Melilotus officinalis

Melilotus officinalis, known as yellow sweet clover, yellow melilot, ribbed melilot[1] and common melilot, is a species of legume native to Eurasia and introduced in North America, Africa, and Australia.[2]

Melilotus officinalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Melilotus
Species:
M. officinalis
Binomial name
Melilotus officinalis

Description

Melilotus officinalis can be an annual or biennial plant, and is 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) high at maturity.[2] Leaves alternate on the stem and possess three leaflets. Yellow flowers bloom in spring and summer and produce fruit in pods typically containing one seed. Seeds can be viable for up to 30 years. Plants have large taproots and tend to grow in groups.[2] Plants have a characteristic sweet odor.[2]

Habitat

M. officinalis is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to North America as a forage crop.[2] It commonly grows in calcareous loamy and clay soils with a pH above 6.5 and can tolerate cold temperatures and drought; it does not tolerate standing water[2] or acidic soils, with a pH of 5.5 as the plant's lowest limit.[3] Common places where it can be found include open disturbed land, prairies, and savannahs, and it grows in full or partial sunlight. It is an invasive species in areas where it has been introduced, especially in open grasslands and woodlands where it shades and outcompetes native plant species.[2]

Toxicology

Sweet clover contains coumarin that converts to dicoumarol, which is a powerful anticoagulant toxin, when the plant becomes moldy. This can lead to bleeding diseases (internal hemorrhaging) and death in cattle. Consequently, hay containing the plant must be properly dried and cured, especially in wet environments.[4][3]

Uses

The seeds are eaten by game birds, including grouse.[5]

Sweetclover can be used as pasture or livestock feed when properly cured.[6] It is most palatable in spring and early summer, but livestock may need time to adjust to the bitter taste of coumarin in the plant. Prior to World War II, before the common use of commercial agricultural fertilizers, the plant was commonly used as a cover crop to increase nitrogen content and improve subsoil water capacity in poor soils.[3] It is the most drought-tolerant of the commercially available legumes.[7] Sweet clover is a major source of nectar for domestic honey bees as hives near sweetclover can yield up to 200 pounds of honey in a year.[3]

Sweetclover has been used as a phytoremediation—phytodegradation plant for treatment of soils contaminated with dioxins.[8]

In the chemical industry, dicoumarol is extracted from the plant to produce rodenticides.[3]

Management

When M. officinalis is invasive, it can be managed by mulching, hand-pulling, mowing, or herbicide applications such (e.g., 2,4-D) before flowering. Prescribed burns in late fall or early spring followed by another burn in late spring can reduce the number of plants before seed set.[2]

gollark: Yep. Or just most things.
gollark: You could say that about MOST programmers.
gollark: You, maybe, but assembly is still really quite hard because it does not abstract much.
gollark: Anyway, point is, assembly is absolutely not easier to do nontrivial things in than high-level languages, because high-level languages provide many helpful shortcuts.
gollark: Or, well, easy to use.

References
  1. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. United States Forest Service. "Yellow Sweetclover" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 2015-09-28.
  3. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. "Yellow Sweetclover & White Sweetclover" (PDF).
  4. Nicole Kresge; Robert D. Simoni & Robert L. Hill. "Hemorrhagic Sweet Clover Disease, Dicumarol, and Warfarin: the Work of Karl Paul Link". Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  5. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 535. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  6. Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 52.
  7. Dan Ogle; Loren St. John; Mark Stannard & Larry Holzworth. "Grass, Grass-like, Forb, Legume, and Woody Species for the Intermountain West" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  8. Sandia National Labs: SSFL Report; pg.10 . accessed 6.12.2012
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.