British Columbia Highway 3

Highway 3, officially named the Crowsnest Highway, is an 841-kilometre (523 mi) highway that traverses southern British Columbia, Canada. It runs from the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) at Hope to Crowsnest Pass at the Alberta border and forms the western portion of the interprovincial Crowsnest Highway that runs from Hope to Medicine Hat, Alberta. The highway is considered a Core Route of the National Highway System.

Highway 3
Highway 3 highlighted in red.
Route information
Length	838 km[1] (521 mi)
Existed	1941–present
Component highways	(1) Crowsnest Highway (2) Southern Trans-Provincial Highway (3) Southern Trans-Canada Highway
Major junctions
West end	Hwy 1 (TCH) near Hope
	Hwy 5 near Hope Hwy 5A in Princeton Hwy 97 in Osoyoos Hwy 41 near Grand Forks Hwy 395 near Christina Lake Hwy 22 in Castlegar Hwy 6 at Salmo Hwy 21 at Creston Hwy 95 at Yahk and Cranbrook Hwy 93 at Cranbrook and Elko Hwy 43 in Sparwood
East end	Alberta border at Crowsnest Pass continues as Hwy 3
Location
Major cities	Greenwood, Grand Forks, Castlegar, Cranbrook, Fernie
Towns	Princeton, Osoyoos, Creston
Highway system
British Columbia provincial highways ← Hwy 2 Hwy 3A →

Route description

The peak of Allison Pass.

Highway 3 begins in Hope. From Vancouver, the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) enters Hope from the west as a four-lane freeway; however at Exit 170, Highway 1 exits the freeway and continues north along the Fraser River. The freeway continues east along the Coquihalla River, designated as Highway 3 and Highway 5, for 7 km (4 mi) to Exit 177. There, the freeway turns north and continues as the Coquihalla Highway (Highway 5) towards Merritt while Highway 3 takes the exit and continues east through Manning Provincial Park for 126 km (78 mi) towards the town of Princeton. Known as the Hope-Princeton Highway, it begins several significant ascents through the Cascade Mountains; first is the steep climb to the Hope Slide, followed later by the remainder of the climb up to Allison Pass at an elevation of 1,342 m (4,403 ft). After the summit of Allison Pass, where Highway 3 crosses from the Fraser Valley Regional District into the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, the road descends for 40 mi (64 km) along the Similkameen River before beginning another long climb up Sunday Summit (1,284 m (4,213 ft)). Soon after Sunday Summit is the descent into Princeton, where it meets Highway 5A.[2]

Beyond Princeton, Highway 3 continues for 67 km (42 mi) to the southeast through Hedley to the Village of Keremeos, where it meets Highway 3A, leading towards Penticton and Highway 97. Prior to the opening of Highway 97C in 1990, this was the primary link between the Lower Mainland and the Okanagan Valley, and still functions as the main alternative route. 46 km (29 mi) southeast of Keremeos, through Richter Pass, and Highway 3 reaches the Town of Osoyoos and a junction with Highway 97. On the east end of Osoyoos, Highway 3 crosses Osoyoos Lake before entering the Monashee Mountains, ascending Anarchist Mountain through a stretch of switchbacks. Beyond the summit of Anarchist Mountain, in the upland rural community which shares the same name, Highway 3 enters the Regional District of Kootenay Boundary and proceeds to hug the Canada–United States border.[2]

Through the Similkameen Valley westwards into the mountains

Highway 3 reaches its junction with Highway 33 at Rock Creek, 52 km (32 mi) east of Osoyoos. The highway follows the Kettle River to Midway before continuing east through Greenwood and intersecting Highway 41 at the locality of Carson, approximately 5 km (3 mi) west of Grand Forks.21 km (13 mi) east of Grand Forks, Highway 3 meets Highway 395 at Christina Lake. East from Christina Lake, Highway 3 travels for 47 km (29 mi) through Bonanza Pass to its junction with Highway 3B at Nancy Greene Provincial Park, which is the cutoff to Rossland and Trail, passing Red Mountain Resort en route. East of Nancy Green Lake, Highway 3 travels for 26 km (16 mi) east, crossing into the Regional District of Central Kootenay, to the City of Castlegar where Highway 3 intersects Highway 22, crosses the Columbia River, and intersects Highway 3A leading towards Nelson. 28 km (17 mi) east of Castlegar, Highway 3 reaches its eastern junction with Highway 3B. Highway 6 converges with the Highway 3 at Salmo, 11 km (7 mi) east of the Highway 3B junction, and the two highways proceed south for 14 km (9 mi) to the Burnt Flat Junction, where Highway 6 diverges south.[2]

