Cabinet of New Zealand

The Cabinet of New Zealand (Māori: Te Rūnanga o te Kāwanatanga o Aotearoa[n 1]) is the New Zealand Government's body of senior ministers, responsible to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the prime minister, occur once a week; in them, vital issues are discussed and government policy is formulated. Though not established by any statute, Cabinet has significant power in the New Zealand political system and nearly all bills proposed by Cabinet in Parliament are enacted.

The New Zealand Cabinet follows the traditions of the British cabinet system. Members of Cabinet are collectively responsible to Parliament for its actions and policies. Cabinet discussions are confidential and are not disclosed to the public apart from the announcement of decisions.

All ministers in Cabinet also serve as members of the Executive Council, the body tasked with advising the governor-general in the exercise of his or her formal constitutional functions. Outside Cabinet, there are a number of non-Cabinet ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister. Ministers outside Cabinet are also part of Cabinet committees and will regularly attend Cabinet meetings which concern their portfolios. Therefore, although operating outside of Cabinet directly, these ministers do not lack power and influence as they are still very much part of the decision making process.[1]

Constitutional basis

Swearing-in of ministers by Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy, 26 October 2017. Cabinet members are first appointed as executive councillors before receiving warrants for their ministerial portfolios.

Cabinet is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists purely by long-established constitutional convention.[2][3] This convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to Cabinet, and a government department—the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet—is responsible for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the Cabinet Manual has become the official document which governs its functions, and on which its convention rests.[3][4]

The structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the Executive Council, the body tasked with advising the governor-general in the exercise of his or her formal constitutional functions (i.e. the Governor-General in Council).[5] Most ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some executive councillors—known as "ministers outside Cabinet"—do not attend Cabinet. The convention of members of the Executive Council meeting separately from the Governor began during Edward Stafford's first tenure as premier (1856–1861).[6] Stafford, a long-time advocate of responsible government in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs, without the intervention of the Governor. Because the Governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the Governor present, thus reducing the Executive Council to its formal role.[6]

Powers and functions

Ministers of the Coalition Cabinet, 1931[n 2]

The lack of formal legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the powers of its members only loosely defined. Cabinet generally directs and controls policy (releasing government policy statements), and is responsible to the House of Representatives (the elected component of Parliament). It also has significant influence over lawmaking. Convention regarding Cabinet's authority has considerable force, and generally proves strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a certain field from the Crown. But the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the prime minister, so ministers are largely obliged to work within a certain framework.[3]

Collective responsibility

Further information: Cabinet collective responsibility

Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. Ministers will jointly discuss the policy which the government as a whole will pursue, and ministers who do not exercise their respective powers in a manner compatible with Cabinet's decision risk losing those powers. This has become known as the doctrine of collective responsibility.[7][8] Collective responsibility is a constitutional convention which rests on three principles. The first principle is unanimity, where members of Cabinet must publicly support decisions and defend them in public, regardless on any personal views on the matter. Secondly, the confidentiality limb means that all Cabinet discussions are to be kept confidential.[2] This allows for open and explicit conversation, discussion and debate on the issues Cabinet chooses to look at.[8] The final principle is confidence, where Cabinet and executive government must have the confidence of the House of Representatives. If there is no government, the governor-general has the ability to intervene to find a government which does have confidence.[9]

Formally all ministers are equals and may not command or be commanded by a fellow minister. Constitutional practice does, however, dictate that the prime minister is primus inter pares, meaning 'first among equals'.[10]

Problems arise when the prime minister breaches collective responsibility. Since ministerial appointments and dismissals are in practice in the hands of the prime minister, Cabinet can not directly initiate any action against a prime minister who openly disagrees with their government's policy. On the other hand, a prime minister who tries to act against concerted opposition from their Cabinet risks losing the confidence of their party colleagues. An example is former Prime Minister David Lange, who publicly spoke against a tax reform package which was sponsored by then-Finance Minister Roger Douglas and supported by Cabinet. Lange dismissed Douglas, but when the Cabinet supported Douglas against Lange, Lange himself resigned as prime minister.[11]

Collective responsibility after MMP

The doctrine of collective responsibility has changed since the introduction of the mixed-member proportional system (MMP) in 1993 (see below). The change allowed for junior parties in a coalition the ability to 'agree to disagree' with the majority in order to manage policy differences.[12] Following the 2011 general election the National-led government released the following statement in regards to the role of minor parties in the context of collective responsibility:

