Cutleria (animal)

Cutleria is an extinct genus of basal sphenacodontids[1] or derived stem-sphenacodontoid[2] known from the Early Permian period (Sakmarian stage) of the Colorado, United States. It contains a single species, Cutleria wilmarthi.[3]

Cutleria Temporal range: Early Permian, Sakmarian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Restoration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sphenacodontoidea
Family:	†Sphenacodontidae
Genus:	†Cutleria Lewis & Vaughn, 1965
Species:	†C. wilmarthi
Binomial name
†Cutleria wilmarthi Lewis & Vaughn, 1965

Discovery

Cutleria is known only from the holotype specimen USNM 22099, a fractured but three-dimensionally preserved, a nearly complete skull and articulated partial postcranial skeleton (including vertebral column, ribs and several girdle and limb elements). It was collected at locality 3, near Placerville of San Miguel County, Colorado, from the Cutler Formation, dating to the Sakmarian stage of the Cisuralian series.[2][3] MCZ 2987, a tip of the rostrum and some teeth collected 2.5 km from the type locality (from localities 11-13), was originally referred to C. wilmarthi by Lewis and Vaughn (1965).[3] A redescription of sphenacodonts by Michel Laurin (1993 and 1994), revealed that it can't be assigned to any named sphenacodont genus. Although its teeth also bear cutting edges without serrations, they are more bulbous, not as strongly compressed laterally and not curved distally. A new genus wasn't erected for MCZ 2987, as it is very fragmentary and lacks sufficient diagnostic features.[2]

Description

Cutleria was assigned to the Haptodontinae by Lewis and Vaughn (1965) on the basis of similarities to Haptodus baylei and H. longicaudata (now Palaeohatteria). Currie (1977) described the second haptodontine from North America, Haptodus garnettensis. In 1979, he synonymized all European haptodontines, as well as C. wilmarthi, with H. baylei. Later, Laurin (1993 and 1994) considered Haptodontinae to represent a polyphyletic grade of basal sphenacodonts, and revalidated Cutleria among other genera and species. His revision has been accepted since.[2] Only three phylogenetic analyses included Cutleria. Laurin (1994) and Fröbisch et al. (2011) recovered Cutleria as the sister taxon of Sphenacodontoidea,[2][4] while the significantly larger analysis of Benson (in press) recovered it as the basalmost sphenacodontid.[1] Benson (in press) listed three synapomorphies between Cutleria and more derived sphenacodontids: their frontal is more than 2.5 times the length of the parietal (as it was noted by Laurin in 1994), a strongly posteroventrally inclined temporal roof (absent in Secodontosaurus), and a lateral centrale that covers the proximal ends of the first-third distal carpals. However, only one additional step was required to place Cutleria outside Sphenacodontidae, as the sister taxon of Sphenacodontoidea (which is the node "Therapsida + Sphenacodontidae"). The cladogram below shows Cutleria phylogenetic position among other synapsids following Benson (2012).[1]

Tseajaia campi     Limnoscelis paludis   Amniota     Captorhinus spp.     Protorothyris archeri     Synapsida     Ophiacodontidae     Varanopidae         Caseasauria       Ianthodon schultzei       Edaphosauridae   Sphenacodontia   Haptodus garnettensis       Pantelosaurus saxonicus       Therapsida   Sphenacodontidae   Cutleria wilmarthi       Secodontosaurus obtusidens       Cryptovenator hirschbergeri       Dimetrodon spp.     Sphenacodon spp.

Etymology

Cutleria was first described and named by George Edward Lewis and Peter Paul Vaughn in 1965 and the type species is Cutleria wilmarthi. The generic name is derived from the name of the Cutler Formation in which the holotype was found. The specific name honors Wilmarth for finding the holotype.[3]

References

1. Benson, Roger B. J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (4): 601–624. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.631042.
2. Michel Laurin (1994). "Re-evaluation of Cutleria wilmarthi, an Early Permian synapsid from Colorado". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (1): 134–138. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011544.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
3. G. E. Lewis and P. P. Vaughn (1965). "Early Permian Vertebrates from the Cutler Formation of the Placerville Area, Colorado" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Professional Papers. 503 (C): 1–46.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
4. Jörg Fröbisch, Rainer R. Schoch, Johannes Müller, Thomas Schindler and Dieter Schweiss (2011). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (1): 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)