Hesperotestudo

Hesperotestudo ("Western turtle") is an extinct genus of tortoise that lived from the Miocene to the Pleistocene. Its remains are known from North America, Central America and Bermuda.[1][2] Further specimens identifiable only to genus have been found in El Salvador (TEWG, 2015).[3]

Hesperotestudo
Temporal range: Miocene-Late Pleistocene
Hesperotestudo orthopygia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Testudinidae
Genus: †Hesperotestudo
Williams, 1950

Taxonomy

Species list is based on Rhodin et al. 2015[3] Note: List includes only Pleistocene species

  • † Hesperotestudo Williams 1950[4]
  • Eupachemys Leidy 1877 (nomen oblitum)
  • Hesperotestudo Williams 1950:25
    • Caudochelys Auffenberg 1963:69
  • †Hesperotestudo annae (Hay 1923)[5]
  • Testudo annae Hay 1923:114 (Early Pleistocene, Irvingtonian, US (Texas))
    • Testudo francisi Hay 1923:116 [Early Pleistocene, US (Texas)]
  • †Hesperotestudo bermudae Meylan and Sterrer 2000[1]
  • Hesperotestudo bermudae Meylan and Sterrer 2000:51 [Middle Pleistocene, Bermuda], c. 310,000 years before present (YBP) - Size: CL c. 50 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo campester (Hay 1908)[6]
  • Testudo campester Hay 1908:455 [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Blancan, US (Texas)] - Size: CL c. > 100 cm
    • Testudo rexroadensis Oelrich 1952:301 [Late Pliocene, Early Blancan, US (Kansas)]
  • †Hesperotestudo crassiscutata (Leidy 1889)[7]
  • Eupachemys obtusus Leidy 1877:232 (Pleistocene, US (South Carolina)) (nomen oblitum) - Size: CL c. 120–125 cm
  • Eupachemys rugosus Leidy 1889:29 (Late Pleistocene– Early Holocene, Rancholabrean, US (Florida)) (ex errore for Eupachemys obtusus)
  • Testudo crassiscutata Leidy 1889b:31 [Late Pleistocene– Early Holocene, Rancholabrean, US (Florida)], 14C age: 12,030 ± 200 YBP, calibrated age*: 12,896–11,465 YBP (10,946 BC–9515 BC)
    • Testudo ocalana Hay 1916:45 (Late Pleistocene, US (Florida))
    • Testudo distans Hay 1916:48 (Late Pleistocene, US (Florida))[8]
    • Testudo sellardsi Hay 1916:49 (Late Pleistocene, US (Florida))[8]
    • Testudo luciae Hay 1916:52 (Late Pleistocene, US (Florida))[8]
  • †Hesperotestudo equicomes (Hay 1917) [9]
  • Testudo equicomes Hay 1917:41 (Late Pleistocene, Rancholabrean, Sangamonian, US (Kansas)) - Size: CL c. 34 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo incisa (Hay 1916)[8]
  • Testudo incisa Hay 1916:46 (Late Pleistocene, Rancholabrean, Sangamonian, US (Florida)) - Size: CL c. 29 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo johnstoni (Auffenberg 1962)[10]
  • Geochelone johnstoni Auffenberg 1962:627 (Early Pleistocene, Late Blancan, Pre-Nebraskan glaciation, US (Texas)) - Size: CL c. 24 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo mlynarskii (Auffenberg 1988)[11]
  • Geochelone mlynarskii Auffenberg 1988:592 (Middle Pleistocene, Late Irvingtonian, US (Florida)) - Size: CL c. 20 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo oelrichi (Holman 1972)[12]
  • Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) oelrichi Holman 1972:59 (Pleistocene, Long Pine and Keim Formations, Pre-Nebraskan glaciation, US (Nebraska)) - Size: CL c. 28 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo percrassa (Cope 1899)[13]
  • Clemmys percrassus Cope 1899:194 [Middle Pleistocene, Late Irvingtonian, US (Pennsylvania: Port Kennedy)] - Size: “not large”
  • †Hesperotestudo turgida (Cope 1892)[14]
  • Testudo turgida Cope 1892:127 (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Blancan, US, Texas), (Early Pleistocene) - Size: CL c. 23 cm
  • †Hesperotestudo wilsoni (Milstead 1956)[15]
  • Testudo wilsoni Milstead 1956:168 (Late Pleistocene, Late Wisconsinan, US (Texas)], 14C age: c. 11,040 YBP, 9090 BC,(Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene, until c. 9050 BC, c. 11,000 YBP) - Size: CL c. 23 cm
gollark: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Logistic_Map_Animation.gif
gollark: There's that famous "iterated logistic map" thing.
gollark: I'm pretty sure I can easily construct models without that sort of thing.
gollark: While anything with momentum technically has a frequency, it's too ridiculously tiny to be relevant in most situations.
gollark: As planned.

References
  1. Meylan, P. A.; Sterrer, W. (January 2000). "Herperotestudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Pleistocene of Bermuda, with comments on the phylogenetic position of the genus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 128 (1): 51–76. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00649.x.
  2. Olson, S. L.; Meylan, P. A. (December 2009). "A Second Specimen of the Pleistocene Bermuda Tortoise, Hesperotestudo bermudae Meylan and Sterrer". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 8 (2): 211–212. doi:10.2744/CCB-0766.1. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  3. Rhodin, A.G.J.; Thomson, S.; Georgalis, G.; Karl, H.-V.; Danilov, I.G.; Takahashi, A.; de la Fuente, M.S.; Bourque, J.R.; Delfino M.; Bour, R.; Iverson, J.B.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; et al. (Turtle Extinctions Working Group) (2015). "Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5(8):000e.1–66. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015.
  4. Williams , E.E. 1950. Testudo cubensis and the evolution of Western Hemisphere tortoises. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 95:1–36.
  5. Hay, O.P. 1923. Characteristics of sundry fossil vertebrates. Pan-American Geologist 39:114–120.
  6. Hay, O.P. 1908. The Fossil Turtles of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 75:1–568.
  7. Leidy, J. 1889. Description of vertebrate remains from Peace Creek, Florida. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia 2:19–31.
  8. Hay, O.P. 1916. Descriptions of some Floridian fossil vertebrates, belonging mostly to the Pleistocene. Annual Report of the Florida State Geological Survey 8:39–76.
  9. Hay, O.P. 1917. On a collection of fossil vertebrates made by Dr. F.W. Dragin in the Equus beds of Kansas. Kansas University Science Bulletin 10:39–51.
  10. Auffenberg, W. 1962. A new species of Geochelone from the Pleistocene of Texas. Copeia 1962(3):627–636.
  11. Auffenberg, W. 1988. A new species of Geochelone (Testudinata: Testudinidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida (U.S.A.). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31:591–604.
  12. Holman, J.A. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles. In: Skinner, M.F. and Hibbard, C.W. (Eds.). Early Pleistocene pre-glacial and glacial rocks and faunas of north-central Nebraska. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 148(1):55–148.
  13. Vertebrate remains from Port Kennedy bone deposit. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (2)11:193–267.
  14. Cope, E.D. 1892. A contribution to the vertebrate palaeontology of Texas. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 30:123–131.
  15. Milstead , W.W. 1956. Fossil turtles of Friesenhahn Cave, Texas, with the description of a new species of Testudo. Copeia 1956(3):162–171.
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