European Broadcasting Union

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; French: Union européenne de radio-télévision, UER; German: Europäische Rundfunkunion, ERU) is an alliance of public service media organisations, established on 12 February 1950. The organisation is made up of 115 member organisations in 56 countries,[2] and 34 associate members from a further 21 countries.[3] It is best known for producing the Eurovision Song Contest. It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the European Union itself.[4]

"EBU" redirects here. For other uses, see EBU (disambiguation).

European Broadcasting Union
French: Union européenne de radio-télévision
German: Europäische Rundfunkunion
Countries with one or more members are in dark blue. Associated members in light blue.
PredecessorInternational Broadcasting Union
Formation12 February 1950 (1950-02-12)
TypeUnion of broadcasting organisations
HeadquartersGeneva, Switzerland
Membership
  • 116 member organisations
  • (in 56 countries)
Official language
English, French
President
Lord Hall of Birkenhead[1]
WebsiteOfficial Website

General description
The classic opening ident that preceded all Eurovision network transmissions until 1993. The logotypes of both the sending and receiving companies were shown in the middle. This sample shows the old logo of the BBC.
European Commission presidency candidates at Eurovision Debate (May 2019). Left to right: Zahradil, Cué, Keller, Vestager, Timmermans, Weber

EBU members are public service media (PSM) broadcasters whose output is made, financed and controlled by the public, for the public. PSM broadcasters are often established by law but are non-partisan, independent and run for the benefit of society as a whole.

EBU members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Egypt, from Ireland in the west and Azerbaijan in the east, and almost every nation from geographical Europe in between. Associate Members are from countries and territories beyond Europe, such as Canada, Japan, Mexico, India and China. Associate members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, CPB, NPR, APM and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music radio WFMT.

Membership is for media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area (EBA), as defined by the International Telecommunication Union, or who are members of the Council of Europe.[5]

Members benefit from:

  • Access to world-class content ranging from exclusive sports rights to exchanges for news, music and children's programs.
  • A voice in Brussels and on international platforms lobbying for PSM and ensuring the optimal legal and technical framework.
  • Opportunities for sharing, learning and collaborating through conferences, working groups, training, and dedicated advice and guidance.
  • A centre for learning and sharing new technology and innovation with a team of experts providing strategic advice and guidance.

The EBU's highest-profile production is the Eurovision Song Contest. The EBU also organises the Eurovision Dance Contest, the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, the Eurovision Young Dancers competition, and other competitions which are modeled along similar lines.

Radio collaborations include Euroclassic Notturno – an overnight classical music stream, produced by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast in the United Kingdom as Through the Night – and special theme days, such as the annual Christmas music relays from around Europe.[6] The EBU is a member of the International Music Council.

Most EBU broadcasters have group deals to carry major sporting events including the FIFA World Cup and the inaugural European Championships. Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Year's Concert.[7]

Eurovision Media Services is the business arm of the EBU and provides first-class media services for many media organisations and sports federations around the world.

The theme music played before EBU broadcasts are Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Prelude to Te Deum. It is well known to Europeans as it is played before and after the Eurovision Song Contest and other important events.[8]

History
EBU logo used from 1993 to 2012.
Vienna New Year's Concert.

The EBU was a successor to the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) that was founded in 1925 and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels. It fostered programming exchanges between members and mediated technical disputes between members that were mostly concerned with frequency and interference issues. It was in effect taken over by Nazi Germany during the Second World War and when the conflict ended in the eyes of the Allies it was a compromised organisation that they could not trust.

In the spring of 1946, representatives of the Soviet radio committee proposed forming a new organisation; however, at the same time preparations were being made for an inter-governmental “European Broadcasting Conference” (EBC) in Copenhagen in 1948 to draw up a new plan for frequency use in the European Broadcasting Area (EBA). It was considered necessary to have an organisation that could implement the “Copenhagen Wavelength Plan” but there was disagreement among broadcasters and particularly a fear expressed by the BBC that a new association might be dominated by the USSR and its proposal to give each of its constituent states one vote. France proposed that it would have four votes with the inclusion of its North African colonies. The United Kingdom felt it would have little influence with just one vote.