East of Burnt Flat, Highway 3 heads into the Selkirk Mountains and passes through the Kootenay Pass, at 1,774 m (5,820 ft) it is the highest point on the Crowsnest Highway, on a stretch known as the Kootenay Skyway, or Salmo-Creston Skyway. 69 km (43 mi) east of Burnt Flat, Highway 3 reaches the town of Creston in the Kootenay River valley, just past junctions with Highway 21 and Highway 3A. East of Creston, Highway 3 passes through the Purcell Mountains and 38 km (24 mi) later, intersects Highway 95 near Yahk. The two highways share a common alignment for 72 km (45 mi) northeast along the Moyie River, crossing into the Regional District of East Kootenay along the way, to a junction with Highway 95A in the city of Cranbrook. Another 6 km (4 mi) east is the interchange with the Highway 93 / Highway 95 concurrency, where Highway 95 diverges north and Highway 93 merges onto the Highway 3 from the north. Highway 93 and Highway 3 share a common alignment for the next 55 km (34 mi), passing through the Rocky Mountain Trench, crosses the Kootenay River, and enters the Rocky Mountains, where at Elko Highway 93 diverges south. From Elko, Highway 3 follows the Elk River for 32 km (20 mi) to Fernie, then it goes north another 29 km (18 mi) to its junction with Highway 43 at Sparwood. East of Sparwood, Highway 3 leaves the Elk River valley and travels for another 19 km (12 mi) east to Crowsnest Pass (1,382 m (4,534 ft)) on the Continental Divide, and crosses into Alberta.[2]

History

Crossing the Rock Creek Canyon Bridge between Osoyoos and Rock Creek.

Highway 3 is predated by the Dewdney Trail, a 720 km (445 mi) trail used in the mid-19th century that connected the Lower Mainland to present-day Fort Steele, roughly paralleling the Canada-United States border; about 80% of the present-day highway follows the historic trail. In the early 20th century, the province began to upgrade its trails to roads, and in 1928, it was the first automobile route that connected to the Alberta border.[3] Designated as the Southern Trans-Provincial Highway, it ran from Vancouver to Crowsnest Pass and later designated as Route 'A'; the route followed Kingsway and Yale Road from Vancouver to Hope, then turning north to Spences Bridge.[4] The route then turned southeast and passed through Merritt and Princeton along present-day Highway 8 and Highway 5A before travelling east through Osoyoos, Grand Forks and Trail. The route included major ferry crossings at Castlegar, Nelson, and Balfour, before continuing through Creston and Cranbrook to the Alberta border.[5]

In 1932, a more northern route following the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway known as the Central Trans-Provincial Highway and designated as Route 'B' was chosen as the future alignment of the Trans-Canada Highway.[4] In 1941, British Columbia transitioned from lettered to numbered highways, with the Lower Mainland section of Route 'A' and all of Route 'B' becoming Highway 1, while the remainder of Route 'A' became Highway 3. Post-World War II, the BC government began to upgrade its highway system and on November 2, 1949, the Hope-Princeton Highway through Allison Pass and Sunday Summit was opened,[6] reducing the highway distance from approximately 300 km (185 mi) to 135 km (85 mi). In 1954, a new highway was constructed from Trail to Salmo and was designated as Highway 3A.[7][8] Highway 3A and Highway 6 shared a common alignment from Salmo to Nelson, meeting with Highway 3.[8] On November 7, 1957, the $4 million West Arm Bridge (also known as the Nelson Bridge) was opened across the West Arm of Kootenay Lake in Nelson,[9] replacing ferry service.

The Kinnard Bridge crossing the Columbia River in Castlegar.

