Demographics of Iceland

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iceland, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

As of 2018, the Icelandic population stands at a little over 350,000. 91.1% of the residents of Iceland are Icelandic citizens and 15.7% are foreign-born.[1][2]

99% of the nation's inhabitants live in urban areas (localities with populations greater than 200) and 60% live in the Capital Region.

History

A graph showing the population of Iceland from 1703–2017, using official data from Statistics Iceland.

The population of Iceland since settlement times has probably wavered between about 30,000 and 80,000. Official statistics begin in 1703, since when the population of Iceland has grown from 50,358 to 348,580 in December 2017.[3]

Migration

Settlement

Most Icelandic people are descendants of Norwegian settlers, and of Gaels from Ireland and Scotland who were brought over as slaves during the Settlement of Iceland in the ninth century CE. Recent DNA analysis suggests that around 66 percent of the male settler-era population was of Norse ancestry, whereas the female population was 60 percent Celtic.[4][5] Iceland remained extremely homogenous from Settlement until the twentieth century.

Emigration

Large numbers of Icelanders began to emigrate from Iceland in the 1850s. It has been estimated that around 17,000 Icelanders emigrated to North America in the period 1870–1914, with some 2,000 people returning to Iceland. A net total of around 15,000 individuals amount to roughly 20% of the Icelandic population in 1887.[6] According to historian Gunnar Karlsson, "migration from Iceland is unique in that most went to Canada, whereas from most or all other European countries the majority went to the United States. This was partly due to the late beginning of emigration from Iceland after the Canadian authorities had begun to promote emigration in cooperation with the Allan Line, which already had an agent in Iceland in 1873. Contrary to most European countries, this promotion campaign was successful in Iceland, because emigration was only just about to start from there and Icelandic emigrants had no relatives in the United States to help them take the first steps".[6]

In the wake of the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, many Icelanders went to work abroad.[7]

Immigration

There was little immigration to Iceland prior to the 1990s, and during that period was mostly from other Scandinavian countries: around 1% of the population of Iceland in 1900 was of Danish heritage (either born in Denmark or to Danish parents).[8] In the mid-1990s, 95% of Icelanders had parents of Icelandic origin, and 2% of Icelandic inhabitants were first-generation immigrants (born abroad with both parents foreign-born and all grandparents foreign-born).[9][10]

Immigration to Iceland rose rapidly in the late twentieth century, encouraged by Iceland's accession to the European Economic Area in 1994, its entry into the Schengen Agreement in 2001, and the country's early twenty-first century economic boom. Iceland's largest ethnic minority comprises Polish immigrants in Iceland. Immigration has also brought significant new ethno-religious groups such as Jewish people, and new minority religions, including Islam. In 2017, 10.6% of the population were first-generation immigrants.[10]

Research on the experience of immigrants to Iceland is in its early days.[11][12] There is some evidence that racism is not as acute in Iceland as in neighbouring countries.[13][14][15] But, while it is popularly believed in Iceland that racism does not exist there,[16] there is evidence that in some respects immigrant populations experience prejudice and inequalities.[17] For example, Iceland has a higher dropout rate from upper secondary school among young immigrants than the EEA average.[18]

Foreign-born communities of over 300[2]

Country	2010	2019
Poland	10,088	19,210
Denmark	3,236	3,891
Lithuania	1,442	2,906
United States	1,849	2,386
Sweden	1,846	2,161
Philippines	1,407	2,094
Germany	1,697	1,969
Latvia	641	1,762
United Kingdom	1,095	1,702
Romania	205	1,536
Thailand	1,062	1,375
Norway	987	1,275
Portugal	607	993
Spain	288	909
Vietnam	479	840
France	444	835
Czech Republic	152	744
China	481	686
Croatia	148	657
Italy	217	482
Slovakia	228	475
Bulgaria	135	473
Serbia	312	468
Hungary	153	464
Russia	294	452
Ukraine	206	402
Netherlands	298	375
India	274	357
Canada	229	337
Other	4,284	9,185
Total immigrant population	35,117	61,401

Due to a shortage of labor,[19] immigration to Iceland will most likely increase in the future.[20] Estimates show that the number of immigrants could be as high as 15% of the total population by 2030.[20]

Patronymy

See also: Icelandic naming conventions

Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the father's first given name, followed by "son" or "daughter". For example, Magnús and Anna, children of a man named Pétur Jónsson, would have the full name Magnús Pétursson and Anna Pétursdóttir, respectively. Magnús's daughter Sigríður Ásta would be Sigríður Ásta Magnúsdóttir, and would remain so for the rest of her life regardless of marriage. An Icelandic patronymic is essentially only a designation of fatherhood, and is therefore redundant in Icelandic social life except to differentiate people of the same first name – the phone directory, for example, lists people by their given name first, patronymic second. Thus it has little in common with traditional surnames except for its position after the given name. It is legally possible in Iceland to rework the patronymic into a matronymic, replacing the father's name with the mother's. Use of the patronymic system is required by law, except for the descendants of those who had acquired family names before 1913 (about 10% of the population). One notable Icelander who has an inherited family name is football star Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen.