On 27 June 1946, the alternative International Broadcasting Organisation (IBO) was founded with 26 members and without British participation. The following day the IBU met in General Assembly and an attempt was made to dissolve it but failed; though 18 of its 28 members left to join the IBO.[9] For a period of time in the late 1940s both the IBU and IBO vied for the role of organising frequencies but Britain decided to be in involved in neither. The BBC attempted but failed to find suitable working arrangements with them. However, for practical purposes, the IBO rented the IBU technical centre in Brussels and employed its staff. The BBC then proposed a new solution based on the IBO changing its constitution so there will be only one member per ITU country, thus ensuring a Western majority over the USSR and its satellite states. In August 1949 a meeting took place in Stresa, Italy but it resulted in disagreement between delegates on how to resolve the problems. One proposal was for the European Broadcasting Area to be replaced by one that would exclude Eastern Europe, the Levant and North Africa.

After Stresa, a consensus emerged among the Western Europeans to form a new organisation and the BBC proposed it be based in London. Meetings in Paris on 31 October and 1 November 1949 sealed the fate of the IBU and IBO, but it was decided not to allow West Germany to be a founder of the new organisation. On 13 February 1950 the European Broadcasting Union had its first meeting with 23 members from the ITU defined European Broadcasting Area at the Imperial Hotel in Torquay, England, United Kingdom. The first president was Ian Jacob of the BBC who remained at the helm for 10 years while its operation was largely dominated by the BBC due to its financial, technical and staff input. The most important difference between the EBU and its predecessors was that EBU membership was for broadcasters and not governments. Early delegates said EBU meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its predecessors. West Germany was admitted in 1951 and a working relationship forged with the USSR's Organisation for International Radio and TV (OIRT) which existed in parallel with the EBU until its merger in 1993.[9]

In 1967, the first concert in the International Concert Season of the European Broadcasting Union was broadcast from the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London.[10]

Technical activities

The objective of the EBU's technical activities is simply to assist EBU Members (see below) in this period of unprecedented technological changes. This includes the provision of technical information to Members via conferences and workshops, as well as in written form (such as the EBU Technical Review, and the EBU tech-i magazine).

The EBU also encourages active collaboration between its Members on the basis that they can freely share their knowledge and experience, thus achieving considerably more than individual Members could achieve by themselves. Much of this collaboration is achieved through Project Groups which study specific technical issues of common interest: for example, EBU Members have long been preparing for the revision of the 1961 Stockholm Plan.

The EBU places great emphasis on the use of open standards. Widespread use of open standards (such as MPEG-2, DAB, DVB, etc.) ensures interoperability between products from different vendors, as well as facilitating the exchange of programme material between EBU Members and promoting "horizontal markets" for the benefit of all consumers.

EBU Members and the EBU Technical Department have long played an important role in the development of many systems used in radio and television broadcasting, such as:

The EBU has also actively encouraged the development and implementation of:

  • Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) through Eureka Project 147 and the WorldDAB Forum.
  • Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) through the DVB Project and DigiTAG.
  • Digital radio in the bands currently used for AM broadcasting through DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale).
  • Standardisation of PVR systems through the TV-Anytime Forum.
  • Development of other content distribution networks on the internet through P2PTV; EBU Project Group D/P2P, from November 2007 to April 2008, with a trial of selected member channels, thanks to Octoshape's distribution platform.[11] The EBU is also part of the European P2P-Next project.

Greek state broadcaster controversy of 2013

On 11 June 2013, the Greek government shut down the state broadcaster ERT, at short notice, citing government spending concerns related to the Euro crisis.[12] In response, the European Broadcasting Union set up a makeshift studio on the same day, near the former ERT offices in Athens, in order to continue providing EBU members with the news-gathering and broadcast relay services which had formerly been provided by ERT.[13]

The EBU put out a statement expressing its "profound dismay" at the shutdown, urged the Greek Prime Minister "to use all his powers to immediately reverse this decision" and offered the "advice, assistance and expertise necessary for ERT to be preserved".[14]

Starting on 4 May 2014, the New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television broadcaster began nationwide transmissions, taking over ERT's vacant active membership slot in the EBU.[15] On 11 June 2015, two years after ERT's closure, NERIT SA renamed as ERT SA which reopened with a comprehensive program in all radio stations (with nineteen regional, two world-range and five pan-Hellenic range radio stations) and four TV channels ERT1, ERT2, ERT3 and ERT HD (now ERT Sports HD).

