Brazilian Navy

The Brazilian Navy (Portuguese: Marinha do Brasil) is the naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces, responsible for conducting naval operations. The Brazilian Navy is the largest navy in South America and in Latin America, and the second largest navy in the Americas, after the United States Navy.[2]

Brazilian Navy
Marinha do Brasil
The coat of arms of the Brazilian Navy
Founded1822 (1822)
Country Brazil
TypeNavy
RoleNaval warfare
Size80,507 personnel (incl 16,000 marines)[1]
Over 110 ships
81 aircraft
Part ofMinistry of Defence
HeadquartersBrasília, DF
Nickname(s)MB
PatronMarquis of Tamandaré
Motto(s)Marinha do Brasil, protegendo nossas riquezas, cuidando da nossa gente
(English: "Navy of Brazil, protecting our wealth, taking care of our people")
ColorsBlue and white         
March"Cisne Branco" (English: "White Swan") (same name as training ship Cisne Branco
Fleet1 helicopter carrier
6 submarines
7 frigates
2 corvettes
4 amphibious warfare ships
6 mine countermeasures vessel
34 oceanic patrol boats
31 oceanic auxiliary ships
12 river patrol boats
16 river auxiliary ships
EngagementsWar of Independence (1821–24)
Confederation of the Equator (1824)
Cisplatine War (1825–28)
Cabanagem Revolt (1835–40)
Ragamuffin War (1835–45)
Balaiada Revolt (1835–41)
Platine War (1851–52)
Uruguayan War (1864–65)
Paraguayan War (1864–70)
Naval Revolt (1893–94)
Federalist War (1893-1895)
World War I (1917–18)
Lieutenants Revolts (1922–27)
Constitutionalist war (1932)
World War II (1942–45)
Lobster War (1962–63)
Araguaia guerrilla (1972–74)
"UN missions"
Haiti (2004–2017)
Lebanon (2011–present)
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Jair Bolsonaro
Minister of Defence Fernando Azevedo e Silva
Navy Commander Admiral Ilques Barbosa Junior
Notable
commanders		Thomas Cochrane
John Pascoe Grenfell
Baron of Amazonas
Marquis of Tamandaré
Viscount of Inhaúma
Pedro Max Frontin
Augusto Rademaker Grünewald
Insignia
Ensign
Jack
Flag
Roundel
Racing stripe
Aircraft flown
AttackA-4 Skyhawk
HelicopterSH-3 Sea King
AS-332 Super Puma
Super Lynx
Esquilo
Bell Jet Ranger
SH-60 Seahawk
Eurocopter EC725
TransportC-1A Trader

The navy was involved in Brazil's war of independence from Portugal. Most of Portugal's naval forces and bases in South America were transferred to the newly independent country. In the initial decades following independence, the country maintained a large naval force and the navy was later involved in the Cisplatine War, the River Plate conflicts, the Paraguayan War as well as other sporadic rebellions that marked Brazilian history.

By the 1880s the Brazilian Imperial Navy was the most powerful in South America. After the 1893 naval rebellion, there was a hiatus in the development of the navy until 1905, when Brazil acquired two of the most powerful and advanced dreadnoughts of the day which sparked a dreadnought race with Brazil's South American neighbours. The Brazilian Navy participated in both World War I and World War II, engaging in anti-submarine patrols in the Atlantic.

The modern Brazilian Navy includes British-built guided missile frigates (FFG), locally built corvettes (FFL), coastal diesel-electric submarines (SSK) and many other river and coastal patrol craft.

Mission

In addition to the roles of a traditional navy, the Brazilian Navy also carries out the role of organizing the merchant navy and other operational safety missions traditionally conducted by a coast guard. Other roles include:

  • Conducting national maritime policy
  • Implementing and enforcing laws and regulations with respect to the sea and inland waters.

History
Frigate Nictheroy chasing the Portuguese fleet during the war of independence.
Patron of the Brazilian Navy Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré, in 1873.

Origins

The origins of the Brazilian Navy date back to the Portuguese naval forces based in Brazil. The transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil in 1808 during the Napoleonic wars also resulted in the transfer of a large part of the structure, personnel and ships of the Portuguese Navy. These became the core of the Navy of Brazil.

Imperial Navy (1822–1889)
Main article: Imperial Brazilian Navy

War of Independence
Main article: Independence of Brazil § Independence War
Ships of the Imperial Navy in training, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, 1870s.

The Brazilian Navy came into being with the independence of the country. Some of its members were native-born Brazilians, who under Portuguese rule had been forbidden to serve, while other members were Portuguese born who adhered to the cause of independence and foreign mercenaries. A number of establishments previously created by King João VI of Portugal were incorporated into the navy such as the Department of Navy, Headquarters of the Navy, the Intendancy and Accounting Department, the Arsenal (Shipyard) of the Navy, the Academy of Navy Guards, the Naval Hospital, the Auditorship, the Supreme Military Council, the powder plant, and others. The Brazilian-born Captain Luís da Cunha Moreira was chosen as the first minister of the Navy on 28 October 1822.[3][4]

British naval officer Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane was made the commander of the Brazilian Navy and received the rank of "First Admiral".[5][6] At that time, the fleet was composed of one ship of the line, four frigates, and smaller ships for a total of 38 warships. The Secretary of Treasury Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada created a national subscription to generate capital in order to increase the size of the fleet. Contributions were sent from all over Brazil. Even Emperor Pedro I acquired a merchant brig at his own expense (renamed Caboclo) and donated it to the Navy.[6][7] The navy fought in the north and also south of Brazil where it had a decisive role in the independence of the country.[8] After the suppression of the revolt in Pernambuco in 1824 and prior to the Cisplatine War, the navy increased significantly in size and strength. Starting with 38 ships in 1822, eventually the navy had 96 modern warships of various types with over 690 cannon.

Cisplatine War and rebellions (1825–1849)
Main article: Cisplatine War
Brazilian warships Dom Pedro, Dom Pedro II, Dom Afonso, Recife, Dona Francisca, União and Calíope passing through defences at The Tonelero.