Collective responsibility applies differently in the case of support party Ministers. Support party Ministers are only bound by collective responsibility in relation to their own respective portfolios (including any specific delegated responsibilities). When support party Ministers speak about the issues in their portfolios, they speak for the government and as part of the government. When the government takes decisions within their portfolios, they must support those decisions, regardless of their personal views and whether or not they were at the meeting concerned. When support party Ministers speak about matters outside their portfolios, they may speak as political party leaders or members of Parliament rather than as Ministers, and do not necessarily support the government position.[13]

Ministers outside Cabinet retain individual ministerial responsibility for the actions of their department (in common with Cabinet ministers).[14]

Electoral reform and Cabinet structure

See also: Electoral reform in New Zealand

The 1993 referendum in New Zealand resulted in a number of structural changes to Cabinet. The change to the MMP system ultimately led to a larger number of political parties in Parliament, as under the proportional representation system any political party can enter Parliament if they received five percent of the party vote or won one electorate seat.[15] The increased representation resulted in the need to form coalitions between parties, as no single party has received a majority of votes and seats under MMP.[16]

In order to govern in a coalition under MMP, it is likely that a major party will have to relinquish and offer Cabinet positions to members of a minority party. The 1996 general election highlighted the changes which were predicted to result from MMP. New Zealand First received 13.4% of the party vote, giving them 17 total seats in the House of Representatives (compared to 8.5% in the 1993 general election, conducted under the FPP voting system).[17] This ultimately resulted in the National-New Zealand First coalition as the National Party, who received 33.8% of the party vote, translating to 44 seats in the House, could not govern alone.[18]

Negotiations forming the new government took nearly two months however the ultimate result being that New Zealand First were to have five ministers inside Cabinet and four outside. This translated to having 36.4% of representation in the new government.[19] The Prime Minister following the 1996 election, Jim Bolger, was forced to tell his caucus during negotiations with New Zealand First, that he would not be able to satisfy all ambitions of the caucus, due to the forced inclusion of the minority party into the governmental framework, thus highlighting one of the challenges that came with MMP.[19]

The result of MMP on Cabinet structure in New Zealand is also highlighted below under the 'Members' heading. In the coalition deal following the election New Zealand First leader Winston Peters was given the position of deputy prime minister, and New Zealand First were given a number of ministerial portfolios including foreign affairs, infrastructure, regional economic development, and internal affairs.[20]

Meetings

Photograph taken before the first meeting of the Cabinet of the Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand, Beehive, 26 October 2017

Cabinet meets on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Monday,[21] to discuss the most important issues of government policy.[22] The meetings are chaired by the prime minister (who also sets the agenda) or, in the prime minister's absence, the next most senior minister in attendance, usually the deputy prime minister. Ministers outside Cabinet may occasionally be invited for the discussion of particular items with which they have been closely involved.[n 3] All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors, and the minutes are kept confidential.[2] The Cabinet offices, including the room where Cabinet meets, are located on the top floor of the Beehive (the Executive Wing of Parliament Buildings).[23]

Members

See also: Ministers in the New Zealand Government

The prime minister assigns roles to ministers and ranks them in order to determine seniority. A minister's rank depends on factors such as "their length of service, the importance of their portfolio and their personal standing with the prime minister".[14] The deputy prime minister and minister of finance are usually the highest-ranked ministers, after the prime minister.[24] Under MMP, there are three categories of minister: ministers within the 'core' Cabinet, ministers outside Cabinet, and ministers from support parties (i.e. minor parties which have agreed to support a government party during confidence and supply votes).[14][25] The size of Cabinet has grown over time. In the 1890s, for example, there were seven Cabinet ministers.[26] The number of ministers within Cabinet increased in the period up until the 1970s, but has plateaued at 20 since 1972; this despite increases in the number of members of parliament. By contrast, the numbers of ministers outside Cabinet has grown, especially since the introduction of MMP.[25]

All ministers have the style of "The Honourable", except for the prime minister, who is styled "The Right Honourable".[26] Additionally, in the current Cabinet, Winston Peters is styled as The Right Honourable, having been appointed a member of the Privy Council prior to the change in rules regarding the use of the style.[27]

The Cabinet secretary, responsible for recording the formal minutes of meeting, is a public servant.[28] The secretary and deputy secretary are not political appointments or members of Cabinet.