Members
Countries with active EBU membership coloured in order of accession from 1950.

The Member list as of August 2019, comprises the following 72 broadcasting companies from 56 countries.[2]

Current members
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Year
 Albania Radio Televizioni Shqiptar RTSH 1999
 Algeria Public Establishment of Television (Établissement public de télévision) ENTV 1970
National Sound Broadcasting Company (Entreprise nationale de radiodiffusion sonore) ENRS
Télédiffusion d'Algérie DA
 Andorra Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra RTVA 2002
 Armenia Public Television Company of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրային Հեռուստաընկերություն, Hayastani Hanrayin Herrustaynkerut’yun) ARMTV
ՀՀՀ		 2005
Public Radio of Armenia ARMR
 Austria Österreichischer Rundfunk ORF 1953
 Azerbaijan İctimai Television İCTI/İTV 2007
 Belarus National State Television and Radio Company of Belarus (Нацыянальная дзяржаўная тэлерадыёкампанія Рэспублікі Беларусь, Belteleradio) BTRC 1993
 Belgium Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie VRT 1950
Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française RTBF
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Javni Radio Televizijski servis Bosne i Hercegovine BHRT 1993
 Bulgaria Bâlgarsko Nacionalno Radio
Българско национално радио		 BNR
БНР		 1993
Bâlgarska Nacionalna Televiizija
Българска национална телевизия		 BNT
БНТ
 Croatia Hrvatska Radiotelevizija HRT 1993
 Cyprus Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (Ραδιοφωνικό Ίδρυμα Κύπρου, Radiofonikó Ídryma Kýprou, Kıbrıs Radyo Yayın Kurumu) CyBC
ΡΊΚ
RKYK		 1969
 Czech Republic Český Rozhlas ČR 1993
Česká televize ČT
 Denmark Danmarks Radio DR 1950
TV2 Danmark DK/TV2 1989
 Egypt Egyptian Radio and Television Union ERTU 1985
 Estonia Eesti Rahvusringhääling ERR 1993
 Finland Yleisradio Yle 1950
 France Groupe de Radiodiffusion Française: GRF 1950
TF1 TF1 1950
Europe 1 E1 1978
Canal+ C+ 1984
 Georgia Georgian Public Broadcasting (საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი, sakartvelos sazogadoebrivi mauts'q'ebeli) GPB
სსმ		 2005
 Germany Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ARD): ARD 1952
Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF 1963
 Greece Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση, Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi) ERT 1950–2013,
2015
 Hungary Hungarian Media Group: HMG 2014
 Iceland Ríkisútvarpið RÚV 1956
 Iran صدا و سيمای جمهوری اسلامی ايران IRIB 1958
 Ireland Raidió Teilifís Éireann RTÉ 1950
TG4 TG4 2007
 Israel Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (תאגיד השידור הישראלי, Ta'agid HaShidur HaYisra'eli) KAN 2017
 Italy RAI - Radiotelevisione Italiana RAI 1950
 Jordan Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزيون الأردني) JRTV 1970
 Latvia Latvijas Televīzija LTV 1993
Latvijas Radio LR
 Lebanon Télé Liban (تلفزيون لبنان) TL 1950
 Libya Libya National Channel LNC 2011
 Lithuania Lietuvos Radijas ir Televizija LRT 1993
 Luxembourg RTL Group RTL 1950
Établissement de Radiodiffusion Socioculturelle du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ERSL 1996
 Malta Public Broadcasting Services PBS 1970
 Moldova Compania Națională "Teleradio-Moldova" TRM 1993
 Monaco Groupement de Radiodiffusion monégasque: GRMC 1950
 Montenegro Radio i televizija Crne Gore (Радио и телевизија Црне Горе) RTCG
РТЦГ		 2006
 Morocco Broadcasting and Television National Company (الشركة الوطنيَة للإِذاعة والتلفزة‎) SNRT 1950
 Netherlands Nederlandse Publieke Omroep: NPO 1950
 North Macedonia Makedonska radio televizija (Македонска Радио Телевизиjа) MRT
МРТ		 1993
 Norway Norsk Rikskringkasting NRK 1950
TV2 NO/TV2 1993
 Poland Telewizja Polska TVP 1993
Polskie Radio PR
 Portugal Rádio e Televisão de Portugal RTP 1950
 Romania Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune ROR 1993
Televiziunea Română RO/TVR
 Russia Channel One Russia (Первый канал, Perviy kanal) C1R 1996
All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (Vserossiyskaya Gosudarstvennaya Televizionnaya i Radioveshchatelnaya Kompaniya, Всероссийская государственная телевизионная и радиовещательная компания) VGTRK
ВГТРК		 1993
Radio Dom Ostankino: RDO 1996
 San Marino San Marino RTV SMRTV 1995
 Serbia Radiotelevizija Srbije (Радио-телевизија Србије) RTS 2006
 Slovakia Radio and Television of Slovakia (Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska) RTVS 2011
 Slovenia Radiotelevizija Slovenija RTVSLO 1993
 Spain Radiotelevisión Española RTVE 1955
 Sweden Sveriges Television och Radio Grupp: STR 1950
  Switzerland Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR): SRG SSR 1950
 Tunisia Établissement de la radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne:
  • Radio tunisienne
  • Télévision tunisienne
 RTTT 1950
 Turkey Türkiye Radyo-Televizyon Kurumu TRT 1950
 Ukraine National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (Національна суспільна телерадіокомпанія України, Natsionalna Suspilna Teleradiokompaniya Ukrayiny) UA:PBC 1993
 United Kingdom British Broadcasting Corporation BBC 1950
United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting: UKIB 1960
  Vatican City Vatican Radio VR 1950