The Navy blocked the estuary of the Río de la Plata hindering the contact of the United Provinces (as Argentina was then called) with the Cisplatine rebels who wanted Uruguay to join Argentina again or become an independent country, and the outside world. Several battles had occurred between Brazilian and Argentine ships until the defeat of an Argentine flotilla composed of two corvettes, five brigs and one barquentine near the Island of Santiago in 1827. The war came to a draw and in 1828 had to accept the independence of Uruguay. When Pedro I abdicated in 1831, he left a powerful navy made up of two ships of the line and ten frigates in addition to corvettes, steamships, and other ships for a total of at least 80 warships in peacetime.[9][10]

Artistic representation of the steam corvette Imperial Dom Afonso in 1850

During the 58-year reign of Pedro II the Brazilian Navy achieved its greatest strength in relation to navies around the world.[11] The Arsenal, Navy department, and the Naval Jail were improved and the Imperial Marine Corps was created. Steam navigation was adopted. Brazil quickly modernized its fleet acquiring ships from foreign sources while also constructing ships locally. Brazil's Navy substituted the old smoothbore cannon for new ones with rifled barrels, which were more accurate and had longer ranges. Improvements were also made in the Arsenals (shipyards) and naval bases, which were equipped with new workshops.[10] Ships were constructed in the Naval Arsenal of Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Recife, Santos, Niterói and Pelotas. The Navy also successfully fought against all revolts that occurred during the Regency where it conducted blockades and transported the Army troops; including Cabanagem, Ragamuffin War, Sabinada, Balaiada, amongst others.[10][12]

When Emperor Pedro II was declared of legal age and assumed his constitutional prerogatives in 1840, the Armada had over 90 warships: six frigates, seven corvettes, two barque-schooners, six brigs, eight brig-schooners, 16 gunboats, 12 schooners, seven armed brigantine-schooners, six steam barques, three transport ships, two armed luggers, two cutters and thirteen larger boats.[13]

During the 1850s the State Secretary, the Accounting Department of the Navy, the Headquarters of the Navy and the Naval Academy were reorganized and improved. New ships were purchased and the ports administrations were better equipped. The Imperial Mariner Corps was definitively regularized and the Marine Corps was created, taking the place of the Naval Artillery. The Service of Assistance for Invalids was also established, along with several schools for sailors and craftsmen.[14]

Platine & Paraguayan wars (1849–1870)
Main article: Paraguayan War
A rare photograph of the Brazilian river monitor Alagoas passing Humaitá, sometime in 1868, presumably after the fortress was captured. Notice the low profile presented to enemy artillery. From a soldier's photographic album preserved at the National Library of Brazil.

The conflicts in the Platine region did not cease after the war of 1825. The anarchy caused by the despotic Rosas and his desire to subdue Bolívia, Uruguay and Paraguay forced Brazil to intercede. The Brazilian Government sent a naval force of 17 warships (a ship of the line, 10 corvettes and six steamships) commanded by the veteran John Pascoe Grenfell.[15] The Brazilian fleet succeeded in passing through the Argentine line of defence at the Tonelero Pass under heavy attack and transported the troops to the theater of operations. The Brazilian Armada had a total of 59 vessels of various types in 1851: 36 armed sailing ships, 10 armed steamships, seven unarmed sailing ships and six sailing transports.[16]

Amazonas steam frigate, 1870. It was the chief ship of the Imperial Navy in the famous Battle of the Riachuelo commanded by Admiral Francisco Manuel Barroso da Silva one of the most heroic figures of the Navy of Brazil.

More than a decade later the Armada was once again modernized and its fleet of old sailing ships was converted to a fleet of 40 steamships armed with more than 250 cannons.[17] In 1864 the navy fought in the Uruguayan War and immediately afterwards in the Paraguayan War where it annihilated the Paraguayan navy in the Battle of Riachuelo. The navy was further augmented with the acquisition of 20 ironclads and six fluvial monitors. At least 9,177 navy personnel fought in the five years' conflict.[18] Brazilian naval constructors such as Napoleão Level, Trajano de Carvalho and João Cândido Brasil planned new concepts for warships that allowed the country's Arsenals to retain their competitiveness with other nations.[19] All damage suffered by ships was repaired and various improvements were made to them.[20] In 1870, Brazil had 94 modern warships[21] and had the fifth most powerful navy in the world.[22]

Expansion and the end of the Empire (1870–1889)

During the 1870s, the Brazilian Government strengthened the navy as the possibility of a war against Argentina over Paraguay's future became quite real. Thus, it acquired a gunboat and a corvette in 1873; an ironclad and a monitor in 1874; and immediately afterwards two cruisers and another monitor.[8][23] The improvement of the Armada continued during the 1880s. The Arsenals of the Navy in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Pará and Mato Grosso continued to build dozens of warships. Also, four torpedo boats were purchased.[24]

Cruiser Almirante Barroso, 1880.
Brazilian Riachuelo warship.
Brazilian Aquibadã warship.

On November 30, 1883, the Practical School of Torpedoes was created along with a workshop devoted to constructing and repairing torpedoes and electric devices in the Arsenal of Navy of Rio de Janeiro.[25] This Arsenal constructed four steam gunboats and one schooner, all with iron and steel hulls (the first of these categories constructed in the country).[24] The Imperial Armada reached its apex with the incorporation of the ironclad battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã (both equipped with torpedo launchers) in 1884 and 1885, respectively. Both ships (considered state-of-the-art by experts from Europe) allowed the Brazilian Armada to retain its position as one of the most powerful naval forces.[26] By 1889, the navy had 60 warships[20] and was the fifth or sixth most powerful navy in the world.[27]

In the last cabinet of the monarchic regime, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral José da Costa Azevedo (the Baron of Ladário), left the reorganization and modernization of the navy unfinished.[20] The coup that ended the monarchy in Brazil in 1889 was not well accepted by the Armada. Imperial Mariners were attacked when they tried to support the imprisoned Emperor in the City Palace. The Marquis of Tamandaré begged Pedro II to allow him to fight back the coup; however, the Emperor refused to allow any bloodshed.[28] Tamandaré would later be imprisoned by order of the dictator Floriano Peixoto under the accusation of financing the monarchist military in the Federalist Revolution.[29]

The Baron of Ladário remained in contact with the exiled Imperial Family, hoping to restore the monarchy, but ended up ostracized by the republican government. Admiral Saldanha da Gama led the Revolt of the Armada with the objective of restoring the Empire and allied himself with other monarchists who were fighting in the Federalist Revolution. However, all the attempts at restoration were violently crushed. High-ranking Monarchist officers were imprisoned, banished or executed by firing squad without due process of law and their subordinates also suffered harsh punishments.[30]

Early republic (1889–1917)
Main article: Revolta da Armada
Brazilian battleship Aquidabã (left corner) opening fire with the fortress Villegaignon during Armada Revolt, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.
Brazilian protected cruiser Barroso.

