Claiborne County, Mississippi

Claiborne County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,604.[1] Its county seat is Port Gibson.[2] The county is named after William Claiborne, the second governor of the Mississippi Territory.

Claiborne County
U.S. county
Claiborne County courthouse and Confederate Monument in Port Gibson
Location within the U.S. state of Mississippi
Mississippi's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 31°58′N 90°55′W
Country United States
State Mississippi
Founded1802
Named forWilliam C. C. Claiborne
SeatPort Gibson
Largest cityPort Gibson
Area
 • Total501 sq mi (1,300 km2)
 • Land487 sq mi (1,260 km2)
 • Water14 sq mi (40 km2)  2.8%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total9,604
 • Estimate 
(2018)
9,002
 • Density19/sq mi (7.4/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district2nd

Claiborne County is included in the Vicksburg, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Jackson-Vicksburg-Brookhaven, MS Combined Statistical Area. It is bordered by the Mississippi River on the west and the Big Black River on the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, this small county has the third-highest percentage of African-American residents of any U.S. county, an 84% majority of the population.[3] Located south of the area known as the Mississippi Delta, this area was long a center of cotton plantations and related agriculture. Many African Americans have stayed here because of family ties and making the land their own. Claiborne County was the center of a little-known but profound demonstration and struggle during the civil rights movement.[4]

History

The county had been settled by French, Spanish, and English colonists, and American pioneers as part of the Natchez District; organized in 1802, it was the fourth county in the Mississippi Territory.[5] European-American settlers did not develop the area for cotton plantations until after Indian Removal in the 1830s, at which time they brought in numerous slaves through the domestic slave trade, which transported a million slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South. Using enslaved African Americans as laborers, planters created long, narrow plantations that fronted on the Mississippi to the west and the Big Black River to the north,[5] the transportation byways. As in other parts of the Delta, the bottomlands areas further from the river were frontier and undeveloped until after the American Civil War.[6] Well before the Civil War, the county had a majority-black population.

Grand Gulf, a port on the Mississippi River, shipped thousands of bales of cotton annually before the Civil War, much sent west to it by railroad from Port Gibson and three surrounding counties. The trading town became cut off from the river by its changing course and shifting to the west. Grand Gulf had 1,000 to 1500 residents about 1858; by the end of the century, it had 150 and became a ghost town.[7] Businesses in the county seat of Port Gibson, which served the area, included a cotton gin and a cottonseed oil mill (which continued into the 20th century.) It has also been a retail center of trade.

After the Reconstruction era, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature by the mid-1870s; paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts suppressed black voting through violence and fraud in many parts of the state.[8] These groups acted as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."[9]

The district from 2003 to 2013

Redeemers redefined districts to "reduce Republican voting strength," creating a "'shoestring' Congressional district running the length of the Mississippi River," where most of the black population was concentrated.[10] Five other districts all had white majorities. Claiborne County is within the black-majority 2nd congressional district, as may be seen on the map to the right. The state has three other congressional districts, all white majority.

Democrats passed Jim Crow laws and in 1890 a new constitution including requirements for poll taxes; these and later literacy tests were used in practice to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites, preventing them from registering to vote.[11] This second-class status was enforced by whites until after the civil rights movement gained passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.[12] The county's economy was based on agriculture, and after the Civil War, the system of sharecropping developed. More than 80 percent of African-American workers were involved in sharecropping from the late 19th century into the 1930s, shaping all aspects of daily life for them.[13]

20th century to present

Excluded from the political process and suffering lynchings and other violence, many blacks left the county and state. In 1900 whites numbered 4565 in the county, and blacks 16,222.[5] A local history noted many blacks were leaving the county at that time.[5] As can be seen in the Historical Population table in the "Demographics" section below, from 1900 to 1920, the population of the county declined by 41%, more than 8500 persons from the peak of 20,787. These rural blacks migrated to the North and Midwest cities, such as Chicago, in the Great Migration to seek jobs and other opportunities elsewhere. Rural whites also migrated out of the South.[14]

After national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s, African Americans in Claiborne County had to continue to struggle against white supremacy in most aspects of their lives. The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission continued to try to spy on and disrupt black meetings. "African Americans insisted on dignified treatment and full inclusion in the community's public life, while whites clung to paternalistic notions of black inferiority and defended inherited privilege."[15] In reaction to harassment and violence, in 1966 blacks formed a group, Deacons for Defense, which armed to protect the people and was strictly for self-defense. They learned the law and stayed within it. After shadowing police to prevent abuses, its leaders eventually began to work closely with the county sheriff to keep relations peaceful. In later years, five of the Deacons worked in law enforcement and two were the first blacks to run for county sheriff.[16]