Past members
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. From To
 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Television CST 1991 1992
 Finland MTV3 FI/MTV 1993 2019[16]
 Greece New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television NERIT 2014 2015
 Hungary Duna TV Duna 2013
Magyar Rádió MR 1993
Magyar Televízió MTV
 Israel Israel Broadcasting Authority IBA 1957 2017
 Monaco  Italy Telemontecarlo (now La7) TMC 1981 2001
 Libya Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (الجماهيرية اللّيبيّة) LJBC 1974 2011
 Serbia and Montenegro Udruženje javnih radija i televizija (Alliance of Public Radio and Television) UJRT 2001 2006
 Slovakia Slovenský rozhlas SRo 1993 2011
Slovenská televízia STV
 Spain Antena 3 Radio A3R 1986 1993
Radio Popular SA COPE COPE 1998 2019[17]
Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión SER 1982 2020
 Sweden TV4 SE/TV4 2004 2019[18]
 Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radio Television JRT 1950 1992

Associate Members
Countries with Associate EBU Membership.

Any group or organisation from an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) member country, which provides a radio or television service outside of the European Broadcasting Area, is permitted to submit applications to the EBU for Associate Membership.[19]

It was also noted by the EBU that any country that is granted Associate Member status does not include any access into the Eurovision events [20] (with the exceptions of Australia, who have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest and the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since 2015, Canada in Eurovision Young Dancers between 1987 and 1989 and Kazakhstan, who have participated in Junior Eurovision since 2018).