The military coup that led to the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic (1889), accentuated the decline of shipbuilding in the country. For four decades, between 1890 and 1930 no new ships were built in Brazil. The focus of republican governments was to equip the army to fight internal uprisings in the new regime's early years. The Navy was perceived as a threat to the new republican regime, as it had been more loyal to the Monarchy.

The situation became precarious in just over a decade as the Naval Battalion was reduced to 295 soldiers and Imperial Marines to 1,904 men. The equipment and vessels acquired were considered outdated by Navy officials, who criticized the abandonment of repair shops. Naval officers participated in two riots, known as Naval Riots. The second, avowedly monarchist, cost the officers their careers and their lives, without entering the military justice process. The sailors who obeyed orders and took part in the attempt to restore monarchy suffered cruelly.[31]

South American naval rivalry
Main article: South American dreadnought race
Battleship Minas Gerais (1910–1952).
Battleship São Paulo (1910–1951).

Brazil's navy fell into disrepair and obsolescence in the aftermath of the 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Pedro II, after naval officers led a revolt in 1893–94.[32] Meanwhile, although the Argentine–Chilean agreement had limited their naval expansion, they still retained the numerous vessels built in the interim,[33] so around the start of the 20th century the Brazilian Navy lagged far behind its Argentine and Chilean counterparts in quality and total tonnage,[34] despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times that of Chile.[35] The navy had just forty-five percent of its authorized personnel in 1896, and the only modern armored ships were two small coast-defense vessels launched in 1898.[36] Rising demand for coffee and rubber brought Brazil an influx of revenue in the early 1900s.[37] Simultaneously, there was a drive on the part of prominent Brazilians, most notably Pinheiro Machado and the Baron of Rio Branco,[upper-alpha 1] to have the country recognized as an international power. A strong navy was seen as crucial to this goal.[39] The National Congress of Brazil drew up and passed a large naval acquisition program in late 1904, but it was two years before any ships were ordered.[40]

Law no. 1452 was passed on 30 December 1905, which authorized £4,214,550 for new warship construction, £1,685,820 in 1906, three small battleships, three armored cruisers, six destroyers, twelve torpedo boats, three submarines, and two river monitors were ordered.[41] Though the Brazilian government later eliminated the armored cruisers for reasons of cost, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three small battleships on 23 July 1906.[42]

British shipyards were ordered to build two dreadnought battleships, Minas Gerais and São Paulo; this started a naval arms race with Argentina and Chile. Later Rio de Janeiro was ordered and sold and another Riachuelo was never completed as a result of the First World War.

Revolt of the Lash
João Cândido Felisberto with reporters, officers and sailors on board Minas Geraes on 26 November 1910, the last day of the Revolt of the Lash
Main article: Revolt of the Lash

Soon after São Paulo's arrival, a major rebellion known as the Revolt of the Lash, or Revolta da Chibata, broke out on four of the newest ships in the Brazilian Navy. The initial spark was provided on 21 November 1910 when Afro-Brazilian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes was brutally flogged 250 times for insubordination. Many Afro-Brazilian sailors were sons of former slaves, or were former slaves freed under the Lei Áurea (abolition) but forced to enter the navy. They had been planning a revolt for some time, and Menezes became the catalyst. Further preparations were needed, so the rebellion was delayed until 22 November. The crewmen of Minas Geraes, São Paulo, the twelve-year-old Deodoro, and the new Bahia quickly took their vessels with only a minimum of bloodshed: two officers on Minas Geraes and one each on São Paulo and Bahia were killed.[43]

The ships were well-supplied with foodstuffs, ammunition, and coal, and the only demand of mutineers—led by João Cândido Felisberto—was the abolition of "slavery as practiced by the Brazilian Navy". They objected to low pay, long hours, inadequate training for incompetent sailors, and punishments including bôlo (being struck on the hand with a ferrule) and the use of whips or lashes (chibata), which eventually became a symbol of the revolt. By 23 November, the National Congress had begun discussing the possibility of a general amnesty for the sailors. Senator Ruy Barbosa, long an opponent of slavery, lent a large amount of support, and the measure unanimously passed the Federal Senate on 24 November. The measure was then sent to the Chamber of Deputies.[44]

Humiliated by the revolt, naval officers and the president of Brazil were staunchly opposed to amnesty, so they quickly began planning to assault the rebel ships. The former believed such an action was necessary to restore the service's honor. Late on 24 November, the President ordered the naval officers to attack the mutineers. Officers crewed some smaller warships and the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia's sister ship with ten 4.7-inch (119 mm) guns. They planned to attack on the morning of 25 November, when the government expected the mutineers would return to Guanabara Bay. When they did not return and the amnesty measure neared passage in the Chamber of Deputies, the order was rescinded. After the bill passed 125–23 and the president signed it into law, the mutineers stood down on 26 November.[45]

During the revolt, the ships were noted by many observers to be well-handled, despite a previous belief that the Brazilian Navy was incapable of effectively operating the ships even before being split by a rebellion.

World Wars (1917–1945)

First World War (1917–1918)
Main articles: Brazil during World War I and U-boat Campaign (World War I)
Warship silhouettes of the Brazilian Navy, 1914
The Destroyer Piauí in the U-boat Campaign (World War I).

After the declaration of war on the Central Powers in October 1917 the Brazilian Navy participated in the war. On 21 December 1917 the British government requested that a Brazilian naval force of light cruisers be placed under Royal Navy control and a squadron comprising the cruisers Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia, the destroyers Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, and Santa Catarina, and the support ship Belmonte and the ocean-going tugboat Laurindo Pitta was formed, designated the Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra ("Naval Division in War Operations"). The DNOG sailed on 31 July 1918 from Fernando de Noronha for Sierra Leone, arriving at Freetown on 9 August, and sailing onwards to its new base of operations, Dakar, on 23 August. On the night of 25 August the division believed it had been attacked by a U-boat when the auxiliary cruiser Belmonte sighted a torpedo track. The purported submarine was depth-charged, fired on, and reportedly sunk by Rio Grande do Norte, but the sinking was never confirmed.

