir of plant diversity and one of the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Endemic species constitute 12% of the Lebanese flora; 221 plant species are broad endemics and 90 are narrow endemics.[2][3] Important Plant Areas (IPAs) featuring the country exceptional botanical richness were defined in 2018.[4]

The emblematic Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve.

The natural vegetation of Lebanon has been threatened by overexploitation and fragmentation as a result of urban expansion, overgrazing, tourism and the impact of warfare.[5] The cedar of Lebanon is the national symbol of the country; growing in the Lebanon Mountain range, these trees have been heavily harvested over the years for their valuable timber and few mature trees still remain.[6] Nevertheless, Lebanon is more heavily wooded than most other countries in the region and pine, oak, fir, beech, cypress and juniper are to be found in the mountain areas although the Beqaa valley has little tree cover.[6] Where timber has been extracted and woodland destroyed, scrub has taken over; in the Lebanon Mountain area this is mostly Ceratonia, oak and Pistacia, and in the Anti-Lebanon range the scrub is mostly Pistacia and wild almond.[7] Other native trees such as the Lebanese wild apple, Judas tree and Syrian maple are being grown experimentally as a conservation strategy to see if they are amenable to container production.[5]

The Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve was established in 1996 to preserve an old stand of cedar in central Lebanon. It covers 550 km2 (212 sq mi), which is 5.3% of the country's total area, and includes 620 hectares (1,500 acres) of cedar forest which, with the exclusion of livestock is successfully regenerating. There are 24 kinds of tree in the reserve and 436 species of plant, including about 48 which are endemic to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.[8]

Apart from trees, there are a large number of flowering plants, ferns and mosses in the country. Many of the plants bloom after the winter rains, and the annual plants germinate at this time, grow, flower and set seed while the soil is moist enough to support them. One plant endemic to the country is the endangered Lebanon violet, found high up in rocky shrubland on the west side of Mount Lebanon.[9]

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A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K
  • Kickxia aegyptiaca subsp. palaestina
  • Kickxia commutata subsp. commutata
  • Kickxia commutata subsp. graeca
  • Kickxia elatine subsp. crinita
  • Kickxia lanigera
  • Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia
  • Kickxia spuria subsp. spuria
  • Kitaibelia balansae
  • Klasea cerinthifolia
  • Klasea mouterdei
  • Klasea pusilla (syn. Serratula pusilla)
  • Koeleria nitidula
  • Koelpinia linearis
  • Krubera peregrina

L

M

N
  • Najas graminea var. graminea
  • Najas marina
  • Najas marina var. intermedia
  • Najas minor
  • Narcissus serotinus
  • Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta
  • Nardia compressa
  • Nasturtium officinale
  • Neotinea maculata
  • Neotinea tridentata
  • Nepeta campylantha
  • Nepeta cataria
  • Nepeta cilicica
  • Nepeta congesta
  • Nepeta curviflora
  • Nepeta flavida
  • Nepeta glomerata
  • Nepeta italica subsp. italica
  • Nepeta italica subsp. rigidula
  • Nepeta nuda
  • Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora
  • Nepeta pabotii
  • Nepeta stricta
  • Nepeta trachonitica
  • Nerium oleander
  • Neurada procumbens
  • Nigella arvensis subsp. arvensis
  • Nigella arvensis subsp. palaestina
  • Nigella ciliaris
  • Nigella deserti
  • Nigella oxypetala subsp. latisecta
  • Nigella oxypetala subsp. oxypetala
  • Nonea echioides
  • Nonea melanocarpa
  • Noaea mucronata
  • Noccaea microstyla
  • Nonea obtusifolia
  • Notobasis syriaca
  • Nuphar luteum