The list of Associate Members of EBU comprised the following 34 broadcasting companies from 21 countries as of January 2018.[3]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Year
 AustraliaAustralian Broadcasting CorporationABC1950
FreeTV AustraliaFree1962
Special Broadcasting ServiceSBS1979
 BangladeshNational Broadcasting Authority of BangladeshNBAB1974
 BrazilRádio Cultura (Fundação Padre Anchieta)FPA2012
 CanadaCanadian Broadcasting Corporation/Societé Radio CanadaCBC1950
 ChileCanal 13UCTV1971
 ChinaChina Central TelevisionCCTV2010
Shanghai Media GroupSMG2016
 CubaCuban Institute of Radio and TelevisionICRT1992
 GeorgiaTeleimediTEME2004
Rustavi 2RB2003
 Hong KongRadio Television Hong KongRTHK1983
 IndiaAll India RadioAIR1979
 IranIslamic Republic of Iran BroadcastingIRIB1969
 JapanNippon Hoso KyokaiNHK1951
Tokyo Broadcasting SystemTBS2000
Tokyo FMTFM1986
 KazakhstanKhabar AgencyKA2016
 MalaysiaRadio Televisyen MalaysiaRTM1970
 MauritiusMauritius Broadcasting CorporationMBC1980
 New ZealandRadio New ZealandRNZ1950
Television New ZealandTVNZ1980
 OmanPublic Authority for Radio and TV of OmanPART1976
 South AfricaSouth African Broadcasting CorporationSABC1951
South KoreaKorean Broadcasting SystemKBS1974
 SyriaOrganisme de la Radio-Télévision Arabe SyrienneORTAS1978
 United StatesAmerican Broadcasting CompanyABC1959
American Public MediaAPM2004
CBSCBS1956
National Public RadioNPR1971
National Broadcasting CompanyNBC1953
WFMT Radio NetworkWFMT1980

Past associate members
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. From To
 Palestine Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation (هيئة الإذاعة والتلفزيون الفلسطينية) PBC 2009 2014

Approved participant members

Any groups or organisations from a country with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) membership, which does not qualify for either the EBU's Active or Associate memberships, but still provide a broadcasting activity for the EBU, are granted a unique Approved Participants membership, which lasts approximately five years. An application for this status may be submitted to the EBU at any given time, providing an annual fee is paid.[21]

The following seven EBU broadcast members had status as Approved Participants in May 2016.[22]

Broadcasting Organisation Abbr.
Arte ARTE
Catalunya Música CAT
Euronews EURONEWS
JP MRD JP MRD
Cellnex Telecom CELLNEX
Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network RTRN
TV5Monde TV5

Organised events

The EBU in co-operation with the respective host broadcaster organises competitions and events in which its members can participate if they wish to do so. These include:

Eurovision Song Contest
Main article: Eurovision Song Contest
The trophy in 2014

The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson)[23] is an annual international song competition between EBU Members, that was first held in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participated – each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957 all contests have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[24] The most recent host city was Tel Aviv, Israel, where the Netherlands won the competition.

Let the Peoples Sing
Main article: Let the Peoples Sing

Let the Peoples Sing is a biennial choir competition, the participants of which are chosen from radio recordings entered by EBU radio members. The final, encompassing three categories and around ten choirs, is offered as a live broadcast to all EBU members. The overall winner is awarded the Silver Rose Bowl.

Jeux Sans Frontières

Jeux Sans Frontières (English: Games Without Frontiers, or Games Without Borders) was a Europe-wide television game show. In its original conception, it was broadcast from 1965 to 1999 under the auspices of the EBU. The original series run ended in 1982 but was revived in 1988 with a different complexion of nations and was hosted by smaller broadcasters.

Eurovision Young Musicians
Main article: Eurovision Young Musicians

Eurovision Young Musicians is a competition for European musicians that are between the ages of 12 and 21 years old. It is organised by the EBU and is a member of EMCY. The first competition was held in Manchester, the United Kingdom on 11 May 1982.

The televised competition is held every two years, with some countries holding national heats. Since its foundation in 1982, the Eurovision Young Musicians competition has become one of the most important music competitions on an international level.

Eurovision Young Dancers
Main article: Eurovision Young Dancers

The Eurovision Young Dancers is a biennial dance showcase broadcast on television throughout Europe. The first competition was held in Reggio Emilia, Italy on 16 June 1985.

It uses a format similar to the Eurovision Song Contest, every country that is a member of the EBU has had the opportunity to send a dance act to compete for the title of "Eurovision Young Dancer". The competition is for solo dancers and all contestants must be between the ages of 16 and 21 years and not professionally engaged.