Cruiser Rio Grande do Sul escorting naval convoy during World War I.

The DNOG patrolled the Dakar–Cape Verde–Gibraltar triangle, which was suspected to be used by U-boats waiting on convoys, until 3 November 1918 when it sailed for Gibraltar to begin operations in the Mediterranean Sea, with the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, and Belmonte. The Division arrived at Gibraltar on 10 November; while passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, they mistook three United States Navy subchasers for U-boats but no damage was caused.[46]

Second World War (1942–1945)
Main articles: Battle of the Atlantic and Brazil during World War II
Military Transport Vital de Oliveira, sunk in 1942 by a German submarine.
Cruiser Bahia launching depth bomb against German submarines during the Battle of the Atlantic.
Cruiser Bahia(sunk by an explosion in 1945).
Destroyer Maranhão in 1943.
Destroyer Greenhalgh in escort mission in South Atlantic, 1944.
Minelayer-Corvette Caravelas in 1945.

Despite U-boat operations in the region (centred in the Atlantic Narrows between Brazil and West Africa) beginning autumn 1940, only in the following year did these start to raise serious concern in Washington.[47] This perceived threat caused the US to decide that the introduction of US forces along Brazil's coast would be valuable. After negotiations with Brazilian Foreign Minister Osvaldo Aranha (on behalf of dictator Getúlio Vargas), these were introduced in second half of 1941.[48] Germany and Italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include Brazilian ships wherever they were, and from April 1942 were found in Brazilian waters.[49] On 22 May 1942, the first Brazilian attack (although unsuccessful) was carried out by Brazilian Air Force aircraft on the Italian submarine Barbarigo.[48] After a series of attacks on merchant vessels off the Brazilian coast by U-507,[48] Brazil officially entered the war on 22 August 1942, offering an important addition to the Allied strategic position in the South Atlantic.[50]

Having the Suez Canal blocked and the necessity to go beyond to the far East, Germany used the Atlantic Ocean to maintain its supply of material necessities.

In World War II, Brazil's navy was obsolete. In early 1942, German submarines aimed to interdict supplies from reaching Britain and the Soviet Union. Between 1942 and 1944, Brazil's navy was supported by the United States Navy. During this period several naval bases were established in the North and Northeast of Brazil, becoming the headquarters of the Allied Command Atlantic South.

Within their limitations and with the refitting and reorganization promoted with American resources, the Brazilian Navy participated actively in the fight against U-boats in the South, Central Atlantic and also the Caribbean. They guarded Allied convoys bound for North Africa and the Mediterranean. Between 1942 and 1945 the navy was responsible for conducting 574 convoy operations protecting 3,164 merchant ships of various nationalities. Enemy submarines managed to sink only three vessels. According to German documentation the Brazilian Navy made over sixty-six attacks against German submarines.

A total of nine U-boats known German submarines were destroyed along the Brazilian coast. Those were: U-164, U-128, U-590, U-513, U-662, U-598, U-199, U-591, and U-161

About 1,100 Brazilians died during the Battle of the Atlantic as a result of the sinking of 32 Brazilian merchant vessels and a naval warship. Among the 972 dead from the merchant vessels, 470 were crew and 502 were civilian passengers.[51] Besides these, 99 sailors died in the sinking of Vital de Oliveira when she was attacked by German submarines, in addition to some 350 deaths in accidents that resulted in the sinking of the corvette Camaquã on 21 July 1944. The cruiser Bahia was sunk by an explosion on 4 July 1945 which resulted in the deaths of over 300 men.

Cold War period (1945–2000)

Lobster War (1961–1963)
Main articles: Lobster War and Brazil–France relations
Brazilian Navy Cruiser Tamandaré flangship in task force, Lobster War.
A Brazilian D27 Pará Fletcher class in 1960.

In 1961, some groups of French fishermen who were operating very profitably off the coast of Mauritania extended their search to the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, settling on a spot off the coast of Brazil where lobsters are found on submerged ledges at depths of 250–650 ft (76–198 m). Local fishermen complained that large boats were coming from France to catch lobster off the state of Pernambuco, so the Brazilian Admiral Arnoldo Toscano ordered two corvettes to sail to the area where the French fishing boats were located. Seeing that the fishermen's claim was justifiable, the captain of the Brazilian vessel then demanded that the French boats retreat to deeper water, leaving the continental shelf to smaller Brazilian vessels. The situation became very tense once the French rejected this demand and radioed a message asking for the French government to send a destroyer to accompany the lobster boats, which prompted the Brazilian government to put fleet in a state of alert.

The French Government dispatched a T 53-class destroyer on 21 February to watch over the French fishing boats. The French vessel withdrew after the arrival of a Brazilian warship and the aircraft carrier Minas Gerais.

1964 Coup d'état
Brazilian cruiser Barroso (C11) in 1969.

Although corporal punishment was officially abolished after the Revolt of the Lash, or Revolta da Chibata, at the end of 1910, improvement in working conditions and career plans were still contentious in early 1960. The dissatisfaction with officialdom and conservative politicians, coupled with the lack of vision and inability of the general policy of then president João Goulart, led the sailors, encouraged by leaders such as Corporal Anselmo, to the military coup of 1964.

The purges carried out later (not just the navy but for all the armed forces), and the establishment of certain criteria for selection of its new members were a military term in the Brazilian tradition among its members openly harboring various currents of political thought.

The Colossus-class aircraft carrier Minas Gerais served the Navy until its decommissioning in 2001.

The carrier was commissioned as NAeL Minas Gerais (named for Kubitschek's home state) on 6 December 1960. She departed Rotterdam for Rio de Janeiro on 13 January 1961. The duration of the refit meant that while the carrier was the first purchased by a Latin American nation, she was the second to enter service, after another Colossus-class carrier entered service with the Argentine Navy as ARA Independencia in July 1959.

Peacekeeping and SAR missions (2000–present)

Notable search and rescue missions

AFF447 (2009)
The corvette Caboclo was the first in Brazilian Navy vessel in the searches of the Air France Flight 447, the vessel was patrolling waters near the site of the aircraft's disappearance.
Brazilian frigate Constituição (F42).