O

P

Q

R

S

T
  • Taeniatherum caput-medusae
  • Tamarix hohenackeri
  • Tamarix nilotica
  • Tamarix smyrnensis
  • Tamarix tetragyna
  • Tamarix tetrandra
  • Tanacetum argenteum subsp. argenteum
  • Tanacetum argenteum subsp. canum
  • Tanacetum aucheri
  • Tanacetum cilicium
  • Tanacetum densum subsp. densum
  • Tanacetum parthenium
  • Tanacetum praeteritum subsp. praeteritum
  • Tanacetum tomentellum
  • Tanacetum yabrudae
  • Taraxacum aleppicum
  • Taraxacum apollinis
  • Taraxacum assemanii
  • Taraxacum bessarabicum
  • Taraxacum bithynicum
  • Taraxacum brevirostre
  • Taraxacum cinnamomeum
  • Taraxacum haussknechtii
  • Taraxacum kurdiciforme
  • Taraxacum laxum
  • Taraxacum microcephaloides
  • Taraxacum minimum
  • Taraxacum officinale
  • Taraxacum phaleratum
  • Taraxacum serotinum
  • Taraxacum sonchoides
  • Taraxacum syriacum
  • Targionia hypophylla
  • Targionia lorbeeriana
  • Telephium imperati subsp. orientale
  • Tetrapogon villosus
  • Teucrium antilibanoticum
  • Teucrium capitatum
  • Teucrium capitatum subsp. capitatum
  • Teucrium chamaedrys
  • Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. tauricola
  • Teucrium coniortodes
  • Teucrium creticum
  • Teucrium divaricatum subsp. divaricatum
  • Teucrium divaricatum subsp. graecum
  • Teucrium haradjanii
  • Teucrium heterotrichum
  • Teucrium montbretii subsp. libanoticum
  • Teucrium montbretii subsp. montbretii
  • Teucrium multicaule subsp. multicaule
  • Teucrium multicaule subsp. planifolium
  • Teucrium oliverianum
  • Teucrium orientale var. orientale
  • Teucrium paederotoides
  • Teucrium parviflorum
  • Teucrium procerum
  • Teucrium pruinosum
  • Teucrium rigidum
  • Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides
  • Teucrium scordium subsp. scordium
  • Teucrium socinianum
  • Teucrium spinosum
  • Teucrium stachyophyllum
  • Thalictrum isopyroides
  • Thalictrum orientale
  • Theligonum cynocrambe
  • Themeda quadrivalvis
  • Themeda triandra
  • Thesium arvense
  • Thesium bergeri
  • Thesium billardieri
  • Thesium humile
  • Thinopyrum elongatum
  • Thinopyrum intermedium
  • Thinopyrum junceum
  • Thlaspi kotschyanum (syn. Thlaspi brevicaule
  • Thuspeinanta persica
  • Thymbra capitata
  • Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata
  • Thymelaea aucheri
  • Thymelaea gussonei
  • Thymelaea hirsuta
  • Thymelaea passerina
  • Thymus alfredae
  • Thymus cilicicus
  • Thymus eigii
  • Thymus kotschyanus subsp. kotschyanus
  • Thymus leucotrichus subsp. leucotrichus
  • Thymus syriacus var. syriacus
  • Tolpis umbellata
  • Tolpis virgata subsp. virgata
  • Tordylium aegyptiacum
  • Tordylium syriacum
  • Torilis africana
  • Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis
  • Torilis chrysocarpa
  • Torilis leptophylla var. erythrotricha
  • Torilis nodosa subsp. nodosa
  • Torilis trichosperma
  • Tragopogon buphthalmoides
  • Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. longirostris
  • Tragopogon pterocarpus
  • Tribulus terrestris
  • Tricholaena teneriffae
  • Trifolium angustifolium
  • Trifolium arvense
  • Trifolium billardieri
  • Trifolium boissieri
  • Trifolium campestre
  • Trifolium clusii
  • Trifolium clypeatum
  • Trifolium formosum
  • Trifolium fragiferum
  • Trifolium globosum
  • Trifolium lagrangei
  • Trifolium lappaceum
  • Trifolium pauciflorum
  • Trifolium physodes
  • Trifolium pilulare
  • Trifolium purpureum
  • Trifolium repens
  • Trifolium resupinatum
  • Trifolium sannineum
  • Trifolium scabrum
  • Trifolium speciosum
  • Trifolium stellatum
  • Trifolium tomentosum
  • Trifolium xerocephalum
  • Trigonella berythea
  • Trigonella cylindracea
  • Trigonella filipes
  • Trigonella spinosa
  • Tripleurospermum auriculatum
  • Tripleurospermum caucasicum
  • Tripleurospermum sannineum
  • Trisetaria glumacea
  • Trisetaria koelerioides
  • Trisetaria linearis
  • Trisetaria loeflingiana
  • Trisetum flavescens
  • Triticum compactum
  • Triticum dicoccoides
  • Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides
  • Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum
  • Triticum turgidum subsp. durum
  • Triticum urartu
  • Tuberaria guttata subsp. guttata
  • Tulipa agenensis
  • Tulipa aleppensis
  • Tulipa aucheriana
  • Tulipa biflora
  • Tulipa humilis
  • Tulipa julia
  • Tulipa montana
  • Tulipa systola
  • Turgenia latifolia
  • Turgeniopsis foeniculacea
  • Tussilago farfara
  • Typha angustifolia
  • Typha domingensis
  • Typha latifolia
  • Tyrimnus leucographus