List of current ministers

The current Labour-led coalition government originally had a Cabinet of 20 ministers, four of whom were New Zealand First MPs. Cabinet later reduced to 18 ministers, following the resignation of David Clark and the dismissal of Iain Lees-Galloway in July 2020.[29][30] There are four Labour ministers outside Cabinet; and three support ministers from the Green Party, which has a confidence-and-supply agreement with Labour.[24] Additionally, there are two parliamentary under-secretaries who assist the ministers from a parliamentary standpoint, and represent the minister they assist when they are unavailable.[n 4][31]

The table below lists Cabinet ministers and ministers outside Cabinet as of 22 July 2020.[n 3]

Parties

	Labour
	NZ First
	Greens

Ranking	Portfolios	Incumbent		Additional responsibilities	Electorate
1.	Prime Minister Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage Minister for National Security and Intelligence Leader of the Labour Party		The Rt. Hon. Jacinda Ardern MP	Minister for Child Poverty Reduction	Mt Albert
2.	Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs Minister for State Owned Enterprises Minister for Racing Minister for Disarmament and Arms Control Leader of New Zealand First		The Rt. Hon. Winston Peters MP		List
3.	Minister for Crown/Māori Relations Minister of Corrections Minister of Tourism Deputy Leader of the Labour Party		The Hon. Kelvin Davis MP	Associate Minister of Education (Māori Education)	Te Tai Tokerau
4.	Minister of Finance Minister for Sport and Recreation		The Hon. Grant Robertson MP	Associate Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage Minister Responsible for the Earthquake Commission	Wellington Central
5.	Minister of Urban Development Minister for Economic Development Minister of Transport		The Hon. Phil Twyford MP		Te Atatū
6.	Minister of Energy and Resources Minister for Greater Christchurch Regeneration Minister of Research, Science and Innovation Minister of Housing		The Hon. Dr. Megan Woods MP		Wigram
7.	Minister of Education Minister of Health Minister of State Services		The Hon. Chris Hipkins MP	Leader of the House Minister Responsible for Ministerial Services	Rimutaka
8.	Minister of Justice Minister for Courts Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety Minister Responsible for GCSB Minister Responsible for NZSIS Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations		The Hon. Andrew Little MP	Minister Responsible for Pike River Re-entry	List
9.	Minister for Social Development Minister of ACC Minister for Disability Issues		The Hon. Carmel Sepuloni MP	Associate Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage Associate Minister for Pacific Peoples	Kelston
10.	Attorney-General Minister for the Environment Minister for Trade and Export Growth		The Hon. David Parker MP	Associate Minister of Finance	List
11.	Minister for Māori Development Minister of Local Government		The Hon. Nanaia Mahuta MP	Associate Minister for the Environment	Hauraki-Waikato
12.	Minister of Police Minister of Fisheries Minister of Revenue Minister for Small Business		The Hon. Stuart Nash MP		Napier
13.	Minister for Building and Construction Minister for Ethnic Communities Minister of Customs		The Hon. Jenny Salesa MP	Associate Minister of Education Associate Minister of Health	Manukau East
14.	Minister of Agriculture Minister for Biosecurity Minister for Food Safety Minister for Rural Communities		The Hon. Damien O'Connor MP	Associate Minister of Trade and Export Growth	West Coast-Tasman
15.	Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs Minister of Broadcasting, Communications and Digital Media Minister of Immigration Minister for Government Digital Services		The Hon. Kris Faafoi MP		Mana
16.	Minister of Defence Minister for Veterans		The Hon. Ron Mark MP		List
17.	Minister for Children Minister of Internal Affairs Minister for Seniors		The Hon. Tracey Martin MP	Associate Minister of Education	List
18.	Minister of Forestry Minister for Infrastructure Minister for Regional Economic Development		The Hon. Shane Jones MP	Associate Minister of Finance Associate Minister of Transport	List
Ministers outside Cabinet[n 3]
19.	Minister of Civil Defence Minister for Whānau Ora Minister for Youth		The Hon. Peeni Henare MP	Associate Minister for Social Development Associate Minister for ACC	Tāmaki Makaurau
20.	Minister for Employment		The Hon. Willie Jackson MP	Associate Minister for Māori Development Associate Minister of ACC	List
21.	Minister for Pacific Peoples		The Hon. Aupito William Sio MP	Associate Minister for Courts Associate Minister of Justice	Māngere
22.	Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector		The Hon. Poto Williams MP	Associate Minister for Greater Christchurch Regeneration Associate Minister of Immigration Associate Minister of Social Development	Christchurch East
Support party ministers
-	Minister for Climate Change Minister of Statistics Green Party co-leader		The Hon. James Shaw MP	Associate Minister of Finance	List
-	Minister for Women		The Hon. Julie Anne Genter MP	Associate Minister of Health Associate Minister of Transport	List
-	Minister of Conservation Minister for Land Information		The Hon. Eugenie Sage MP	Associate Minister for the Environment	List
Parliamentary under-secretaries
-	Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Minister for Regional Economic Development Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Minister for Disarmament and Arms Control Deputy Leader of New Zealand First		Fletcher Tabuteau MP		List
-	Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Minister of Justice (Domestic and Sexual Violence Issues)		Jan Logie MP		List