Urbanisation

According to University of Iceland economists Davíd F. Björnsson and Gylfi Zoega, "The policies of the colonial masters in Copenhagen delayed urbanisation. The Danish king maintained a monopoly in trade with Iceland from 1602 until 1855, which made the price of fish artificially low – the price of fish was higher in Britain – and artificially raised the price of agricultural products. Instead, Denmark bought the fish caught from Iceland at below world market prices. Although the trade monopoly ended in 1787, Icelanders could not trade freely with other countries until 1855. Following trade liberalisation, there was a substantial increase in fish exports to Britain, which led to an increase in the number of sailing ships used in fishing, introduced for the first time in 1780. The growth of the fishing industry then created demand for capital, and in 1885 Parliament created the first state bank (Landsbanki). In 1905 came the first motorised fishing vessel, which marked an important step in the development of a specialised fishing industry in Iceland. Iceland exported fresh fish to Britain and salted cod to southern Europe, with Portugal an important export market. Fishing replaced agriculture as the country’s main industry. These developments set the stage for the urbanisation that was to follow in the twentieth century."[21]

A 2017 study looking at individuals going to the capital area for higher education found that "Only about one in three [University of Iceland] students from regions beyond commuting distance return after graduation, while about half remain in the capital area and others mostly emigrate."[22]

Religion

In 2016, 71.6% of the population belonged to the state church (the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland), approximately 5% in free churches, 3.7% to the Roman Catholic Church, approximately 1% to the Ásatrúarfélagið (a legally recognized revival of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland), approximately 1% to Zuism, 8% in unrecognized or unspecified religious groups, and 19% do not belong to any religious group.[23]

Icelandic National Registry

Main article: Kennitala

All living Icelanders, as well as all foreign citizens with permanent residence in Iceland, have a personal identification number (kennitala) identifying them in the National Registry. This number is composed of 10 digits, whereof the first six are made up of the individual's birth date in the format DDMMYY. The next two digits are chosen at random when the kennitala is allocated, the 9th digit is a check digit, and the last digit indicates the period of one hundred years in which the individual was born (for instance, '9' for the period 1900–1999). An example would be 120192-3389. While similar, all-inclusive personal registries exist in other countries, the use of the national registry is unusually extensive in Iceland. It is worth noting that the completeness of the National Registry eliminates any need for census to be performed.

Summary of vital statistics since 1900

Data according to Statistics Iceland, which collects the official statistics for Iceland.[24]

