Culture of Iceland

The culture of Iceland is rich and varied as well as being known for its literary heritage which began in the 12th century. Other Icelandic traditional arts include weaving, silversmithing, and wood carving. The Reykjavík area has several professional theaters, a symphony orchestra, an opera and many art galleries, bookstores, cinemas and museums. There are also four active folk dance ensembles in Iceland. Iceland's literacy rate is among the highest in the world, and a love of literature, art, chess, and other intellectual pursuits is widespread.

Arts

The people of Iceland are famous for their prose and poetry, in particular the sagas and eddas.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Iceland

Icelandic architecture draws from Scandinavia, and traditionally, was influenced by the lack of native trees on the island. As a result, grass and turf-covered houses were developed. The original grasshouses constructed by the original settlers of Iceland were based on Viking longhouses.

Literature

Main article: Icelandic literature

Iceland has produced many great authors including Halldór Laxness, Guðmundur Kamban, Tómas Guðmundsson, Davíð Stefánsson, Jón Thoroddsen, Steinn Steinarr, Guðmundur G. Hagalín, Þórbergur Þórðarson, and Jóhannes úr Kötlum.

Iceland's best-known classical works of literature are the Icelanders' sagas, prose epics set in Iceland's age of settlement. The most famous of these include Njáls saga, about an epic blood feud, and Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga, describing the discovery and settlement of Greenland and Vinland (now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador). Egils saga, Laxdæla saga, Grettis saga, Gísla saga, and Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu are also notable and popular.

W. H. Auden and Louis MacNeice wrote Letters From Iceland (1937) to describe their travels through that country.

Painting and sculpture

Main article: Icelandic art

The first professional secular painters appeared in Iceland in the 19th century. This group of artists included Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval, who was famous for his paintings portraying village life in Iceland. Ásmundur Sveinsson, a 20th-century sculptor, was also from Iceland. Silver working and its old traditions have been preserved. Einar Hákonarson is an expressionistic and figurative painter who brought the figure back into Icelandic painting in 1968. He is a pioneer in the Icelandic art scene and art education. He has been called "The crusader of the painting",[1] due to his involvement in those conflicts many Icelandic painters had with the public fine art centers. He was a driving force in founding The Icelandic Printmaking Association and its first president.[2]

Attitudes and customs

Icelanders generally have a traditional liberal Nordic outlook, similar to other Nordic countries such as Norway and Sweden. Yet, an important key to understanding Icelanders and their culture (which differentiates them from the majority of their contemporary Nordic peoples) is the high importance they place on the traits of independence and self-sufficiency. In the June 2005 European Commission Eurobarometer public opinion analysis, over 85% of Icelanders found independence to be "very important" contrasted with the EU25 average of 53%, 47% for the Norwegians, and 49% for the Danish.[3]

Icelanders are proud of their Viking heritage and Icelandic language and take great care to preserve their traditions. Modern Icelandic remains close to the Old Norse spoken in the Viking Age. For example, the word for computer (an introduced object) is tölva which combines the ancient terms for number and seer. Until the Christianisation of Iceland, many traditional Viking beliefs were strongly held, remnants of which remain today. According to a 2005 New York Times article, the majority of Icelanders either believe in elves or are unwilling to rule out their existence.[4] There are a number of accounts of roads that have been re-routed and building plans redesigned or abandoned to avoid disturbing rocks where elves are said to live.[5]

Icelandic society and culture has a high degree of gender equality, with many women in leadership positions in government and business. Iceland also has a highly progressive gay rights legislation, with couples having been able to register civil unions since 1996, adopt since 2006, and marry since 2010. Women retain their names after marriage, since Icelanders generally do not use surnames but patronyms or (in certain cases) matronyms. (See Icelandic name.) Iceland also has the most extensive and progressive child protection law. The new Children's Act, passed in March 2003, and effective as of November 2003, not only places Iceland on the list of 25 nations that have outlawed spanking, but also outlaws verbal and emotional abuse and makes child protection a priority. Physical or mental violence is punishable by imprisonment and/or fine.

In 2006, Iceland was ranked as the fourth happiest nation in the world by an independent scientific study.[6] Local and national festivals include the annual National Day, celebrating the country's independence in 1944, Sumardagurinn fyrsti which celebrates the first day of summer, and Sjómannadagurinn which is held every June to pay tribute to the country's seafaring past.

Cuisine

Main article: Icelandic cuisine

A typical Þorramatur assortment.

