Felinae

The Felinae are a subfamily of the family Felidae. This subfamily comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.[2]

Felinae[1]
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 9–0 Ma
European wildcat (Felis silvestris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Felis
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera

see Taxonomy

Native ranges of Felinae

Other authors proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily: as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini; thus excluding all fossil cat species.[3][4]

Characteristics

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.[5] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).[6][7] The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.[8]

Taxonomy

The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.[9] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.[5]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.[10][11]

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:[2]

GenusSpeciesImage of type species
Acinonyx Brookes, 1828[12] Cheetah (A. jubatus) Schreber, 1777[13]
Caracal Gray, 1843[14]
Catopuma Severtzov, 1858[17]
Felis Linnaeus, 1758[20]
Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)[27]
Leopardus Gray, 1842[28]
Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Serval (L. serval) (Schreber, 1775)[36]
Lynx Kerr, 1792[37]
Otocolobus Brandt, 1842[41] Pallas's cat (O. manul) (Pallas, 1776)[42]
Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858[17] Marbled cat (P. marmorata) (Martin, 1836)[43]
Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858[17]
Puma Jardine 1834[48] Cougar (P. concolor) Linnaeus, 1771[49]

Extinct taxa
GenusSpeciesImage
Felis Martelli's cat (F. lunensis)
Acinonyx
Lynx
Puma
Leopardus L. vorohuensis
Asilifelis Werdelin, 2011[52] A. coteae
Diamantofelis Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998[53] D. ferox
Katifelis Adrian, Werdelin & Grossman, 2018[54] K. nightingalei
Leptofelis Salesa et al., 2012 L. vallesiensis
Miracinonyx Adams, 1979[55]
  • M. inexpectatus
  • M. trumani
Namafelis Morales, Pickford, Fraile, Salesa & Soria, 2003[56] N. minor
Pratifelis Hibbard, 1934 P. martini
Pristifelis Salesa et al., 2012 P. attica
Sivapanthera Kretzoi, 1929[57]
  • S. arvernensis
  • S. brachygnathus
  • S. linxiaensis
  • S. padhriensis
  • S. pleistocaenicus
  • S. potens

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:[58]

 Felinae 
 
Bay cat lineage
 Catopuma 
 

Catopuma badia (Bay cat)

 
 

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

 
 
 Pardofelis 

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat)

 
 
 
Caracal lineage
 
 Caracal 
 

Caracal caracal (Caracal)

 
 

Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

 
 
 Leptailurus 

Leptailurus serval (Serval)

 
 
 
Ocelot lineage
 Leopardus 
 
 
 
 
 

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

 
 

Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat)

 
 
 

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod)

 
 
 

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla)

 
 
 
 

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

 
 

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

 
 
 
 
 

Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot)

 
 

Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

 
 
 

†Leopardus vorohuensis

 
 
 
Lynx lineage
 Lynx 
 
 
 
 
 

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

 
 

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

 
 
 

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

 
 
 

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

 
 
 

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

 
 
 

†Lynx rexroadensis

 
 

†Lynx thomasi

 
 
 
Puma lineage
 
 
 Acinonyx 
 
 

Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

 
 

†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

 
 
 

†Acinonyx aicha

 
 

†Acinonyx intermedius

 
 
 †Sivapanthera 
 

†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

 
 

†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

 
 

†Sivapanthera potens

 
 

†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

 
 

†Sivapanthera padhriensis

 
 

†Sivapanthera arvernensis

 
 
 
 
 Herpailurus 

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)

 
 
 †Miracinonyx 
 

†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

 
 

†Miracinonyx trumani

 
 
 Puma 
 

†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma)

 
 
 

†Puma pumoides

 
 

Puma concolor (Cougar)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leopard cat lineage
 
 Prionailurus 
 
 
 

Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

 
 

Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

 
 

Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

 
 
 

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat)

 
 
 

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

 
 
 Otocolobus 

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

 
 
 
 †Pristifelis 

†Pristifelis attica

 
 Felis 
 

Felis chaus (Jungle cat)

 
 
 

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat)

 
 
 

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

 
 
 

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

 
 
 

Felis silvestris (European wildcat)

 
 
 

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)

 
 
 

Felis lybica (African wildcat)

 
 

Felis catus (Cat)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Domestic cat lineage    

 
 
 
 
 
 
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See also

References
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  2. Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.
  3. Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  4. Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
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