Flight 447 was due to pass from Brazilian airspace into Senegalese airspace at approximately 02:20 (UTC) on 1 June, and then into Cape Verdean airspace at approximately 03:45. Shortly after 04:00, when the flight had failed to contact air traffic control in either Senegal or Cape Verde, the controller in Senegal attempted to contact the aircraft. When he received no response, he asked the crew of another Air France flight (AF459) to try to contact AF447; this also met with no success.[52]

The Brazilian Navy also moved three vessels initially, being the patrol vessel Grajaú, the frigate Constituição and the corvette Caboclo to aid in the searches. Subsequently, the tanker Almirante Gastão Motta and the frigate Bosisio were sent, increasing the search force of the navy to five boats.

During the search period, 51 bodies were recovered, more than 600 pieces of the aircraft, as well as passengers' luggage. A total of 1,344 officers of the Brazilian Navy and eleven vessels, 35,000 miles, were directly involved in the search, rescue and support.[53]

ARA San Juan (2017)
The submarine relief ship Felinto Perry.

On 15 November 2017, the submarine San Juan in service with the Argentine Navy, stopped communicating during a routine patrol in the South Atlantic off the coast of Argentina. A multi-nation search operation was mounted to try to locate the submarine, which was believed to have suffered an electrical malfunction. Within hours of San Juan's last transmission, reports describe an explosive noise, detected in the vicinity of the vessel's last known location.

The frigate Rademaker, the submarine relief ship NSS Felinto Perry and the polar ship NPo Almirante Maximiano of the Brazilian Navy participated in the multinational search for the lost submarine.[54]

Peacekeeping operations (2004–present)
Amphibious landing ship Garcia D'Avila.

Haiti

On 28 May 2004 four Brazilian Navy ships (Mattoso Maia, Rio de Janeiro, Almirante Gastão Motta, Bosísio) departed from Rio de Janeiro bound for Haiti on a peace mission coordinated by the United Nations (UN). The ships transported part of the military contingent that was involved in Haitian reconstruction. In addition to 150 Marines and Army troops, the ships carried most of the materiel for the Brazilian stabilization force — approximately 120 vehicles, 26 trailers of various types, and 81 containers loaded with equipment and supplies.[55] On 28 February 2010, the Brazilian Navy ship Garcia D'Avila sailed from Rio de Janeiro with 900 tons of cargo, including humanitarian aid supplies to earthquake victims in Haiti as well as equipment for the Brazilian military that operates in that country.

Ammunition was brought for Brazilian soldiers in addition to 14 power generators and 30 vehicles, including trucks, ambulances and armored vehicles. The ship's crew consisted of 350 mariners.[56]

Lebanon
Brazilian frigate União

On 15 February 2011, Brazil assumed command of the Maritime Task Force (MTF) of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).[57] On 4 October the Brazilian Ministries of Defence and Foreign Relations informed authorities that Brazil was sending a Navy vessel with up to 300 crew members, equipped with an aircraft, to join the fleet in Lebanon and the vessel was authorized by the National Congress.[58] On 25 November 2011 the frigate União with 239 officers and sailors aboard joined the task force, bringing to nine the number of vessels assisting the Lebanese Navy in monitoring Lebanese territorial waters.

The frigate served as the flagship for Rear Admiral Luiz Henrique Caroli of Brazil who had been Commander of UNIFIL-MTF since February.[59]

Brazilian corvette Barroso

On 10 April 2012 the frigate Liberal left Rio de Janeiro bound for Lebanon to join the force.[60] It was relieved in January 2013 by the frigate Constituição which joined a multinational group comprising nine ships; three from Germany, two from Bangladesh, one from Greece, one from Indonesia and one from Turkey. The crew comprised 250 military officials. The return to Rio was scheduled for August 2013.[61]

On 8 August 2015 the corvette Barroso left Rio de Janeiro to replace União and later that month carried out maritime interdiction operations and provided training to the Lebanese Navy.[62] On 4 September 2015 it rescued 220 Syrian migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, as reported by the Ministry of Defense in a statement released on its website. The Brazilian ship was sailing towards Beirut in Lebanon when it received an alert from the Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) about a sinking vessel taking immigrants to Europe.[62]

Notable naval battles involving the Brazilian Navy

Brazilian War of Independence
  • Battle of 4 May – The largest naval battle of the War of Independence. The Brazilian and Portuguese fleets clashed with inconclusive results.
  • Siege of Salvador – Brazilian Imperial warships surrounding troops and Portuguese ships in Salvador, Bahia.
  • Battle of Montevideo – Imperial naval forces sought to capture the last Portuguese redoubt in the Cisplatina province.

Cisplatine War

Platine War
  • Battle of The Tonelero Pass – An Imperial naval force forced passage under an artillery barrage from the Argentine Army.

Uruguayan War

Paraguayan War
  • Battle of Riachuelo – Largest naval battle of the Brazilian Navy history, one of the most important in South America. Involved Brazilian and Paraguayan naval forces.
  • Battle of Paso de Cuevas – Brazilian and Argentine warships successfully pass Argentine troops at the Cuevas Pass on the Rio Paraná.
  • Battle of Curuzú – Brazilian Imperial warships bombardment of Curuzú fortifications.
  • Siege of Humaitá – Passage of the Imperial fleet before the fortification of Humaitá on the Rio Paraguay.

World War I
  • U-boat Campaign (World War I) – Brazilian squad created to patrol the area between Dakar-Cape Verde-Gibraltar, during World War I.

World War II

Brazilian Navy today

Personnel

As of 2011, the Brazilian Navy has a reported strength of 60,000 active personnel,[63] of which approximately 15,000 are naval infantry. The current Navy Commander is Admiral Eduardo Leal Ferreira.[64]

Ships and submarines
Main article: List of ships of the Brazilian Navy
An AF-1 Skyhawk of the Brazilian Navy

As of 2012, the Brazilian Navy had about 100 commissioned ships,[65] with others undergoing construction, acquisition and modernization. Between 1996 and 2005 the Navy retired 21 ships.[66] The Brazilian Navy operated one Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier, São Paulo, formerly the French Navy's Foch. It was retired in 2017.[67] Its possible replacements are presently in the early stage of planning and are not expected to be in service until at least 2025.[68]

Riachuelo, Brazilian Navy first Scorpène-class submarine in 2018.

