Iris pseudacorus

Iris pseudacorus, the (yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet, meaning "false acorus", refers to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus (sweet flag) as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, they are not closely related.

Iris pseudacorus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Laevigatae
Species:
I. pseudacorus
Binomial name
Iris pseudacorus
Synonyms
  • Acorus adulterinus Garsault [Invalid]
  • Iris acoriformis Boreau
  • Iris acoroides Spach
  • Iris bastardii Boreau
  • Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche
  • Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche ex Redoute
  • Iris flava Tornab.
  • Iris lutea Lam.
  • Iris pallidior Hill
  • Iris paludosa Pers.
  • Iris palustris Gaterau [Illegitimate]
  • Iris palustris Moench [Illegitimate]
  • Iris pseudacorus var. acoriformis (Boreau) Nyman
  • Iris pseudacorus subsp. acoriformis (Boreau) K.Richt.
  • Iris pseudacorus var. acoroides (Spach) Baker
  • Iris pseudacorus var. bastardii (Boreau) Nyman
  • Iris pseudacorus subsp. bastardii (Boreau) K.Richt.
  • Iris pseudacorus var. citrina Hook.
  • Iris pseudacorus f. longiacuminata Prodán
  • Iris pseudacorus f. nyaradyana Prodán
  • Iris pseudacorus var. ochroleuca Peterm.
  • Iris pseudacorus f. submersa Glück
  • Iris sativa Mill.
  • Limnirion pseudacorus (L.) Opiz
  • Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss
  • Moraea candolleana Spreng.
  • Pseudo-iris palustris Medik.
  • Vieusseuxia iridioides F.Delaroche
  • Xiphion acoroides (Spach) Alef.
  • Xiphion pseudacorus (L.) Schrank
  • Xyridion acoroideum (Spach) Klatt
  • Xyridion pseudacorus (L.) Klatt

The plant was rated in second place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. (However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten along with this one for per day nectar production per flower, with the exception of common comfrey, Symphytum officinale.[1]

Growth
Close-up of flowers
Iris pseudacorus – MHNT

It is an herbaceous flowering perennial plant, growing to 100–150 centimetres (39–59 in) (or a rare 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)) tall, with erect leaves up to 90 centimetres (35 in) long and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) broad. The flowers are bright yellow, 7–10 centimetres (2.8–3.9 in) across, with the typical iris form. The fruit is a dry capsule 4–7 centimetres (1.6–2.8 in) long, containing numerous pale brown seeds. I. pseudacorus grows best in very wet conditions, and is often common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH, and anoxic soils. The plant spreads quickly, by both rhizome and water-dispersed seed. It fills a similar niche to that of Typha and often grows with it, though usually in shallower water. While it is primarily an aquatic plant, the rhizomes can survive prolonged dry conditions.

Large I. pseudacorus stands in western Scotland form a very important feeding and breeding habitat for the endangered corn crake.

I. pseudacorus is one of two iris species native to the United Kingdom, the other being Iris foetidissima (stinking iris).

It used to grow in the ditch of the fortified city of Mdina, on the island of Malta, where water was readily available, but since the renovation of the ditch it has since vanished from growing in the area.[2]

Cultivation

It is widely planted in temperate regions as an ornamental plant,[3] with several cultivars selected for bog garden planting. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[4]

Invasive species

In some regions where it is not native, it has escaped from cultivation to establish itself as an invasive aquatic plant which can create dense, monotypic stands, outcompeting other plants in the ecosystem. Where it is invasive, it is tough to remove on a large scale. Even ploughing the rhizomes is often ineffective. It has been banned in some areas but is still widely sold in others for use in gardens.

Uses

The rhizome has historically been used as an herbal remedy, most often as an emetic. When applied to the skin or inhaled, the tannin-rich juices can be acrid and irritating.

This plant has been used as a form of water treatment since it has the ability to take up heavy metals through its roots and is featured in many AS Level Biology practicals as its ability to grow in low pH levels makes it a useful indicator.

  • Closeup
  • Iris pseudacorus
  • Flower
  • Iris pseudacorus
  • Fruit
  • Whole plants
gollark: More like... slightly above xenos maybe?
gollark: Well, not *very*.
gollark: Aeons are very rare.
gollark: Stupid egg won't hatch: https://dragcave.net/view/6ECxF
gollark: Surprisingly few of them become dead/zombies/vampires.

See also

References
  1. "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  2. Schembri, Patrick J.; Baldacchino, Alfred E. (2011). Ilma, Blat u Hajja: Is-Sisien tal-Ambjent Naturali Malti (in Maltese). p. 81. ISBN 978-99909-44-48-8.
  3. "RHS Plant Selector - Iris pseudacorus". Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  4. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 53. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  5. "RHS Plant Selector - Iris pseudacorus 'Variegata'". Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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