In the late 1960s, African Americans struggled to integrate schools. and to register and vote.[17] In 1965 NAACP leader Charles Evers (brother of Medgar, who had been assassinated) became very active in Claiborne County and other areas of southwest Mississippi, including Adams and Jefferson counties. He gained an increase in voter registration as well as increasing membership in the NAACP throughout the region. Evers was influential in a developing a moderate coalition of blacks and white liberals in Mississippi. They wanted to develop alternatives to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the all-white Democratic Regulars.[18]

In the June 1966 Democratic primary, blacks in Claiborne and Jefferson counties cast decisive majorities, voting for the MFDP candidate, Marcus Whitley, for Congress and giving him victory in those counties. In the November election, Evers led an African-American vote for the Independent senatorial candidate, Prentiss Walker, who won in those counties but lost to the incumbent James O. Eastland.[19] (Claiborne County and southwest Mississippi were then in the Mississippi's 4th congressional district.) Walker was a conservative who in 1964 was elected as the first Republican Congressman from Mississippi in the 20th century, as part of a major realignment of political parties in the South.

To gain integration of public facilities and more opportunities in local businesses, where no black clerks were hired, African Americans undertook an economic boycott of merchants in the county seat of Port Gibson. (Similar economic boycotts were conducted in this period in Jackson and Greenville.) Evers led the boycott, enforced its maintenance, and later negotiated with merchants and their representatives on how to end it. While criticized for some of his methods, Evers gained support from the national NAACP for his apparent effectiveness, from the segregationist Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission for negotiating on certain elements, and from local African Americans and white liberals.[4] This boycott was upheld as a form of political protest by the United States Supreme Court.

The economic boycott was concluded in late January 1967, when merchants agreed to hire blacks as clerks. Nearly two dozen people were hired, and merchants promised more courteous treatment and ease of shopping. In addition, by this time 50 students were attending formerly whites-only public schools. In November 1966 Floyd Collins ran for the school board as the county's first black candidate since Reconstruction. He was defeated, but a majority of blacks carried the county against Democratic Regular candidates for the Senate and Congress, incumbent senator James Eastland and John Bell Williams.[20]

In 1979, Frank Davis was elected as the county's first black sheriff since Reconstruction.[21]

Since 2003, when Mississippi had to redistrict because it lost a seat in Congress, Claiborne County has been included in the black-majority 2nd congressional district. Its voters strongly support Democratic candidates. The three other districts are white majority and vote for Republicans.

Politics
Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[22]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 12.6% 540 86.8% 3,708 0.6% 24
2012 11.4% 625 88.2% 4,838 0.4% 21
2008 13.7% 748 85.9% 4,682 0.4% 23
2004 17.7% 950 81.5% 4,362 0.8% 43
2000 19.1% 883 79.5% 3,670 1.3% 62
1996 16.9% 784 80.5% 3,739 2.7% 124
1992 21.2% 935 74.8% 3,302 4.0% 175
1988 28.4% 1,233 70.9% 3,083 0.8% 33
1984 28.9% 1,294 70.9% 3,179 0.3% 11
1980 26.7% 1,129 71.7% 3,032 1.6% 67
1976 28.0% 1,078 69.0% 2,657 3.0% 117
1972 41.8% 1,521 57.0% 2,076 1.2% 45
1968 6.6% 230 60.8% 2,129 32.6% 1,143
1964 93.6% 1,226 6.4% 84
1960 17.4% 180 19.8% 205 62.8% 651
1956 23.2% 191 41.2% 339 35.5% 292
1952 53.0% 560 47.0% 496
1948 1.8% 14 2.5% 19 95.7% 742
1944 6.0% 45 94.0% 710
1940 4.1% 32 94.6% 737 1.3% 10
1936 3.9% 31 96.0% 774 0.1% 1
1932 2.2% 16 97.7% 713 0.1% 1
1928 5.7% 43 94.3% 708
1924 2.3% 14 97.7% 605
1920 3.4% 14 96.4% 401 0.2% 1
1916 1.1% 5 98.6% 435 0.2% 1
1912 0.7% 3 98.8% 399 0.5% 2

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 501 square miles (1,300 km2), of which 487 square miles (1,260 km2) is land and 14 square miles (36 km2) (2.8%) is water.[23]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