Year	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1900	78,000	2,237	1,545	692	28.6	19.8	8.9	3.93
1901	78,000	2,179	1,155	1,024	27.8	14.7	13.1	3.86
1902	79,000	2,220	1,262	958	28.1	16.0	12.1	3.95
1903	79,000	2,244	1,324	920	28.3	16.7	11.6	4.00
1904	80,000	2,293	1,242	1,051	28.7	15.5	13.1	4.09
1905	81,000	2,271	1,435	836	28.1	17.8	10.4	4.02
1906	82,000	2,346	1,193	1,153	28.8	14.6	14.1	4.14
1907	83,000	2,304	1,396	908	27.9	16.9	11.0	4.04
1908	83,000	2,270	1,594	676	27.3	19.1	8.1	4.01
1909	84,000	2,283	1,263	1,020	27.2	15.0	12.1	4.00
1910	85,000	2,171	1,304	867	25.6	15.4	10.2	3.79
1911	85,000	2,205	1,152	1,053	25.8	13.5	12.3	3.80
1912	86,000	2,234	1,171	1,063	26.0	13.6	12.4	3.82
1913	87,000	2,216	1,060	1,156	25.6	12.2	13.3	3.76
1914	88,000	2,338	1,428	910	26.7	16.3	10.4	3.90
1915	89,000	2,446	1,376	1,070	27.6	15.5	12.1	4.00
1916	89,000	2,377	1,322	1,055	26.6	14.8	11.8	3.81
1917	91,000	2,427	1,111	1,316	26.8	12.3	14.5	3.82
1918	92,000	2,441	1,518	923	26.6	16.6	10.1	3.78
1919	92,000	2,342	1,169	1,173	25.4	12.7	12.7	3.62
1920	94,000	2,627	1,360	1,267	28.1	14.5	13.5	3.96
1921	95,000	2,601	1,478	1,123	27.4	15.6	11.8	3.87
1922	96,000	2,546	1,280	1,266	26.6	13.4	13.2	3.72
1923	97,000	2,612	1,287	1,325	26.9	13.3	13.7	3.77
1924	98,000	2,525	1,462	1,063	25.7	14.9	10.8	3.62
1925	99,000	2,554	1,229	1,325	25.7	12.4	13.3	3.59
1926	101,000	2,676	1,121	1,555	26.5	11.1	15.4	3.71
1927	103,000	2,642	1,282	1,360	25.8	12.5	13.3	3.59
1928	104,000	2,542	1,124	1,418	24.4	10.8	13.6	3.40
1929	106,000	2,644	1,237	1,407	25.0	11.7	13.3	3.47
1930	107,000	2,808	1,248	1,560	26.1	11.6	14.5	3.59
1931	109,000	2,804	1,277	1,527	25.7	11.7	14.0	3.53
1932	111,000	2,696	1,191	1,505	24.4	10.8	13.6	3.31
1933	112,000	2,531	1,159	1,372	22.5	10.3	12.2	3.07
1934	114,000	2,597	1,181	1,416	22.8	10.4	12.4	3.10
1935	115,000	2,551	1,402	1,149	22.1	12.2	10.0	2.99
1936	116,000	2,557	1,253	1,304	22.0	10.8	11.2	2.98
1937	117,000	2,397	1,317	1,080	20.4	11.2	9.2	2.78
1938	118,000	2,374	1,207	1,167	20.1	10.2	9.9	2.71
1939	120,000	2,363	1,160	1,203	19.8	9.7	10.1	2.68
1940	121,000	2,480	1,200	1,280	20.5	9.9	10.6	2.75
1941	122,000	2,634	1,352	1,282	21.6	11.1	10.5	2.91
1942	123,000	3,005	1,293	1,712	24.4	10.5	13.9	3.26
1943	125,000	3,173	1,268	1,905	25.4	10.1	15.2	3.36
1944	127,000	3,213	1,218	1,995	25.3	9.6	15.7	3.34
1945	129,000	3,434	1,179	2,255	26.6	9.1	17.5	3.55
1946	132,000	3,434	1,121	2,313	26.1	8.5	17.6	3.47
1947	134,000	3,703	1,162	2,541	27.6	8.6	18.9	3.67
1948	137,000	3,821	1,114	2,707	27.8	8.1	19.7	3.72
1949	140,000	3,884	1,106	2,778	27.8	7.9	19.9	3.73
1950	143,000	4,093	1,122	2,971	28.7	7.9	20.8	3.86
1951	145,000	3,999	1,145	2,854	27.5	7.9	19.6	3.72
1952	148,000	4,075	1,082	2,993	27.5	7.3	20.2	3.79
1953	151,000	4,254	1,118	3,136	28.1	7.4	20.7	3.94
1954	154,000	4,281	1,064	3,217	27.7	6.9	20.8	3.91
1955	158,000	4,505	1,099	3,406	28.5	7.0	21.6	4.07
1956	161,000	4,603	1,153	3,450	28.5	7.1	21.4	4.14
1957	165,000	4,725	1,157	3,568	28.6	7.0	21.6	4.20
1958	168,000	4,641	1,165	3,476	27.5	6.9	20.6	4.09
