Caranx

Caranx is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family Carangidae, commonly known as jacks, trevallies and kingfishes. They are moderate- to large-sized, deep-bodied fishes which are distinguished from other carangid genera by specific gill raker, fin ray and dentition characteristics. The genus is represented in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, inhabiting both inshore and offshore regions, ranging from estuaries and bays to deep reefs and offshore islands. All species are powerful predators, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, while they in turn are prey to larger pelagic fishes and sharks. A number of fish in the genus have a reputation as powerful gamefish and are highly sought by anglers. They often make up high amounts of the catch in various fisheries, but are generally considered poor to fair table fishes.

Caranx
Temporal range: 55–0 Ma
Eocene to Present[1]
The horse eye jack, Caranx latus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Subfamily: Caranginae
Genus: Caranx
Lacépède, 1801
Type species
Caranx carangua
Lacépède, 1801
Species

See text for species

Synonyms

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Caranx is one of 30 currently recognised genera of fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, this family are part of the order Carangiformes.[2] The species has long been placed in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), with modern molecular and genetic studies indicating this subdivision is acceptable, and Caranx is well defined as a genus.[3][4] Phylogenetically, the monotypic genus of Gnathanodon is most closely related to Caranx; and indeed its sole member was once classified under Caranx.[5]

Caranx was created by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1801 to accommodate a new species he had described, Caranx carangua (the crevalle jack), which was later found to be a junior synonym of Scomber hippos, which in turn was transferred to Caranx.[6] The early days of carangid taxonomy had over 100 'species' designated as members of the genus, most of which were synonyms, and a number of genera were created which were later synonymised with Caranx. Caranx took authority over these other genera names due to its prior description, rendering the rest as invalid junior synonyms. Today, after extensive reviews of the family, 18 species are considered valid by major taxonomic authorities Fishbase and ITIS, although many other species are unable to be properly validated due to poor descriptions. The fish in the genus are commonly referred to as jacks, trevallies or kingfishes. Like the genus Carangoides, the word Caranx is derived from the French carangue, used for some fishes of the Caribbean.[7]

Species

The 18 currently recognized extant species in this genus are:[8]

  • Caranx bucculentus Alleyne & W. J. Macleay, 1877 (bluespotted trevally)
  • Caranx caballus Günther, 1868 (green jack)
    Giant trevally, C. ignobilis, the largest fish in the genus
  • Caranx caninus Günther, 1867 (Pacific crevalle jack)
  • Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) (blue runner)
  • Caranx fischeri Smith-Vaniz & K. E. Carpenter, 2007 (longfin crevalle jack)
  • Caranx heberi (J. W. Bennett, 1830) (blacktip trevally)
  • Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) (crevalle jack)
  • Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) (giant trevally)
  • Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831 (horse-eye jack)
  • Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 (black jack)
  • Caranx melampygus G. Cuvier, 1833 (bluefin trevally)
  • Caranx papuensis Alleyne & W. J. Macleay, 1877 (brassy trevally)
  • Caranx rhonchus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 (false scad)
  • Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793) (bar jack)
  • Caranx senegallus G. Cuvier, 1833 (Senegal jack)
  • Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (bigeye trevally)
  • Caranx tille G. Cuvier, 1833 (tille trevally)
  • Caranx vinctus D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882 (cocinero)

Evolution

The first representative of Caranx found in the fossil record dates back to the mid-Eocene, a period when many modern Perciform lineages appeared.[1] Fossils mostly consist of otoliths, with the bony skeletal material rarely preserved. They are generally found in shallow marine or brackish water sedimentary deposits. A number of extinct species have been definitively identified and scientifically named, including:

  • Caranx annectens Stinton, 1980 Eocene, England[9]
    Caranx gracilis of the Oligocene from the Romanian Eastern Carpathians
  • Caranx carangopsis Steindachner, 1859 Cenozoic, Austria[10]
  • Caranx daniltshenkoi Bannikov, 1990 Cenozoic, Russia[11]
  • Caranx exilis Rueckert-Uelkuemen, 1995 Cenozoic, Turkey[12]
  • Caranx extenuatus Stinton, 1980 Eocene, England[9]
  • Caranx gigas Rueckert-Uelkuemen, 1995 Cenozoic, Turkey[12]
  • Caranx gracilis Kramberger, 1882 Oligocene-Lower Miocene, Romania [13]
  • Caranx hagni Rueckert-Uelkuemen, 1995 Cenozoic, Turkey[12]
  • Caranx macoveii Pauca, 1929 Oligocene-Lower Miocene, Romania [13]
  • Caranx petrodavae Simionescu, 1905 Oligocene-Lower Miocene, Romania [13]
  • Caranx praelatus Stinton, 1980 Eocene, England[9]
  • Caranx primaevus Eastman, 1904 Eocene, Italy (may be attributable to own genus Eastmanalepes)[14]
  • Caranx quietus Bannikov, 1990 Cenozoic, Russia [11]