Four Tupi-class and one Tikuna-class Type 209 submarines are in the fleet. The Tupi-class submarines will be upgraded by Lockheed Martin at a cost of $35 million.[69] The modernization includes the replacement of existing torpedoes with new MK 48 units.[70] On 14 March 2008, the Navy purchased four Scorpène-class submarines from France.[71] The Navy is currently developing its first nuclear submarine.[72] The Navy planned to have the Scorpène-class submarines in service in 2017, and their first nuclear-powered submarine commissioned in 2023.[73]

In August 2008 the Navy incorporated the corvette Barroso, which was designed and built in Brazil[74] at a cost of $263 million.[75] In August 2012 the Navy requested four new ships based on the Barroso class but using a stealth design.

The PROSUPER program plans to acquire, firstly, five new 6,000-ton frigates, five new offshore patrol vessels and one Logistics Support Vessel.

A S-70B Seawhawk helicopter flies over the Amazonas-class corvette Apa

In January 2012 BAE Systems contracted to supply three patrol vessels that were Port of Spain-class corvettes. The contract is worth £133m. The offshore patrol vessels are already built, originally ordered by the government of Trinidad and Tobago in a contract which was terminated in 2010.[76][77] The first vessel was commissioned at the end of June 2012, the second was scheduled for December 2012 and the last for April 2013.[78]

Squadron of EC725 helicopters operating from PHM Atlântico in 2018.

In March 2014, the Brazilian Navy announced plans to domestically build an aircraft carrier, to enter service around 2029. Originally, São Paulo was to be modernized until its introduction, but escalating repair costs forced its retirement in February 2017. The carrier will likely be based on an existing project and be built with a foreign partner. French company DCNS has a strong presence in Brazil and is already engaged in building five submarines and a naval base in the country. The company has been showcasing their DEAC Aircraft Carrier project based on the carrier Charles de Gaulle's design and aviation systems including launching conventional take-off aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicle integration, advanced conventional propulsion, and platform stabilization systems. American company General Atomics is marketing their Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) to Brazil. Possible aircraft to be operated by the carrier may include the Saab Sea Gripen, given that the Air Force has chosen the land-based version as their new jet fighter.[79]

The Brazilian Navy stated in 2018 that they had purchased the helicopter carrier ship HMS Ocean from their British counterparts. Rechristened as PHM Atlântico, this multi-purpose helicopter carrier is presently the flagship of Brazilian Navy.[80][81]

Aircraft

As of 2011, the Naval Aviation arm of the Navy operates around 85 aircraft. All the aircraft, with the exception of the A-4 Skyhawks, are helicopters.

Marines

The Brazilian Marine Corps (Portuguese: Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais; CFN)[82] is the land combat branch of the Brazilian Navy.

Structure and organisation
Operational structure of the Brazilian Navy

Branches
A Brazilian Corvette Júlio de Noronha (V32) in 2019
The Type 22 frigate Rademaker
The helicopter carrier PHM Atlântico
A task force composed of the frigates Independência, Constituição and Rademaker during a naval exercise in 2017
Amphibious landing ship Almirante Saboia facing rough seas
Brazilian frigate Liberal patrolling Campos Basin oil.
Brazilian frigate Independência firing Aspide anti-aircraft missile.
The Brazilian Navy frigate Bosísio fires at an unmanned aerial vehicle during a drone exercise (DRONEX) with ship.
A Brazilian Navy ship Almirante Maximiniano (H41).

The main branches of the Brazilian Navy are:[83]

On top of the naval chain of command stands the Commander of the Navy (Comandante da Marinha - CM) with his directly subordinated administrative units. He also relies on the expertise of the Admiralty (Almirantado), which is a collective board without operational functions, but advises the Commander on day to day matters and planning of the service. The Naval Staff (Estado-Maior da Armada - EMA) is the administrative oversight body of the service. The operational forces of the Brazilian Navy are organized in the Naval Operations Command (Comando de Operações Navais - ComOpNav). The structure of the Marinha do Brasil completes with five General Directorates and the Marines General Command. These are support organizations in charge of personnel, supply, navigation infrastructure and other tasks not directly connected to naval combat operations.

Structure

High Command:

COMMANDER OF THE NAVY (Comandante da Marinha - CM)[84]

  • Admiralty (Almirantado)
  • Naval Staff (Estado-Maior da Armada - EMA)

Naval Operations Command (Comando de Operações Navais - ComOpNav)

National Squadron
  • National Squadron Command (Comando-em-Chefe da Esquadra - ComemCh, the oceangoing component of the naval combat forces)
    • Surface Force Command (Comando da Força de Superfície - ComForSup)
    • Submarine Force Command (Comando da Força de Submarinos - ComForS)
      • S-30 Tupi (Tupi class)
      • S-31 Tamoio (Tupi class)
      • S-32 Timbira (Tupi class)
      • S-33 Tapajó (Tupi class)
      • S-34 Tikuna (Tikuna (upgraded Tupi) class)
      • K-11 Felinto Perry (submarine rescue ship)
      • Base "Adm. Castro e Silva" (Base Almirante Castro e Silva - BACS)
      • Training and Education Center "Almirante Áttila Monteiro Aché" (Centro de Instrução e Adestramento Almirante Áttila Monteiro Aché - CIAMA)
      • Combat Divers Groupment (Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate - GRUMEC) - the Frogmen special operations unit of the Navy
    • Naval Air Forces Command (Comando da Força Aeronaval - ComForAerNav)
      • 1st Interception and Attack Airplane Squadron (1º Esquadrão de Aviões de Interceptação e Ataque - VF-1)
      • 1st Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron (1º Esquadrão de Helicópteros Anti-Submarino - HS-1)
      • 1st Reconnaissance and Attack Helicopter Squadron (1º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Esclarecimento e Ataque - HA-1)
      • 1st General Purpose Helicopter Squadron (1º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral - HU-1)
      • 2nd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron (2º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral - HU-2)
      • 1st Helicopter Training Squadron (1º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Instrução - HI-1)
      • São Pedro da Aldeia Naval Air Base (Base Aérea Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia - BAeNSPA)
      • Aerial Naval Training and Education Center (Centro de Instrução e Adestramento Aeronaval - CIAAN)
      • São Pedro da Aldeia Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência de São Pedro da Aldeia - CeIMSPA)
      • São Pedro da Aldeia Naval Policlinic (Policlínica Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia - PNSPA)
    • Command of the 1st Naval Division (Comando da 1ª Divisão da Esquadra - ComDiv-1, standing task force staff)
    • Command of the 2nd Naval Division (Comando da 2ª Divisão da Esquadra - ComDiv-2, standing task force staff)
    • Operational Systems Support Center (Centro de Apoio a Sistemas Operativos - CASOP)
    • Rio de Janeiro Naval Base (Base Naval do Rio de Janeiro - BNRJ)
    • Training Center "Adm. Marquis de Leão" (Centro de Adestramento Almirante Marques de Leão - CAAML)
    • Small Craft Maintenance Center (Centro de Manutenção de Embarcações Miúdas - CMEM)
    • Fleet Medical Command (Unidade Médica da Esquadra - UMEsq)
Regional Forces
1st Naval District Command

