Four Heavenly Kings

The Four Heavenly Kings are four Buddhist gods, which originate from the Indian version of Lokapalas, each of whom is believed to watch over one cardinal direction of the world. In Chinese mythology, they are known collectively as the "Fēng Tiáo Yǔ Shùn" (simplified Chinese: 风调雨顺; traditional Chinese: 風調雨順; lit.: 'Good climate') or "Sì Dà Tiānwáng" (Chinese: 四大天王; lit.: 'Four Great Heavenly Kings'). In the ancient language Sanskrit they are called the "Chaturmahārāja" (चतुर्महाराज), or "Chaturmahārājikādeva": "Four Great Heavenly Kings". The Hall of the Heavenly Kings is a standard component of Chinese Buddhist temples.

This article is about Buddhist gods. For other uses, see Four Heavenly Kings (disambiguation).

Tamon-ten (Vaiśravaṇa) at Tōdai-ji

The Four Guardian Kings in Burmese depiction.

Names

The Kings are collectively named as follows:

Language	Written form	Romanization	Translation
Sanskrit	चतुर्महाराज	Chaturmahārāja Chaturmahārājikā	Four Great Kings
	लोकपाल	Lokapāla	Guardians of the World
Sinhala	සතරවරම් දෙවිවරු	Satharawaram Dewi	Four Privileged/Bestowed Gods
Burmese	စတုလောကပါလ စတုမဟာရာဇ်နတ်	IPA: [sətṵ lɔ́ka̰ pàla̰] IPA: [sətṵ məhà ɹɪʔ naʔ]	Loanword from catulokapāla loanword from catumahā + king nats
Chinese	天王	Tiānwáng	Heavenly Kings
	四天王	Sì Tiānwáng	Four Heavenly Kings
	四大天王	Sì Dà Tiānwáng	Four Great Heavenly Kings
Korean	天王/천왕	Cheonwang	Heavenly kings
	四天王/사천왕	Sacheonwang	Four heavenly kings
	四大天王/사대천왕	Sadae Cheonwang	Four great heavenly kings
Japanese	四天王	Shitennō	Four heavenly kings
Vietnamese	四天王	Tứ Thiên Vương	Four heavenly kings
Tibetan	རྒྱལ༌ཆེན༌བཞི༌	rgyal chen bzhi	Four great kings
Mongolian	ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡ ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠵᠠ Тэнгэрийн дөрвөн хаан	Tengeriin dörwön xaan	Four kings of the sky
Thai	จาตุมหาราชา	Chatumaharacha	Four Great Kings, loan word from catumahārāja (Pali)
	จตุโลกบาล	Chatulokkaban	Four Guardians of the World, loan word from catulokapāla (Pali)

The Four Heavenly Kings are said to currently live in the Cāturmahārājika heaven (Pali: Cātummahārājika, "Of the Four Great Kings") on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru, which is the lowest of the six worlds of the devas of the Kāmadhātu. They are the protectors of the world and fighters of evil, each able to command a legion of supernatural creatures to protect the Dharma.

devanagari Sanskrit romanization	वैश्रवण (कुबेर) Vaiśravaṇa (Kubera)	विरूढक Virūḍhaka	धृतराष्ट्र Dhṛtarāṣṭra	विरूपाक्ष Virūpākṣa
Meaning	he who hears everything	he who causes to grow	he who upholds the realm	he who sees all
Description	This is the chief of the four kings and protector of the north. He is the ruler of rain. His symbolic weapons are the umbrella or pagoda. Wearing heavy armor and carrying the umbrella in his right hand, he is often associated with the ancient Indian God of wealth, Kubera. Associated with the color yellow or green. Chief of the four kings and protector of the north	King of the south and one who causes good growth of roots. He is the ruler of the wind. His symbolic weapon is the sword which he carries in his right hand to protect the Dharma and the southern continent. Associated with the color blue. King of the south and one who causes good growth of roots	King of the east and God of music. His symbolic weapon is the pipa (stringed instrument). He is harmonious and compassionate and protects all beings. Uses his music to convert others to Buddhism. Associated with the color white. King of the east and God of music	King of the west and one who sees all. His symbolic weapon is a snake or red cord that is representative of a dragon. As the eye in the sky, he sees people who do not believe in Buddhism and converts them. His ancient name means "he who has broad objectives". Associated with the color red. King of the west and one who sees all
Color	yellow or green	blue	white	red
Symbol	umbrella	sword	pipa	serpent
	mongoose			stupa
	stupa			pearl
Followers	yakṣas	kumbhāṇḍas	gandharvas	nāgas
Direction	north	south	east	west
Traditional/Simplified Chinese Pinyin	多聞天王 / 多闻天王 Duō Wén Tiānwáng	增長天王 / 增长天王 Zēng Zhǎng Tiānwáng	持國天王 / 持国天王 Chí Guó Tiānwáng	廣目天王 / 广目天王 Guăng Mù Tiānwáng
	毗沙門天 / 毗沙门天	留博叉天 / 留博叉天	多羅吒天 / 多罗吒天	毗琉璃天 / 毗琉璃天
Kanji Hepburn romanization	多聞天 (毘沙門天) Tamon-ten (Bishamon-ten)	増長天 Zōchō-ten	持国天 Jikoku-ten	広目天 Kōmoku-ten
			治国天 Jikoku-ten
Hangul Hanja romanized Korean	다문천왕 多聞天王 Damun-cheonwang	증장천왕 增長天王 Jeungjang-cheonwang	지국천왕 持國天王 Jiguk-cheonwang	광목천왕 廣目天王 Gwangmok-cheonwang
Sino-Vietnamese	Đa Văn Thiên	Tăng Trưởng Thiên	Trì Quốc Thiên	Quảng Mục Thiên
Tibetan alphabet and romanization	རྣམ་ཐོས་སྲས་ (Namthöse)	ཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ་ (Phakyepo)	ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་ (Yülkhorsung)	སྤྱན་མི་བཟང་ (Chenmizang)
Mongolian Script and Mongolian Cyrillic and Mongolian Latin alphabet	ᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠡᠰᠲᠨᠢᠢ ᠦᠽᠡᠯ (Олон үндэстний үзэл) Olon ündestnii üzel	ᠲᠢᠶᠡᠨᠢ ᠥᠰᠥᠯᠲ (Тиений өсөлт) Tiyenii ösölt	ᠦᠨᠳᠡᠰᠲᠨᠢᠢ ᠽᠠᠰᠤᠠᠷ ᠦᠯᠢᠴᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠡ (үндэсний засвар үйлчилгээ) ündesnii zasvar üilchilgee	ᠰᠶᠡᠯᠶᠡᠰᠲᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠰᠦᠷᠲᠠᠯᠴᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠠ (селестиел сурталчилгаа) syelyestiyel surtalchilgaa