Description
A school of Pacific crevalle jack, Caranx caninus in Panama

The species in the genus Caranx are all moderately large to very large fishes, growing from around 50 cm in length to a known maximum length of 1.7 m and 80 kg in weight; a size which is only achieved by the giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis, the largest species of Caranx.[15] In their general body profile, they are similar to a number of other jack genera, having a deep, compressed body with a dorsal profile more convex than the ventral.[16] The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of one spine and between 16 and 25 soft rays. The anal fin has one or two detached anterior spines, with 1 spine and between 14 and 19 soft rays. The caudal fin is strongly forked. All species have moderate to very strong scutes on the posterior section of their lateral lines. All members of Caranx are all generally silver to grey in colour, with shades of blue or green dorsally, while some species have coloured spots on their flanks. Fin colours range from hyaline to yellow, blue and black.[16]

The specific characteristics that distinguish the genus relate to specific anatomical details, with these being a gill raker count between 20 and 31 on the first gill arch, 2 to 4 canines anteriorly positioned in each jaw, and dorsal and anal rays which are never produced into filaments as seen in genera such as Alectis and Carangoides.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Species from the genus Caranx are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the world, inhabiting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.[15] They are known from the coasts of all continents and islands (including remote offshore islands) within this range, and have a fairly even species distribution, with no particular region having unusually high amounts of Caranx species.[16]

Most species are coastal fish, and very few venture into waters further offshore than the continental shelf, and these species are generally moved by ocean currents. They inhabit a range of environments including sand flats, bays, lagoons, reefs, sea mounts and estuaries. Most species are demersal, or bottom dwelling, in nature, while others are pelagic, moving long distances in the upper water column.[7]

Biology and fisheries

The level of biological information known about each species in Caranx is generally related to how important they are commercially. All species are predatory fish, taking smaller fish, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. Most species form schools as juveniles, but generally become more solitary with age. Reproduction and growth has been studied in a number of species, with these characteristics varying greatly between species.[7][16]

All species in Caranx are of at least minor importance to fisheries, but a number are much more so due to their abundance in certain regions. Most are considered to be gamefish, with some such as the giant trevally and bluefin trevally highly sought after by anglers.[16] They are generally considered poor to fair quality table fishes, and have had a number of ciguatera poisoning cases attributed to them.[17]

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References
  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  2. J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. Reed, David L.; Carpenter, Kent E.; deGravelle, Martin J. (2002). "Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. USA: Elsevier Science. 23 (3): 513–524. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2. PMID 12099802.
  4. Zhu, Shi-Hua; Wen-Juan Zing; Ji-Xing Zou; Yin-Chung Yang; Xi-Quan Shen (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Acta Zoologica Sinica. 53 (4): 641–650. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  5. Gushiken, S. (1988). "Phylogenetic relationships of the perciform genera of the family Carangidae". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 34 (4): 443–461. ISSN 0021-5090.
  6. Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.
  7. Gunn, John S. (1990). "A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum Supplement. 12: 1–78. doi:10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92.
  8. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Caranx in FishBase. February 2013 version.
  9. Stinton, F.C. (1980). "Fish otoliths from the English Eocene. Part. 4". Palaeontographical Society Monographs (London). 133 (558): 191–258. ISSN 0376-2734.
  10. Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; K.E. Carpenter (2007). "Review of the crevalle jacks, Caranx hippos complex (Teleostei: Carangidae), with a description of a new species from West Africa" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 105 (2): 207–233. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  11. Bannikov, A.F. (1990). "Fossil carangids and apolectids of the USSR". Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. 244: 1–108. ISSN 0376-1444.
  12. Rueckert-Uelkuemen, Neriman (1995). "Carangidae, Priacanthidae, Scorpaenidae, and Sparidae (Pisces) from the Sarmatian layers of Pinarhisar (Thrace, Turkey)". Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fuer Palaeontologie und Historische Geologie. 35: 65–86. ISSN 0077-2070.
  13. Constantin, P. (1998). "Oligocen-Lowemost Miocene Fossil Fish-Fauna (Teleosti)" (PDF). Geo-Eco-Marina. 4: 119–134. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  14. Bannikov, A.F. (1984). "An Eocene genus of scad, subfamily Caranginae". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1984 (3): 133–135. ISSN 0031-031X.
  15. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2008). Species of Caranx in FishBase. June 2008 version.
  16. Carpenter, Kent E.; Volker H. Niem, eds. (2001). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) (PDF). Rome: FAO. p. 2684. ISBN 92-5-104587-9.
  17. Miller, Donald M. (1990). Ciguatera Seafood Toxins. CRC Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-8493-6073-0.
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