The 1960s saw the construction of several major realignments and upgrades along the highway. In 1961, the Rossland-Sheep Lake Highway was completed,[10] linking to the new Christina Lake-Castlegar section through Bonanza Pass (opened in 1962 with the completion of the Paulson Bridge),[11] replacing a gravel mountain road that had connected Cascade City and Rossland.[12] The Kootenay Skyway from Salmo to Creston through Kootenay Pass opened in 1964, reducing the distance from 160 km (100 mi) to 80 km (50 mi), bypassing Nelson and Kootenay Lake Ferry.[12] As part of the Kootenay Skyway project, the bypassed section of Highway 3 became Highway 3A, while the bypassed section of Highway 3 between Trail and Castlegar became part of Highway 22. Highway 3A between Trail and Salmo, as well as the new Rossland-Sheep Lake Highway, became Highway 3B. In 1965, the Richter Pass section between Keremeos and Osoyoos opened (the bypassed section became Highway 3A), along with the Kinnaird Bridge in Castlegar, bypassing the final ferry crossing.[11] In the morning hours of January 9, 1965, one of the largest landslides occurred in Canadian history occurred near Hope, killing four people; known as the Hope Slide. As a result, the highway has to be rerouted around and over the base of the slide's debris field.[13]

With the opening of the Trans-Canada Highway through Rogers Pass in 1962,[11] Highway 1 became the preferred route between the Lower Mainland and Alberta. Efforts were made to promote the southern route as a more scenic alternative to the Trans-Canada Highway, beginning in the 1970s with a group from southern Alberta spearheading a proposal to rename Highway 3 in both provinces.[14] Their efforts were successful when the route was renamed the Crowsnest Highway in 1977, with new route shields appearing a few years later.[15] As part of the first phase of the Coquihalla Highway which opened in 1986, a 7 km (4 mi) section of the Crowsnest Highway was upgraded to a freeway, including a small section that was bypassed within Hope, now known as Hope-Princeton Way.

Major intersections

Regional district	Location	km[1]	mi	Exit	Destinations	Notes
Hwy 1 (TCH) and exit numbers continue west towards Vancouver
Fraser Valley	Hope	0.00	0.00	170	Hwy 1 (TCH) east (Water Avenue) – Hope, Cache Creek, Prince George	Hope interchange West end of Hwy 5 concurrency; no westbound exit
		0.99	0.62	171	To Hwy 1 (TCH) east (3 Avenue) – Hope, Cache Creek	Westbound exit only
		3.08	1.91	173	Old Hope-Princeton Way (Hwy 915:1300 west)	Thacker Creek interchange Hwy 915:1300 is unsigned; no westbound entrance
	​	6.67	4.14	177	Hwy 5 north (Coquihalla Highway) – Merritt, Kamloops	Othello interchange East end of Hwy 5 concurrency
				Hwy 3 east to exits freeway using Exit 177.
↑ / ↓	Manning Park	58.02	36.05	Allison Pass – el. 1,342 m (4,403 ft)
Okanagan-Similkameen	​	99.77	61.99	Sunday Summit – el. 1,284 m (4,213 ft)
	Princeton	133.93	83.22		Hwy 5A north – Merritt, Kamloops
	Keremeos	201.11	124.96		Hwy 3A north – Penticton
	​	225.63	140.20		Nighthawk Road (Hwy 924:1318 south) – U.S. Border (Chopaka), Nighthawk	Hwy 924:1318 is unsigned
	Osoyoos	247.11	153.55		Hwy 97 to US 97 – Penticton, Kelowna, U.S. Border (Osoyoos), Wenatchee
		248.80	154.60	Osoyoos Trestle Bridge across Osoyoos Lake
Kootenay Boundary	​	287.81	178.84
	Rock Creek	299.12	185.86		Hwy 33 north – Kelowna
	Midway	318.26	197.76		Florence Street (Hwy 933:1329 south) – U.S. Border (Midway)	Hwy 933:1329 is unsigned
	Greenwood	330.28– 333.72	205.23– 207.36	Passes through Greenwood
	​	368.53	228.99		Hwy 41 south to SR 21 – U.S. Border (Carson)
	Grand Forks	371.13– 376.00	230.61– 233.64	Passes through Grand Forks
Christina Lake	392.10	243.64		Hwy 395 south to US 395 – U.S. Border (Cascade), Spokane
​	406.39	252.52	Bonanza Pass – el. 1,535 m (5,036 ft)
	441.53	274.35		Hwy 3B east – Rossland, Trail
Central Kootenay	Castlegar	467.95– 468.15	290.77– 290.89		Hwy 22 south / Columbia Avenue – Castlegar City Centre, Trail	Kinnaird interchange
		468.78	291.29	Kinnaird Bridge crosses Columbia River
		469.21	291.55		Hwy 3A east – Nelson	Ootischenia interchange
	​	495.67	308.00		Hwy 3B east – Trail, Rossland
	Salmo	506.07	314.46		Hwy 6 north – Nelson	West end of Hwy 6 concurrency
	​	520.23	323.26		Hwy 6 south to SR 31 – U.S. Border (Nelway), Spokane	East end of Hwy 6 concurrency.
		543.27	337.57	Kootenay Pass – el. 1,774 m (5,820 ft)
		582.34	361.85	Crosses the Kootenay River
	Creston	585.08	363.55		Hwy 21 south to SH-1 – U.S. Border (Rykerts), Coeur d'Alene
		586.50	364.43		Hwy 3A north – Kootenay Lake Ferry, Nelson
	Yahk	626.59	389.34		Hwy 95 south to US 95 – U.S. Border (Kingsgate), Coeur d'Alene	West end of Hwy 95 concurrency
East Kootenay	Cranbrook	692.53– 698.91	430.32– 434.28	Passes through Cranbrook
		698.91	434.28		Hwy 95A north – Kimberley	Cranbrook interchange
	​	704.34	437.66		Hwy 93 north / Hwy 95 north – Fort Steele, Invermere, Radium Hot Springs	Fort Steele interchange east end of Hwy 95 concurrency; west end of Hwy 93 concurrency
		730.34	453.81	Wardner Bridge across Kootenay River
		730.81	454.10		Wardner Fort Steele Road (Hwy 935:1381 north) – Fort Steele	Hwy 935:1381 is unsigned
	Elko	760.08	472.29		Hwy 93 south to US 93 – U.S. Border (Roosville), Kalispell	West end of Hwy 93 concurrency
	Fernie	791.04– 793.05	491.53– 492.78	Passes through Fernie
	Sparwood	821.89	510.70		Hwy 43 north – Elkford
	​	832.69	517.41		Corbin Road (Hwy 935:1306 south) – Corbin	Hwy 935:1306 is unsigned
		841.29	522.75	Crowsnest Pass – el. 1,358 m (4,455 ft)
					Hwy 3 east (Crowsnest Highway) – Crowsnest Pass, Fort Macleod, Lethbridge	Continues into Alberta
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access