1st Naval District Command (Comando do 1º Distrito Naval - Com1ºDN) (Rio de Janeiro-RJ)

  • Southeastern Naval Patrol Group Command (Comando do Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Sudeste - ComGptPatNavSE) - patrol flotilla
  • Rio de Janeiro Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais do Rio de Janeiro - GptFNRJ) - marine security battalion
  • Rio de Janeiro Naval Radio Transmitter (Estação Rádio da Marinha no Rio de Janeiro - ERMRJ)
  • Campos Novos Naval Signals Intelligence Station (Estação Radiogoniométrica da Marinha em Campos Novos - ERMCN)
  • Rio de Janeiro Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Rio de Janeiro - CPRJ)
  • Espírito Santo Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Espírito Santo - CPES)
  • Espírito Santo School for Seamen Apprentices (Escola de Aprendizes-Marinheiros do Espírito Santo - EAMES)
  • Naval Detention Facility Southeast (Presídio da Marinha - PM)
2nd Naval District Command

2nd Naval District Command (Comando do 2º Distrito Naval - Com2ºDN) (Salvador-BA)

  • Eastern Naval Patrol Group Command (Comando do Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Leste - ComGptPatNavL) - patrol flotilla
  • Minelaying and Minesweeping Force Command (Comando da Força de Minagem e Varredura - ComForMinVar) - mine warfare ships flotilla
  • Salvador Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Salvador - GptFNSa) - marine security battalion
  • Salvador Naval Radio Transmitter (Estação Rádio da Marinha em Salvador - ERMS)
  • Aratu Naval Base (Base Naval de Aratu - BNA)
  • Salvador Naval Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Salvador - CeIMSa)
  • Salvador Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Salvador - HNSa)
  • Bahia Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos da Bahia - CPBA)
  • São Francisco do Sul Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial de São Francisco do Sul - CFSF)
  • Sergipe Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos de Sergipe - CPSE)
  • Nautical Signalization Service East (Serviço de Sinalização Náutica do Leste - SSN-2)
3rd Naval District Command

3rd Naval District Command (Comando do 3º Distrito Naval - Com3ºDN) (Natal-RN)

  • Northeastern Naval Patrol Group Command (Comando do Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Nordeste - ComGptPatNavNE) - patrol flotilla
  • Natal Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Natal - GptFNNa) - marine security battalion
  • Natal Naval Signals Intelligence Station (Estação Radiogoniométrica da Marinha em Natal - ERMN)
  • Natal Naval Base (Base Naval de Natal - BNN)
  • Natal Naval Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Natal - CeIMNa)
  • Natal Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Natal - HNNa)
  • Recife Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Recife - HNRe)
  • Ceará Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Ceará - CPCE)
  • Rio Grande do Norte Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Rio Grande do Norte - CPRN)
  • Paraíba Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos da Paraíba - CPPB)
  • Pernambuco Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos de Pernambuco - CPPE)
  • Alagoas Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos de Alagoas - CPAL)
  • Ceará School for Seamen Apprentices (Escola de Aprendizes-Marinheiros do Ceará - EAMCE)
  • Pernambuco School for Seamen Apprentices (Escola de Aprendizes-Marinheiros de Pernambuco - EAMPE)
  • Nautical Signalization Service Northeast (Serviço de Sinalização Náutica do Nordeste - SSN-3)
4th Naval District Command

4th Naval District Command (Comando do 4º Distrito Naval - Com4ºDN) (Belém-PA)

  • Northern Naval Patrol Group Command (Comando do Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Norte - ComGptPatNavN) - patrol flotilla
  • 2nd Riverine Operations Battalion (2º Batalhão de Operações Ribeirinhas - 2ºBtlOpRib) - riverine amphibious marine battalion
  • Belém Naval Signals Intelligence Station (Estação Radiogoniométrica da Marinha em Belém - ERMBe)
  • Val-de-Cães Naval Base (Base Naval de Val-de-Cães - BNVC)
  • Belém Naval Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Belém - CeIMBe)
  • Belém Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Belém - HNBe)
  • Naval Training Center "Adm. Braz de Aguiar" (Centro de Instrução Almirante Braz de Aguiar - CIABA)
  • Eastern Amazônia Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos da Amazônia Oriental - CPAOR)
  • Amapá Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Amapá - CPAP)
  • Maranhão Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Maranhão - CPMA)
  • Piauí Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Piauí - CPPI)
  • Santerém Riverine Captaincy (Capitaná Fluvial de Santerém - CFS)
  • Northern Hydrographic and Navigation Center (Centro de Hidrografia e Navegação do Norte - CHN-4)
5th Naval District Command

5th Naval District Command (Comando do 5º Distrito Naval - Com5ºDN) (Rio Grande-RS)