• Four Heavenly Kings statues at the royal crematorium of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
• 
  Vaiśravaṇa of the north direction, king of yakṣas.
• 
  Virūḍhaka of the south direction, king of kumbhāṇḍas.
• 
  Dhṛtarāṣṭra of the east direction, king of gandharvas.
• 
  Virūpākṣa of the west direction, king of nāgas.

Mythology

All four Kings serve Śakra, the lord of the devas of Trāyastriṃśa. On the 8th, 14th and 15th days of each lunar month, the Kings either send out emissaries or go themselves to inspect the state of virtue and morality in the world of men. Then they report their findings to the assembly of the Trāyastriṃśa devas.

On the orders of Śakra, the Kings and their retinues stand guard to protect Trāyastriṃśa from another attack by the Asuras, which once threatened to destroy the realm of the devas. They also vowed to protect the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Buddha's followers from danger.

Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings. From left to right: Vaiśravaṇa, Virūḍhaka, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and Virūpākṣa.

According to Vasubandhu, devas born in the Cāturmahārājika heaven are 1/4 of a krośa in height (about 750 feet tall). They have a five-hundred-year lifespan, of which each day is equivalent to 50 years in our world; thus their total lifespan amounts to about nine million years (other sources say 90,000 years).

Painting of Kōmokuten (Virūpākṣa), the Guardian of the West (one of the Four Guardian Kings). 13th century.

The attributes borne by each King also link them to their followers; for instance, the nāgas, magical creatures who can change form between human and serpent, are led by Virūpākṣa, represented by a snake; the gandharvas are celestial musicians, led by Dhṛtarāṣṭra, represented with a lute. The umbrella was a symbol of regal sovereignty in ancient India, and the sword is a symbol of martial prowess. Vaiśravaṇa's mongoose, which ejects jewels from its mouth, is said to represent generosity in opposition to greed.

	Tamon-ten (north)
Kōmoku-ten (west)	Heavenly Kings (Japanese)	Jikoku-ten (east)
	Zōjō-ten (south)

• Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings of Jikō-ji, Takasago, Hyōgo, Japan.
• 
  Jikoku-ten (east)
• 
  Zōjō-ten (south)
• 
  Kōmoku-ten (west)
• 
  Tamon-ten (north)

See also

• Guardians of the directions
• Four Dwarves (Norse Mythology)
• Four Stags (Norse Mythology)
• Watchtower (magic)
• Lokapala
• Tetramorph
• Bacab
• Anemoi
• Svetovid

References

• Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar. Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. New Delhi: Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd., 2003. ISBN 81-7936-009-1.
• Nakamura, Hajime. Japan and Indian Asia: Their Cultural Relations in the Past and Present. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1961. Pp. 1–31.
• Potter, Karl H., ed. The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, volume 9. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970–. ISBN 81-208-1968-3, ISBN 81-208-0307-8 (set).
• Thakur, Upendra. India and Japan: A Study in Interaction During 5th cent.–14th cent. A.D.. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1992. ISBN 81-7017-289-6. Pp. 27–41.

External links

• Schumacher, Mark. "Shitenno - Four Heavenly Kings (Deva) of Buddhism, Guarding Four Cardinal Directions". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism in Japan.