Committees

A Cabinet Committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy. Cabinet committees go into considerably more detail than can be achieved at regular Cabinet meetings, discussing issues which do not need the input of ministers holding unrelated portfolios. There are currently 10 Cabinet committees.[32]

Cabinet committees will often discuss matters referred to them by Cabinet itself, and then report back the results of their deliberation. This can sometimes become a powerful tool for advancing certain policies, as was demonstrated in the Lange government. Roger Douglas, Minister of Finance, and his allies succeeded in dominating the finance committee, enabling them to determine what it recommended to Cabinet. The official recommendation of the finance committee was much harder for his opponents to fight than his individual claims in Cabinet would be. Douglas was able to pass measures that, had Cabinet deliberated on them itself rather than pass them to committee, would have been defeated.

Cabinet committee membership

	Cabinet Legislation Committee (LEG)	Cabinet Appointments and Honours Committee (APH)	Cabinet Business Committee (CBC)
Chair	Hon Chris Hipkins	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern
Members	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Andrew Little, Hon David Parker, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Iain Lees-Galloway, Hon Damien O'Connor, Hon Tracey Martin, Hon James Shaw, Hon Eugenie Sage, Michael Wood (Senior Government Whip)	Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Chris Hipkins, Hon Andrew Little, Hon Dr David Clark, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Jenny Salesa, Hon Tracey Martin, Hon Peeni Henare, Hon Aupito William Sio, Hon James Shaw, Hon Julie Anne Genter	Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Dr Megan Woods, Hon Chris Hipkins, Hon Andrew Little, Hon Carmel Sepuloni, Hon Dr David Clark, Hon Tracey Martin
	Cabinet Crown/Māori Relations Committee (CMR)	Cabinet Priorities Committee (CPC)	Cabinet Economic Development Committee (DEV)
Chair	Hon Kelvin Davis	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern	Hon Grant Robertson
Members	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Andrew Little, Hon David Parker, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Damien O'Connor, Hon Shane Jones, Hon Peeni Henare, Hon Willie Jackson, Hon Eugenie Sage	Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Dr Megan Woods, Hon Chris Hipkins, Hon Andrew Little, Hon Carmel Sepuloni, Hon Dr David Clark, Hon David Parker, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Tracey Martin, Hon James Shaw	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Dr Megan Woods, Hon David Parker, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Iain Lees-Galloway, Hon Jenny Salesa, Hon Damien O'Connor, Hon Shane Jones, Hon Kris Faafoi, Hon Willie Jackson, Hon James Shaw, Hon Eugenie Sage, Fletcher Tabuteau MP
	Cabinet Environment, Energy and Climate Committee (ENV)	Cabinet Governance Administration and Expenditure Review Committee (GOV)	Cabinet National Security and External Relations Committee (NSC)
Chair	Hon David Parker	Hon Grant Robertson	Rt Hon Winston Peters
Members	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Dr Megan Woods, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Damien O'Connor, Hon Shane Jones, Hon James Shaw, Hon Eugenie Sage	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Chris Hipkins, Hon Dr David Clark, Hon David Parker, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Ron Mark, Hon Tracey Martin, Hon Shane Jones, Hon James Shaw, Hon Julie Anne Genter	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Andrew Little, Hon David Parker, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Ron Mark
	Cabinet Social Wellbeing Committee (SWC)
Chair	Hon Carmel Sepuloni
Members	Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern, Rt Hon Winston Peters, Hon Kelvin Davis, Hon Grant Robertson, Hon Phil Twyford, Hon Chris Hipkins, Hon Andrew Little, Hon Dr David Clark, Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Hon Stuart Nash, Hon Jenny Salesa, Hon Damien O'Connor, Hon Tracey Martin, Hon Peeni Henare, Hon Willie Jackson, Hon Aupito William Sio, Hon Julie Anne Genter, Michael Wood MP, Jan Logie MP