Euroclassic Notturno
Main article: Euroclassic Notturno

Euroclassic Notturno is a six-hour sequence of classical music recordings assembled by BBC Radio from material supplied by members of the EBU and streamed back to those broadcasters by satellite for use in their overnight classical-music schedules. The recordings used are taken not from commercial CDs but from earlier (usually live) radio broadcasts.[25][26]

Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Main article: Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Junior Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Junior),[27] is an annual international song competition, that was first held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 15 November 2003. Sixteen countries participated – each submitting one song, for a total of 16 entries. The 2003 Contest was won by Croatia and the current winner is Poland.

Eurovision Dance Contest
Main article: Eurovision Dance Contest

The Eurovision Dance Contest (not to be confused with the Eurovision Young Dancers Competition) was an international dancing competition that was held for the first time in London, the United Kingdom on 1 September 2007. The competition was repeated in 2008 when it was held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, but has not been held since.

Eurovision Magic Circus Show
Main article: Eurovision Magic Circus Show

The Eurovision Magic Circus Show was an entertainment show organised by the EBU, which took place in 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Geneva. Children aged between 7-14 representing 8 countries within the EBU membership area, performed a variety of circus acts at the Geneva Christmas Circus (French: Cirque de Noël Genève). The main show was also accompanied by the Magic Circus Show Orchestra.[28]

Eurovision Choir
Main article: Eurovision Choir

The inaugural Eurovision Choir featuring non-professional choirs selected by EBU Members, took place on 22 July 2017 in Riga, hosted by the Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV). 9 countries took part in the first edition. Carmen Manet from Slovenia was the first winner.

European Sports Championships
Main article: European Championships (multi-sport event)

The European Sports Championships is a multi-sport event involving some of the leading sports in Europe. The European Governing Bodies for athletics, aquatics, cycling, rowing, golf, gymnastics and triathlon, will coordinate their individual championships as part of the first edition[29] in the summer of 2018, hosted by the cities of Berlin (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Athletics Championships) and Glasgow (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, and which will now also host the events of the other sports).[30][31]

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See also

References
  1. "EBU - Tony Hall and Delphine Ernotte Cunci elected President and Vice-President of EBU as of 2019". www.ebu.ch. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  2. "EBU Active Members". ebu.ch. EBU. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  3. "EBU Associate Members". ebu.ch. EBU. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  4. "Eurovision Debate". EBU. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  5. "42 countries to take part in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  6. "Joy to the World: a guide to the European Broadcasting Union's Christmas broadcast". CBC Music.
  7. "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra New Year's Concert". www.ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  8. Clements, Paul. "Eurovision 2014: how much do you know about the Eurovision Song Contest?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  9. "50 years of Eurovision (1954-2004)" (PDF). www.ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union.
  10. "Euroradio: 50 years" (PDF). Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  11. "P2P Media Portal Trial". EBU. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  12. "Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees". ekathimerini.com. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  13. O'Carroll, Lisa (12 June 2013). "ERT (Greek state broadcaster), Media, Television industry (Media), Radio industry (Media), Greece (News), Europe (News), World news, Digital media, Internet, Social media". The Guardian. London.
  14. EBU urges the Greek government to reverse decision on ERT. (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  15. "Greece profile - Media". bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  16. Granger, Anthony (13 November 2019). "Finland: MTV3 Leaves European Broadcasting Union". Eurovoix. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  17. "Radio Cadena COPE abandona la UER" [Radio Cadena COPE leaves the EBU] (in Spanish). 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  18. Granger, Anthony (13 November 2019). "Sweden: TV4 Ends Membership of the European Broadcasting Union". Eurovoix. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  19. "Admission". EBU.ch. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  20. "EBU - Members". EBU.ch. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  21. "Approved Participants". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  22. "EBU Directory" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  23. "Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  24. "Historical Milestones". European Broadcasting Union. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
  25. "Euroradio Notturno". EBU. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  26. "Through the Night". BBC. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  27. "Official information page" (in French). European Broadcasting Union. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  28. Burkhardt, Nadja (16 November 2012). "Eurovision Magic Circus Show". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  29. europeansportschampionships.com ESC Press Release
  30. "European Athletics - Leading sports bring together their European championships in 2018". Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  31. "Rowing joins the innovative European Sports Championships - worldrowing.com". Retrieved 24 October 2016.
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