Cheloniidae

Cheloniidae is a family of typically large marine turtles that are characterised by their common traits such as, having a flat streamlined wide and rounded shell and almost paddle-like flippers for their forelimbs. The six species that make up this family are: the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle and the Kemp's ridley sea turtle.

Cheloniid sea turtles Temporal range: Paleocene-Holocene, 58–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
A green sea turtle, a species of the family Cheloniidae, swimming over coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Chelonioidea
Family:	Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811[1]
Type species
Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
See text.
Synonyms[1]
Chelonii - Oppel, 1811 Cheloniadae - Gray, 1825 Carettidae - Gray, 1825 Mydae - Ritgen, 1828 Chelonidae - Bonaparte, 1832 Cheloniidae - Cope, 1868

Morphology

In contrast to their earth-bound relatives, tortoises, sea turtles do not have the ability to retract their heads into their shells. Their plastron, which is the bony plate making up the underside of a turtle or tortoise's shell, is comparably more reduced from other turtle species and is connected to the top part of the shell by ligaments without a hinge separating the pectoral and abdominal plates of the plastron. Sizes among the seven species of sea turtles range from 71–213 cm;[2] for example, the smallest turtle species in the family Cheloniidae, the Kemp's Ridley, only has a shell size of about 75 cm and a weight of 50 kg. All species have a distinct hardened shell.[3]

Reproduction and life cycle

Reproductive behaviors among the different species of sea turtles are similar, with slight differences in each of the species. The females come to shore and bury their clutch of eggs on beaches or sandy environments typically at night and well away from the high tide line of the shore. Most females nest only once every three to four years and most species have two to four egg laying time periods per nesting season, which is from spring to late fall. A common number of eggs laid in a nest is often about 100 eggs per clutch. The incubation period of some turtles can range anywhere from 50 to 60 days. The development of the eggs is dependent on the temperature of the environment that they were buried in, with warmer climates bringing about an earlier emergence by the hatchlings. The timing of sea turtle hatching tends to be almost synchronous among the whole clutch of eggs, with just about all the eggs in the nest hatching within the same time. This is thought to aid the process of the hatchlings unburying themselves from the sand and most often occurs at night time. Temperature has also been linked to the likeliness of hatching's sex, warmer temperature more likely to produce females and colder temperatures more commonly producing males.[4]

Habitat and ecology

The habitat range of sea turtles, in general, is known to be far reaching into warmer temperatures and the tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and is even also found in warmer seas such as the Mediterranean Sea.[5] Within these temperamental biomes, sea turtles frequent near by the coastlines when nesting, and spend most of their lives swimming out in waters over the continental shelf when feeding.[6] Travelling throughout the oceans has been reported in Olive Ridleys Sea Turtles but more often than not, they tend to frequent bays and estuaries. The diets of all the sea turtle species, except for the Green Sea Turtle, which is only carnivorous from hatchling to juvenile, are mostly carnivorous, with some herbivorous tendencies. Sea turtles feed mainly on sea sponges, jellyfish, mollusks and barnacles, sea urchins, and even fish. The green sea turtle, on the other hand, feeds primarily on many different types of sea grasses.[7]

Conservation status and significance to humans

The conservation status of each of the seven turtle species are mostly all endangered or threatened. The green and loggerhead sea turtles are categorized as endangered, Olive Ridleys are classified as vulnerable, Kemp's Ridleys, and Hawksbills sea turtles are critically endangered and the Flat Back sea turtle does not have enough data to draw an accurate conclusion on conservation status.[8] This is due to their slow growth rate to full maturity. Many do not ever make it to full adulthood because of being caught, either intentionally or by accident by big fisheries and fishermen. Their slow maturity rate, which most of the time means about 10 or 15 years, does not allow the turtles which have been caught to have fully reproductively matured and to have produced hatchlings of their own. International legislation has been put into place to attempt to reduce the number of sea turtle deaths but this does not deter the demand for the consumption of turtle eggs around the world, and some are hunted for their shells. In addition to this, turtles face another threat which has been theorized as being linked to human pollution. A growing number of turtles have been found with fibrous tumor-like growths on their skin, mouths, and even internal organs with no clear cause having been found to be the cause of this disease, and in some areas the number of infected turtles reaching over 70%. It is unknown what the effects of the growths will have in the long term for sea turtle populations.[9] Sea turtles play a very important part in marine ecosystems. They maintain the balance of health of sea grasses and reefs, which in turn benefit the likes of shrimp, lobsters, and tunas. They are also the last living members of the seafaring category of marine reptiles that have been in existence on Earth for at least the past 100 million years. They are also highly significant to multiple cultures and are also popular animals in tourism, which gives a higher importance to their conservation.[10]