1959	172,000	4,837	1,242	3,595	28.1	7.2	20.9	4.24
1960	176,000	4,916	1,167	3,749	28.0	6.6	21.3	4.29
1961	179,000	4,563	1,248	3,315	25.5	7.0	18.5	3.88
1962	182,000	4,711	1,237	3,474	25.9	6.8	19.1	3.98
1963	186,000	4,820	1,327	3,493	26.0	7.2	18.8	4.02
1964	189,000	4,787	1,315	3,472	25.3	7.0	18.4	3.87
1965	192,000	4,721	1,291	3,430	24.6	6.7	17.8	3.73
1966	196,000	4,692	1,391	3,301	24.0	7.1	16.9	3.60
1967	199,000	4,404	1,385	3,019	22.2	7.0	15.2	3.28
1968	201,000	4,227	1,390	2,837	21.0	6.9	14.1	3.06
1969	203,000	4,218	1,451	2,767	20.8	7.2	13.6	2.99
1970	204,000	4,023	1,457	2,566	19.7	7.1	12.6	2.79
1971	206,000	4,277	1,501	2,776	20.8	7.3	13.5	2.86
1972	209,000	4,676	1,447	3,229	22.3	6.9	15.4	3.09
1973	212,000	4,598	1,475	3,123	21.7	6.9	14.7	2.95
1974	215,000	4,276	1,495	2,781	19.9	6.9	12.9	2.66
1975	218,000	4,384	1,412	2,972	20.1	6.5	13.6	2.71
1976	220,000	4,291	1,343	2,948	19.5	6.1	13.4	2.53
1977	222,000	3,996	1,435	2,561	18.0	6.5	11.5	2.32
1978	224,000	4,162	1,421	2,741	18.6	6.4	12.3	2.36
1979	226,000	4,475	1,482	2,993	19.8	6.6	13.3	2.49
1980	228,000	4,528	1,538	2,990	19.8	6.7	13.1	2.49
1981	231,000	4,345	1,656	2,689	18.8	7.2	11.7	2.33
1982	234,000	4,337	1,583	2,754	18.5	6.8	11.8	2.26
1983	237,000	4,371	1,653	2,718	18.4	7.0	11.5	2.24
1984	240,000	4,113	1,584	2,529	17.2	6.6	10.6	2.08
1985	241,000	3,856	1,652	2,204	16.0	6.8	9.1	1.93
1986	243,000	3,881	1,598	2,283	16.0	6.6	9.4	1.92
1987	246,000	4,193	1,724	2,469	17.0	7.0	10.0	2.05
1988	250,000	4,673	1,818	2,855	18.7	7.3	11.4	2.20
1989	253,000	4,560	1,716	2,844	18.0	6.8	11.3	2.17
1990	255,000	4,768	1,704	3,064	18.7	6.7	12.0	2.30
1991	258,000	4,533	1,796	2,737	17.6	7.0	10.6	2.19
1992	261,000	4,609	1,719	2,890	17.7	6.6	11.1	2.21
1993	264,000	4,623	1,753	2,870	17.5	6.6	10.9	2.22
1994	266,000	4,442	1,718	2,725	16.7	6.5	10.2	2.14
1995	267,000	4,280	1,923	2,357	16.0	7.2	8.8	2.08
1996	269,000	4,329	1,879	2,450	16.1	7.0	9.1	2.13
1997	271,000	4,151	1,844	2,308	15.3	6.8	8.5	2.04
1998	274,000	4,178	1,821	2,357	15.2	6.6	8.6	2.04
1999	277,000	4,100	1,901	2,199	14.8	6.9	7.9	1.99
2000	281,000	4,315	1,828	2,492	15.3	6.5	8.9	2.076
2001	285,000	4,091	1,725	2,366	14.4	6.1	8.3	1.948
2002	288,000	4,049	1,821	2,228	14.1	6.3	7.7	1.932
2003	290,000	4,143	1,827	2,316	14.3	6.3	8.0	1.990
2004	292,000	4,234	1,824	2,410	14.5	6.2	8.3	2.033
2005	297,000	4,280	1,838	2,442	14.4	6.2	8.2	2.052
2006	304,000	4,415	1,903	2,512	14.5	6.3	8.3	2.074
2007	312,000	4,560	1,943	2,617	14.6	6.2	8.4	2.094
2008	317,000	4,835	1,987	2,244	14.2	6.2	7.0	2.140
2009	318,000	5,026	2,002	3,024	15.7	6.3	9.4	2.221
2010	318,000	4,907	2,020	2,887	15.5	6.4	9.1	2.197
2011	319,000	4,492	1,986	2,511	14.1	6.2	7.9	2.017
2012	320,000	4,533	1,955	2,573	14.2	6.1	8.1	2.037
2013	322,000	4,326	2,154	2,172	13.4	6.6	6.7	1.932
2014	326,000	4,375	2,049	2,326	13.5	6.4	7.1	1.932
2015	329,000	4,129	2,178	1,951	12.6	6.6	6.0	1.805
2016	333,000	4,034	2,309	1,676	12.1	7.0	5.1	1.745
2017	338,000	4,071	2,238	1,832	12.0	6.5	5.5	1.710
2018	348,000	4,228	2,254	1,990	12.1	6.6	5.5	1.707
2019	357,000	4,452	2,275	2,177	12.4	6.3	6.1	1.745