See also

• Dewdney Trail
• Kettle Valley Railway (southern mainline of the CPR)

References

1. Nicol, Matthew; Horel, Steve (July 2015). "Landmark Kilometre Inventory" (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Cypher Consulting. pp. 74–113.
2. Official British Columbia Road Map and Parks Guide (Map). 1:463,600. Victoria, BC: Davenport Maps Ltd. 2016. §§ L-9, L-10, L-11, L-12.
3. Schlingloff, Jeff (2006). "Route Historical Timeline". Trail - Road - Rail construction timeline. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
4. "The Trans-Provincial Highway". Opposite the City. November 26, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
5. Rand McNally and Company (1939). "Western and Central Canada" (Map). "State Farm Road Atlas: United States, Canada, Mexico". Chicago, IL: State Farm Insurance Companies Travel Bureau. pp. 94–95.
6. "Opening of the Hope-Princeton Highway, November 2, 1949". RBCM Archives. Royal BC Museum. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
7. "Trail-Salmo Highway". Controlled Access Highways. BC Ministry of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
8. The H.M. Gousha Company (1956). "British Columbia - Alberta" (Map). Shell Map of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Shell Oil Company.
9. Wilson, Donald Malcom. "Time Line for South-western Canada (1949 - 1962)". The Virtual Crowsnest Highway.
10. "Rossland-Sheep Lake Highway". Controlled Access Highways. BC Ministry of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
11. Wilson, Donald Malcom. "Time Line for South-western Canada (1962 - 1974)". The Virtual Crowsnest Highway.
12. "Frontier to Freeway: A short illustrated history of the roads in British Columbia" (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Highways. pp. 20–21. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
13. "Case Study 1: 1965 Hope Slide". British Columbia in a Global Context. Vancouver, BC: Geography Open Textbook Collective. 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
14. Jang, Phillip (October 22, 1979). "B.C. Crowsnest road name urged". The Lethbridge Herald. p. 11.
15. "It's more than just Highway 3". Medicine Hat News. August 14, 1978. p. 3. Retrieved February 20, 2017 – via NewspaperArchive.com.

External links

Template:Attached KML/British Columbia Highway 3

KML is not from Wikidata

• Crowsnest Highway