U

V
  • Vaccaria grandiflora
  • Vaccaria hispanica
  • Vaccaria liniflora
  • Vaccaria oxyodonta
  • Vachellia farnesiana
  • Vagaria parviflora
  • Valantia hispida var. eburnea
  • Valantia hispida var. hispida
  • Valantia muralis var. muralis
  • Valeriana dioscoridis
  • Valerianella antilibanotica
  • Valerianella carinata
  • Valerianella coronata
  • Valerianella dactylophylla
  • Valerianella discoidea
  • Valerianella echinata
  • Valerianella eriocarpa
  • Valerianella kotschyi
  • Valerianella obtusiloba
  • Valerianella orientalis
  • Valerianella oxyrrhyncha
  • Valerianella szovitsiana
  • Valerianella tuberculata
  • Valerianella vesicaria
  • Vallisneria spiralis
  • Velezia fasciculata
  • Velezia rigida
  • Ventenata blanchei
  • Ventenata macra
  • Verbascum agrimoniifolium subsp. agrimoniifolium
  • Verbascum aliciae
  • Verbascum antilibanoticum
  • Verbascum antiochium
  • Verbascum berytheum
  • Verbascum blancheanum
  • Verbascum caesareum
  • Verbascum cedreti
  • Verbascum damascenum
  • Verbascum gaillardotii
  • Verbascum galilaeum
  • Verbascum geminiflorum
  • Verbascum leptostachyum
  • Verbascum levanticum
  • Verbascum libanoticum
  • Verbascum oreophilum
  • Verbascum orientale subsp. orientale
  • Verbascum porteri
  • Verbascum ptychophyllum
  • Verbascum qulebicum
  • Verbascum sinaiticum
  • Verbascum sinuatum
  • Verbascum tiberiadis
  • Verbascum tripolitanum
  • Verbascum tropidocarpum
  • Verbena supina
  • Veronica anagallis-aquatica subsp. anagallis-aquatica
  • Veronica anagallis-aquatica subsp. lysimachioides
  • Veronica anagalloides subsp. anagalloides
  • Veronica anagalloides subsp. heureka
  • Veronica arvensis
  • Veronica beccabunga subsp. abscondita
  • Veronica beccabunga subsp. beccabunga
  • Veronica biloba
  • Veronica bombycina
  • Veronica caespitosa subsp. leiophylla
  • Veronica campylopoda
  • Veronica cymbalaria
  • Veronica hederifolia
  • Veronica hispidula
  • Veronica leiocarpa
  • Veronica macrostachya
  • Veronica michauxii
  • Veronica orientalis
  • Veronica panormitana subsp. Bardostensis
  • Veronica persica
  • Veronica polifolia
  • Veronica polita
  • Veronica pusilla
  • Veronica reuterana
  • Veronica scardica
  • Veronica syriaca
  • Veronica triloba
  • Veronica triphyllos
  • Veronica viscosa
  • Viburnum tinus
  • Vicia canescens
  • Vicia cuspidata
  • Vicia narbonensis
  • Vicia peregrina
  • Vicia tenuifolia
  • Vinca herbacea
  • Vinca herbacea subsp. libanotica
  • Vinca major
  • Vincetoxicum canescens
  • Vincetoxicum dionysiense
  • Viola heldreichiana
  • Viola libanotica
  • Viola modesta
  • Viola occulta
  • Viola odorata
  • Viola parvula
  • Viola pentadactyla
  • Viola sieheana
  • Viscum album
  • Visnaga daucoides
  • Vitex agnus-castus
  • Vulpia brevis
  • Vulpia bromoides
  • Vulpia ciliata
  • Vulpia fasciculata
  • Vulpia membranacea
  • Vulpia muralis
  • Vulpia myuros
  • Vulpia pectinella
  • Vulpia persica
  • Vulpia unilateralis

W

X

Z
gollark: Yet another reason I dislike Chrome - mysterious cryptic ways to do things which are pretty useful, because it distrusts the user.
gollark: Firefox handles the certificates on iLO fine.
gollark: https://hub.docker.com/r/rockyluke/drac-kvm/ ← this?
gollark: Because of that, I've never actually used the remote console features, and just have to poke it manually.
gollark: My server only supports Java and .NET remote consoles...

References
  1. "Lebanon FLORA". www.lebanon-flora.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  2. Sattout, Elsa J. (2009). "TERRESTRIAL FLORA DIVERSITY IN JABAL MOUSSA : PRELIMINARY SITE DIAGNOSIS" (PDF). Jabal Moussa. p. 4. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  3. "Overview". CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL. Retrieved 31 August 2013..
  4. Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Magda; El Zein, Hicham; Rouhan, Germinal (2018-06-01). "Setting conservation priorities for Lebanese flora—Identification of important plant areas". Journal for Nature Conservation. 43: 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.004. ISSN 1617-1381.
  5. Zahreddine, Hala G.; Struve, Daniel K.; Talhouk, Salma N. (2008). "Growth and Nutrient Partitioning of Containerized Malus trilobata Schneid. and Acer syriacum Boiss. and Gaill. Under Two Fertigation Regimes". HortScience. 43 (6): 1746–1752. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1746. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10.
  6. Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004). Lebanon in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-1171-7.
  7. Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-2-8317-0594-1.
  8. "Ecosystems". Shouf Biosphere Reserve. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  9. Leaman, D.J. (2015). "Viola libanotica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T203580A2768906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T203580A2768906.en.
  10. "Catalogue of Life : Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y.P.Guo". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  11. "Catalogue of Life : Adonis flammea Jacq". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  • "Species by scientific name". Flora of Lebanon. Faculty of Sciences - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  • Mashaka Houri, Nisrine; Houri, Ahmad. "Wildflowers of Lebanon". Wild Flowers of Lebanon. Ahmad and Nisrin Houri. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  • "Index" (PDF). CNRS. National Council for Scientific Research. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  • Sabbagh, Tohmé, Henriette; (Lebanon), Majlis al-Waṭanī lil-Buḥūth al-ʻIlmīyah (2014). Illustrated flora of Lebanon. ISBN 9789953028903. OCLC 908336826.
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