National protected area

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18103,102—
18205,96392.2%
18309,78764.1%
184013,07833.6%
185014,94114.2%
186015,6794.9%
187013,386−14.6%
188016,76825.3%
189014,516−13.4%
190020,78743.2%
191017,403−16.3%
192013,019−25.2%
193012,152−6.7%
194012,8105.4%
195011,944−6.8%
196010,845−9.2%
197010,086−7.0%
198012,27921.7%
199011,370−7.4%
200011,8314.1%
20109,604−18.8%
Est. 20189,002[24]−6.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[25]
1790-1960[26] 1900-1990[27]
1990-2000[28] 2010-2013[1]

Population declined from 1940 to 1979 as more African Americans left in the Great Migration. After gains from 1970 to 1980, population has declined since 1980 by nearly 25%. Because of limited economic opportunities in the rural county, residents have left.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 9,604 people living in the county. 84.4% were Black or African American, 14.2% White, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% of some other race and 0.6% of two or more races. 0.8% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census[29] of 2000, there were 11,831 people, 3,685 households, and 2,531 families living in the county. The population density was 24 people per square mile (9/km²). There were 4,252 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 84.11% Black or African American, 15.18% White, 0.05% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,685 households out of which 34.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.50% were married couples living together, 26.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.30% were non-families. 28.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the county, the population was spread out with 26.30% under the age of 18, 23.10% from 18 to 24, 22.30% from 25 to 44, 17.90% from 45 to 64, and 10.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females there were 85.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $22,615, and the median income for a family was $29,867. Males had a median income of $28,777 versus $20,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,244. About 27.90% of families and 32.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.80% of those under age 18 and 28.00% of those age 65 or over. Claiborne County has the eighth lowest per capita income in Mississippi and the 67th lowest in the United States.

Communities

City

Census-designated place

Unincorporated communities

Ghost towns

Sites of interest

Notable people
  • E. S. Dortch, planter and politician from Bossier Parish in northwestern Louisiana, last surviving (1943) Bossier Parish veteran of the Confederate States Army, born in Claiborne County in 1841[30]
  • Abijah Hunt, New Jersey native and merchant who became a major planter in the area
  • David Hunt, nephew of Abijah Hunt who inherited his plantations and businesses, and acquired even more properties, becoming one of 12 planter millionaires in the Natchez District before the American Civil War
  • James Monroe Trotter, the first African-American promoted to lieutenant in the US Army during the American Civil War, and first to be hired by the U.S. Postal Service; he was appointed in 1886 as federal Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C.[31]
  • Joseph Edison Walker, physician and entrepreneur, was born and grew up in Tillman, and founded the Universal Life Insurance Company, one of the largest black-owned insurance companies in the nation.
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See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  3. "Minorities now in the majority in nearly 10% of U.S. counties", Lexington Herald-Leader August 8, 2007, p. A8
  4. Crosby, Emilye (2006). Little Taste of Freedom: The Black Freedom Struggle in Claiborne County, Mississippi. University of North Carolina Press.
  5. "Claiborne County", Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions ...], ed. by Dunbar Rowland, Southern Historical Publishing Association, 1907, pp. 420-423
  6. John C. Willis, Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000
  7. Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions ..., ed. by Dunbar Rowland, Southern Historical Publishing Association, 1907, p. 794
  8. Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Paperback, 2007
  9. George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132
  10. Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 1863-1877, New York: Perennial Classics, p. 590
  11. Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 (2000), ch 4.
  12. Neil McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (1989), pp. 1-17
  13. Crosby (2005), A Little Taste of Freedom, p. 3
  14. Gregory, James N. (2005), The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 12-17.
  15. Crosby (2005), Little Taste of Freedom, p. xv
  16. Crosby (2005), A Little Taste of Freedom, pp. 179-186
  17. Crosby (2005), A Little Taste of Freedom, pp.
  18. Crosby (2005), A Little Taste of Freedom, pp. 193-194
  19. Crosby (2006), A Little Taste of Freedom, pp. 195-196
  20. Crosby (2006), A Little Taste of Freedom, pp. 205-206
  21. "Untitled Bio of Sheriff Frank Davis". Claiborne County Sheriff's Office. Claiborne County Sheriff's Office. Retrieved 22 Jul 2015. Sheriff Davis made history in 1979. He was elected the first black sheriff in Claiborne County, Mississippi in over 100 years.
  22. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  23. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  24. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  25. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  26. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  27. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  28. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  29. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  30. "Col. E. S. Dortch Dies at Atlanta: Bossier Veteran Who Fought Under Stonewall Jackson Succumbs". The Shreveport Times through findagrave.com. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  31. "James Monroe Trotter". Monticello.org. Retrieved March 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

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