Iceland offers wide varieties of traditional cuisine. Þorramatur (food of the þorri) is the Icelandic national food. Nowadays þorramatur is mostly eaten during the ancient Nordic month of þorri, in January and February, as a tribute to old culture. Þorramatur consists of many different types of food. These are mostly offal dishes like pickled ram's testicles, putrefied shark, singed sheep heads, singed sheep head jam, black pudding, liver sausage (similar to Scottish haggis) and dried fish (often cod or haddock) with or without butter.

Much of the cuisine centres on Iceland's fishing industry. Traditional dishes include Hákarl (putrefied shark), gravlax (salmon marinated in salt and dill), hangikjöt (smoked lamb), hrútspungar (pickled ram's testicles), and slátur (sausages made from sheep entrails). A popular food is skyr made of cultured skim milk, in the summer time it may be served with bilberries as a dessert. Brennivin is an Icelandic liquor made from potatoes and caraway.

Coffee is favored as a beverage and may be served at afternoon break called kaffi in Icelandic.[7]

Education

Main article: Education in Iceland

The system of education in Iceland is loosely based upon the Danish system, and there are four levels: pre-school, compulsory, upper secondary and higher. Education is mandatory for children aged six to sixteen. Most institutions are funded by the state, there are very few private schools in the country. The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture has the jurisdiction of educational responsibility. Over the years, the educational system has been decentralised and responsibility for primary and lower secondary schools lies with the local authorities. The state runs upper secondary schools and higher education institutions. Students can quit at age 16 or can continue until age 20.

Entertainment

See also: Television in Iceland

Iceland is home to the popular children's TV programme LazyTown (Latibær), created by Magnús Scheving. It has become a huge phenomenon with children and adults alike, and is shown in over 98 countries, including the United States, Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Latin America. The LazyTown Studios are located in Garðabær. Iceland is also the home of the successful 1980s and 1990s band The Sugarcubes from which the very successful singer Björk hailed. Another popular musical group from Iceland is Sigur Rós as well as Kaleo, whose song "Way Down We Go" features on a number of films and on PlayStation(FIFA).

Technology

Iceland is technologically advanced and digitally-connected country. In 2006 it had the highest number of broadband Internet connections per capita among OECD countries.[8]

Icelandic people

Main article: Icelanders

Erik the Red was the first European to explore Greenland.

Famous early Icelanders were Erik the Red (Eiríkur rauði Þorvaldsson), who discovered and colonized Greenland in 982, and his son Leif Eriksson (Leifur Eiríksson), who introduced Christianity to Greenland and discovered the North American continent (c. 1000). Two famous patriots and statesmen were Bishop Jón Arason, who led the fight for liberty against the power of the Danish king, and Jón Sigurðsson, Iceland's national hero, champion of the fight for independence. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir served four consecutive terms as president from 1980 to 1996, becoming the first female elected to the presidency of any republic.

Prominent writers were Ari Þorgilsson, father of Icelandic historical writing; Snorri Sturluson, author of the famous Prose Edda, a collection of Norse myths; and Hallgrímur Pétursson, author of Iceland's beloved Passion Hymns. Leading poets include Bjarni Thorarensen and Jónas Hallgrímsson, pioneers of the Romantic movement in Iceland; Matthías Jochumsson, author of Iceland's national anthem; Þorsteinn Erlingsson, lyricist; Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran, a pioneer of realism in Icelandic literature and an outstanding short-story writer; Einar Benediktsson, ranked as one of the greatest modern Icelandic poets; Jóhann Sigurjónsson, who lived much of his life in Denmark and wrote many plays based on Icelandic history and legend, as well as poetry; and the novelist Halldór Laxness, who received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1955.

Stefán Stefánsson was the pioneer Icelandic botanist. Helgi Pjeturss, geologist and philosopher, was an authority on the Ice Age and the geology of Iceland. [ , Iceland's greatest sculptor, is represented in European and American museums.

Singer, songwriter, and composer Björk, formerly the lead singer of the Icelandic band The Sugarcubes, works in a variety of musical genres. The former world chess champion Bobby Fischer became an Icelandic citizen in 2005. Russian pianist and composer Vladimir Ashkenazy has been a citizen since 1972.

Language

See also: Icelandic language and Linguistic purism in Icelandic

The principal language of Iceland is Icelandic, a highly inflected North Germanic language. Danish and English are also taught in schools. Linguistic purism is strongly supported in Iceland in an attempt to prevent loanwords from entering the language. Instead, neologisms are coined from Icelandic roots, creating a compound word to describe new concepts. It is often the case that old words which are no longer used are recycled with a new meaning. Some loanwords persist in Icelandic, and many more, the majority anglicisms, are used in everyday speech.

Leisure

See also: Sport in Iceland

An Icelandic horse in winter.