See also

• List of New Zealand governments
• Category:Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand

Notes

1. Translated as: "The Rūnanga (lit. 'council') of the Government of New Zealand"
2. In the front row are (L-R): Alfred Ransom, Gordon Coates, Prime Minister George Forbes, William Downie Stewart Sr, Āpirana Ngata, and Alexander Young. In the back row are (L-R): David Jones, John Cobbe, Adam Hamilton, and Robert Masters.
3. Only members regularly attend Cabinet meetings, although ministers outside Cabinet and support party ministers can be invited to attend if an area of their portfolio is on the agenda. Thus all ministers listed below have a role in Cabinet's decision-making.
4. Unlike ministers, under-secretaries are not members of the Executive Council and have no government rank.

References

1. "Clearing up some coalition confusion". Newsroom. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
2. Eichbaum, Chris. "Cabinet government - Cabinet procedure". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
3. Duncan, Grant (October 2015). "New Zealand's Cabinet Manual: How Does It Shape Constitutional Conventions?". Parliamentary Affairs. 68 (4): 737–756. doi:10.1093/pa/gsu023.
4. "Cabinet Manual". cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz. Cabinet Office of New Zealand. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
5. "Executive Council – Cabinet Manual". Cabinet Office of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
6. Bohan, Edmund (1990). "Stafford, Edward William". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
7. "Cabinet Manual: Cabinet". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
8. Eichbaum, Chris. "Cabinet government - Collective responsibility". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
9. Palmer, Matthew. "What is New Zealand's constitution and who interprets it? Constitutional realism and the importance of public office-holders" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2018.
10. Fairclough, Paul (2002). "6.1 The Primemister". Advanced Government and Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913434-2.
11. Palmer, Geoffrey (2013). Reform: A Memoir. Victoria University Press. p. 586. ISBN 9780864739605.
12. Holl, Maarten; Palmer, Matthew (20 June 2012). "Helen Clark and Jim Anderton with their coalition agreement, 1999". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
13. "CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements". CO (12) 3: National-led Administration – Consultation and Operating Arrangements. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
14. Eichbaum, Chris. "Cabinet government - Ministers and prime ministers in cabinet". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
15. "What is the MMP voting system?". Retrieved 23 May 2018.
16. Martin, John E. (1 February 2015). "Parliament - Impact of MMP". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
17. "General elections 1996–2005". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
18. "General elections 1996–2005". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
19. Spanhake, Craig (2005). "Cabinet Selection 1960–1997: An Overview of Political Process in New Zealand". Retrieved 20 May 2018.
20. Cheng, Derek (24 October 2017). "Labour-NZ First coalition: At a glance". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
21. "Post Cabinet Press Conference". beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
22. Eichbaum, Chris. "Cabinet government - What cabinet discusses". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
23. Brooks, Miki. Lessons From a Land Down Under: Devotions from New Zealand. p. 21. ISBN 9780557098842.
24. "Ministers". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
25. Dowding, Keith; Dumont, Patrick (2014). The Selection of Ministers around the World. Routledge. pp. 27–28. ISBN 9781317634454. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
26. "Cabinet government". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
27. ""The Honourable" and "The Right Honourable"". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
28. "Supporting the work of the Cabinet". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
29. Cheng, Derek (2 July 2020). "'Unhelpful distraction': Health Minister David Clark resigns". NZ Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
30. Cheng, Derek (22 July 2020). "PM Jacinda Ardern sacks Iain Lees-Galloway over inappropriate relationship with staffer". NZ Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
31. "Parliamentary Private Secretaries appointed". The Beehive. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
32. "Cabinet Committees | DPMC". www.dpmc.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

External links

• Cabinet Manual 2017 - DPMC