Current natural increase

• Births from January–June 2019 = 2,060
• Births from January–June 2020 = 2,170

• Deaths from January–June 2019 = 1,090
• Deaths from January–June 2020 = 1,170

• Natural increase from January–June 2019 = 970
• Natural increase from January–June 2020 = 1,000

[25]

Population projection

Population projection
(1 January)[26]

Year	Low	Medium	High
2014	325,671
2015	332,529
2020	340,418	342,716	346,279
2025	352,280	357,894	365,893
2030	361,853	371,796	385,405
2035	369,888	384,397	404,053
2040	376,580	395,866	422,047
2045	381,846	406,271	439,756
2050	385,536	415,627	457,317
2055	387,489	423,790	474,561
2060	387,597	430,545	490,976

Life expectancy

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	72.2	1985–1990	77.6
1955–1960	73.2	1990–1995	78.5
1960–1965	73.5	1995–2000	79.1
1965–1970	73.7	2000–2005	80.7
1970–1975	74.2	2005–2010	81.4
1975–1980	76.3	2010–2015	82.2
1980–1985	76.9

Source: UN World Population Prospects[27]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0–14 years: 20.4% (male 35,418/female 33,887)
15–24 years: 13.5% (male 23,190/female 22,659)
25–54 years: 39.88% (male 68,579/female 66,899)
55–64: 11.81% (male 20,119/female 20,007)
65 years and over: 14.42% (male 22,963/female 26,053) (2017 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 males: 1 female
under 15 years: 1.05 males: 1 female

15–24 years: 1.03 males: 1 female

25–54 years: 1.02 males: 1 female
55–64 years: 1.01 males: 1 female
65 years and over: 0.88 males: 1 female
total population: 1.01 male: 1 female (2016 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Infant mortality rate

2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 83.0 years
male: 80.9 years
female: 85.3 years (2016 est.)

Health expenditures

8.9% of GDP (2014)

Physicians density

3.79 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

23.9% (2014)

Education expenditures

7.8% of GDP (2013)

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.4 (2015 est.)

Citizenship of Iceland residents.

  3 000 +

  1 500-3 000

  750-1 500

  500-750

Nationality

noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic

Ethnic groups

94% Icelandic, 6% other

Religions

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 69.9%, Roman Catholic 3.8%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.9%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 2%, Asatru Association 1.1%, The Independent Congregation 1%, other religions 4% (includes Zuist and Pentecostal), none 6.1%, other or unspecified 9.2% (2017 est.)

Languages

Icelandic (English and a second Nordic language, Danish by default, are also a part of the Icelandic compulsory education)[28]

References

1. "Statistics Iceland: Background". Statistics Iceland.
2. https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Faedingarland/MAN12103.px/?rxid=92af00af-93d6-4d06-9be0-3a88f29ad64f
3. "Population – key figures 1703–2017". Px.hagstofa.is. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
4. Agnar Helgason; Eileen Hickey; Sara Goodacre; Vidar Bosnes; Ka´ri Stefa´nsson; Ryk Ward; Bryan Sykes (2001). "mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 (3): 723–737. doi:10.1086/318785. PMC 1274484. PMID 11179019.
5. Agnar Helgason; Sigrún Sigurðardóttir; Jeffrey R. Gulcher; Ryk Ward; Kári Stefánsson (2000). "mtDNA and the Origin of the Icelanders: Deciphering Signals of Recent Population History". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66 (3): 999–1016. doi:10.1086/302816. PMC 1288180. PMID 10712214.
6. Karlsson, Gunnar (2000). History of Iceland. p. 236.
7. Guðbjört Guðjónsdóttir. “ ‘We Blend in with the Crowd but They Don’t’: (In)visibility and Icelandic Migrants in Norway.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 4 (2014): 176–183.
8. Karlsson, Gunnar (2000). History of Iceland. p. 234.
9. Kristín Loftsdóttir, “Being ‘the Damned Foreigner’: Affective National Sentiments and Racialization of Lithuanians in Iceland.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 7.2 (2017): 70–77 (p. 72) doi:10.1515/njmr-2017-0012.
10. 'Immigrants and persons with foreign background 2017' (16 June 2017).
11. Hanna Ragnarsdóttir, Collisions and Continuities: Ten Immigrant Families and Their Children in Icelandic Society and Schools. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.
12. Skaptadóttir, UD 2004, ‘Mobilities and cultural difference: immigrant’s experiences in Iceland’ in Topographies of globalization: politics, culture, language, eds V Ingimundarson, K Loftsdóttir & I Erlingsdóttir, The University of Iceland Press, Reykjavík pp. 133-149.
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External links

• "Hagstofa Íslands" [Statistics Iceland]. statice.is – the national statistical institute of Iceland
• "ICELAND". The World Factbook.
• A 2012 report by the Ministry of Welfare on migration to and from Iceland 1961–2011.