Though changing in the past years, Icelanders remain a very healthy nation. Children and teenagers participate in various types of leisure activities. Popular sports today are mainly soccer, athletics, handball and basketball. Sports such as golf, tennis, swimming, chess and horseback riding on an Icelandic horse are also popular.

Chess is a popular type of recreation favored by the Icelanders Viking ancestors. The country's chess clubs have created many chess grandmasters including Friðrik Ólafsson, Jóhann Hjartarson, Margeir Pétursson, and Jón Loftur Árnason. Glíma is a form of wrestling that is still played in Iceland, thought to have originated with the Vikings. Swimming and horseback riding are popular as well as leisure activities without competition. Golf is especially common; around 1 in 8 Icelanders play the sport.[9] Handball is often referred to as a national sport, Iceland's team is one of the top ranked teams in the world, and Icelandic women are surprisingly good at soccer compared to the size of the country, the national team ranked the 18th best by FIFA.

Ice climbing and rock climbing are favorites among many Icelanders, for example to climb the top of the 4,167-foot (1,270 metre) Þumall peak in Skaftafell is a challenge for many adventurous climbers, but mountain climbing is considered to be more suitable for the general public and is a very common type of leisure activity. Hvítá, among many other of the Icelandic glacial rivers, attracts kayakers and river rafterers worldwide.

Music

Main article: Music of Iceland

Icelandic music is related to Nordic music forms, and includes vibrant folk and pop traditions, including medieval music group Voces Thules. The only folk band whose recordings are available abroad is Islandica.

The national anthem of Iceland is "Lofsöngur", written by Matthías Jochumsson, with music by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson.[10] The song was written in 1874, when Iceland celebrated the one thousandth anniversary of settlement on the island. It was in the form of a hymn, first published under the title A Hymn in Commemoration of Iceland's Thousand Years.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Iceland

Norse Paganism was the primary religion among the Norsemen who settled Iceland in the 9th century AD. Christianity later came to Iceland around 1000 AD. In the middle of the 16th century, the Danish crown formally declared Lutheranism the state religion under the Icelandic Reformation.[11] This increasing Christianization culminated in the Pietism period when non-Christian entertainments were discouraged.

At present the population is overwhelmingly, if nominally, Lutheran (75.4% in 2017).[12] Other denominations of Christianity are also practiced such as Catholicism and Mormonism. Other major religions that are practiced include Islam, Judaism, and various and folk religions such as Ásatrúarfélagið. There are also folk beliefs concerning elves that do not rise to the level of religion, but have gained some note.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Iceland

One of the most popular tourist attractions in Iceland is visiting the geothermal spas and pools that can be found all around the country, such as Bláa Lónið (The Blue Lagoon) on the Reykjanes Peninsula near the Keflavík International Airport.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Iceland

There are no railways in Iceland. The country has an extensive road network, and a ring road follows the coast, making it theoretically possible to traverse the entire island. Sea and air transport are both popular to connect larger population centers.

See also

• Cinema of Iceland
• Icelandic National Costume
• Lopapeysa
• Museums in Iceland
• Public holidays in Iceland
• Strip club ban in Iceland
• Center for Icelandic Art

References

1. Morgunbladid article 19.8 2005 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-2000-part2.pdf
2. The Icelandic Printmakers Association "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2008-02-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. "European Commission Eurobarometer Social values, Science and Technology analysis June 2005 p.35" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-24.
4. Lyall, Sarah (July 13, 2005). "Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
5. Hafstein, Valdimar (2000). "The Elves' Point of View: Cultural identity in contemporary Icelandic elf tradition" (PDF). Fabula. 41 (1–2): 87. doi:10.1515/fabl.2000.41.1-2.87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
6. Psychologist Produces The First-ever 'World Map Of Happiness'
7. Adam Gopnik. "The Coffee of Civilization in Iceland". The New Yorker (April 16, 2015). Retrieved April 16, 2015. By the mid-nineteenth century, coffee was central to Iceland’s sense of itself.
8. BBC News Stat
9. "Golf.is". Archived from the original on May 24, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
10. "The Icelandic National Anthem". musik og saga. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
11. Lacy, Terry G. (2000). Ring of Seasons: Iceland--Its Culture and History. University of Michigan Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780472086610. "The Old Treaty, signed in 1262, that led to Iceland's being first under the Norwegian and later the Danish kings was such a milestone, as was the Reformation in 1550 whereby Lutheranism became, and remains, Iceland's state religion."
12. "Populations by religious and life stance organizations 1998-2017". Reykjavík, Iceland: Statistics Iceland..