Classification

Extant genera

• Subfamily Carettinae
  • Genus Caretta
    • Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)[1]
  • Genus Lepidochelys
    • Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)[1]
    • Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)[1]
• Subfamily Cheloniinae
  • Genus Chelonia
    • Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)[1]
  • Genus Eretmochelys
    • Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)[1]
  • Genus Natator
    • Flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus)[1] (previously in Chelonia)

Cladogram

Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the family Cheloniidae based on Lynch and Parham (2003)[11] and Parham and Pyenson (2010).[12]

Pancheloniidae (=Cheloniidae sensu lato)

†Toxochelys       †Mexichelys       †Lophochleyinae       †Euclastes       †Argillochelys     †Eochelone         †Erquelinnesia     †Pacifichelys         †Puppigerus    Cheloniidae (sensu stricto)    †Syllomus       †Procolpochelys       Chelonia mydas     Natator depressus         Eretmochelys imbricata    Carettini   Lepidochelys    Lepidochelys kempii     Lepidochelys olivacea       Caretta caretta

Extinct genera

• Genus †Allopleuron
• Genus †Argillochelys
• Genus †Cabindachelys[13]
• Genus †Carolinochelys
• Genus †Catapleura
• Genus †Erquelinnesia
• Genus †Gigantatypus
• Genus †Glyptochelone
• Genus †Itilochelys[14]
• Genus †Lytoloma
• Genus †Osteopygis
• Genus †Pampaemys
• Genus †Peritresius
• Genus †Porthochelys
• Genus †Prionochelys
• Genus †Procolpochelys
• Genus †Retechelys
• Genus †Syllomus
• Genus †Tasbacka
• Genus †Thinochelys
• Genus †Miocaretta

References

1. Rhodin 2011, p. 000.172
2. "Cheloniidae".
3. "Information about Sea Turtles: Leatherback Sea Turtle" Sea Turtle Conservancy https://conserveturtles.org/information-about-sea-turtles-leatherback-sea-turtle/
4. "Sea Turtle Species" World Wildlife https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sea-turtle
5. "Seaturtles (Cheloniidae) Encyclopedia.com "http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/seaturtles-cheloniidae
6. "Sea Turtles- Cheloniidae Over View" Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/pages/8123/overview
7. "Green Sea Turtle" National Geographic http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/green-turtle/
8. "Sea Turtle Threats" See Turtles http://www.seeturtles.org/sea-turtles-threats/
9. "Fibropapillomatosis" Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission http://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/sea-turtles/threats/fibropapillomatosis/
10. "Sea Turtle" World Wildlife Fund https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sea-turtle
11. Lynch, S.C.; Parham, J.F. (2003). "The first report of hard-shelled sea turtles (Cheloniidae sensu lato) from the Miocene of California, including a new species (Euclastes hutchisoni) with unusually plesiomorphic characters" (PDF). PaleoBios. 23 (3): 21–35.
12. James F. Parham; Nicholas D. Pyenson (2010). "New Sea Turtle from the Miocene of Peru and the Iterative Evolution of Feeding Ecomorphologies since the Cretaceous". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1666/09-077R.1.
13. Myers, T.S., Polcyn M.J., Mateus O., Vineyard D.P., Gonçalves A.O., & Jacobs L.L. (2017). "A new durophagous stem cheloniid turtle from the lower Paleocene of Cabinda, Angola." Papers in Palaeontology 1-16.
14. Danilov, I.G.; Averianov, A.O; Yarkov, A.A. (2010). "Itilochelys rasstrigin gen. et sp. nov., a new hard-shelled sea turtle (Cheloniidae sensu lato) from the Lower Palaeocene of Volgograd Province, Russia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RSA. 314 (1): 24–41.

External links

• Skaphandrus.com Cheloniidae

Bibliography

• Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2011-12-31). "Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31.