  • Southern Naval Patrol Group Command (Comando do Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Sul - ComGptPatNavS) - patrol flotilla
  • Rio Grande Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Rio Grande - GptFNRG) - marine security battalion
  • 5th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron (5º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral - HU-5)
  • Rio Grande Naval Signals Intelligence Station (Estação Radiogoniométrica da Marinha no Rio Grande - ERMRG)
  • Rio Grande Naval Station (Estação Naval do Rio Grande - ENRG)
  • Rio Grande Naval Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Rio Grande - CeIMRG)
  • Rio Grande Naval Policlinic (Policlínica Naval de Rio Grande - PNRG)
  • Santa Catarina Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos de Santa Catarina - CPSC)
  • Rio Grande do Sul Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Rio Grande do Sul - CPRS)
  • Porto Alegre Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial de Porto Alegre - CFPA)
  • Santa Catarina School for Seamen Apprentices (Escola de Aprendizes-Marinheiros de Santa Catarina - EAMSC)
  • Southern Nautical Signalization Service (Serviço de Sinalização Náutica do Sul - SSN-5)
6th Naval District Command

6th Naval District Command (Comando do 6º Distrito Naval - Com6ºDN) (Ladário-MS)

  • Mato Grosso Flotilla Command (Comando da Flotilha de Mato Grosso - ComFlotMT)
  • Ladário Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Ladário - GptFNLa) - marine security battalion
  • 4th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron (4º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral - HU-4)
  • Ladário Naval Riverine Base (Base Fluvial de Ladário - BFLa)
  • Ladário Naval Quartermaster Center (Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Ladário - CeIMLa)
  • Ladário Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Ladário - HNLa)
  • Pantanal Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial do Pantanal - CFPN)
  • Western Nautical Signalization Service (Serviço de Sinalização Náutica do Oeste - SSN-6)
7th Naval District Command

7th Naval District Command (Comando do 7º Distrito Naval - Com7ºDN) (Brasilia-DF)

  • Brasília Capital Marine Guards Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Brasília - GptFNB) - marine security and public duties battalion
  • Brasília Naval Hospital (Hospital Naval de Brasília - HNBra)
  • Brasília Naval Radio Station and Transmitter (Estação Rádio da Marinha em Brasília - ERMB)
  • Brasília Naval Training and Education Center (Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de Brasília - CIAB)
  • Araguaia-Tocantins Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial do Araguaia-Tocantins - CFAT)
  • Brasília Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial de Brasília - CFB)
8th Naval District Command

8th Naval District Command (Comando do 8º Distrito Naval - Com8ºDN) (São Paulo-SP)

  • South-Southeastern Naval Patrol Group Command (Grupamento de Patrulha Naval do Sul-Suldeste - ComGptPatNavSSE) - patrol flotilla
  • São Paulo Marine Group (Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais em São Paulo - GptFNSP) - marine security battalion
  • São Paulo Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos de São Paulo - CPSP)
  • Tietê-Paraná Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial do Tietê-Paraná - CFTP)
  • Paraná Ports Captaincy (Capitania dos Portos do Paraná - CPPR)
  • Rio Paraná Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial do Rio Paraná - CFRP)
  • Guaíra Riverine Forces Bureau (Delegacia Fluvial de Guaíra - DelGuaira)
9th Naval District Command
Patrol boat Amapá

9th Naval District Command (Comando do 9º Distrito Naval - Com9ºDN) (Manaus-AM)

  • Amazonian Flotilla Command (Comando da Flotilha do Amazonas - ComFlotAM)
  • 1st Riverine Operations Battalion (Primeiro Batalhão de Operações Ribeirinhas - 1ºBtlOpRib) - riverine amphibious marine battalion
  • 3rd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron (3º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral - HU-3)
  • Rio Negro Naval Station (Estação Naval do Rio Negro - ERNR)
  • Manaus Naval Quartermaster Center (CeIMMa – Centro de Intendência da Marinha em Manaus - CeIMMa)
  • Tabatinga Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial de Tabatinga - CFT)
  • Western Amazônia Riverine Captaincy (Capitania Fluvial da Amazônia Ocidental - CFAOC)
  • Manaus Naval Policlinic (Policlínica Naval de Manaus - PNMa)
  • Northwestern Nautical Signalization Service (Serviço de Sinalização Náutica do Noroeste - SSN-9)
Fleet Marines Forces Command
  • Fleet Marine Forces Command (Comando da Força de Fuzileiros da Esquadra - ComFFE) - the expeditionary component of the Brazilian Marines
    • Marine Special Operations Battalion "Tonelero" (Batalhão de Operações Especiais de Fuzileiros Navais - BtlOpEspFuzNav - "Batalhão Tonelero")
    • Amphibious Division Command (Comando da Divisão Anfíbia - ComDivAnf)
      • Command Battalion (Batalhão de Comando e Controle - BtlCmdoCt)
      • 1st Marine Battalion "Riachuelo" (1º Batalhão de Infantaria de Fuzileiros Navais - 1ºBtlInfFuzNav - "Batalhão Riachuelo") - motorised
      • 2nd Marine Battalion "Humaitá" (2º Batalhão de Infantaria de Fuzileiros Navais - 2ºBtlInfFuzNav - "Batalhão Humaitá") - motorised
      • 3rd Marine Battalion "Paissandu" (3º Batalhão de Infantaria de Fuzileiros Navais - 3ºBtlInfFuzNav - "Batalhão Paissandu") - motorised
      • Marine Armored Battalion (Batalhão de Blindados de Fuzileiros Navais - BtlBldFuzNav) - one light tank, one tracked APC and one wheeled APC companies
      • Marine Field Artillery Battalion (Batalhão de Artilharia de Fuzileiros Navais - BtlArtFuzNav) - towed artillery and MLRS
      • Marine Air Tactical Control and Air Defence Battalion (Batalhão de Controle Aerotático e Defesa Antiaérea - BtlCtAetatDAAe) - MANPADS
      • Marine Base Governor's Island (Base de Fuzileiros Navais da Ilha do Governador - BFNIG)
    • Reinforcement Troop Command (Comando da Tropa de Reforço - ComTrRef)
      • Command HQ
      • Marine Combat Engineers Battalion (Batalhão de Engenharia de Fuzileiros Navais - BtlEngFuzNav)
        • Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defence Company (Companhia de Defesa Nuclear, Biológica, Química e Radiológica - CiaDefNQBR)
      • Marine Amphibious Vehicles Battalion (Batalhão de Viaturas Anfíbias - BtlVtrAnf)
      • Landing Support Company (Companhia de Apoio ao Desembarque - CiaApDbq)
      • Naval Police Company (Companhia de Polícia - CiaPol)
      • Marine Logistics Battalion (Batalhão Logístico de Fuzileiros Navais - BtlLogFuzNav)
      • Naval Expeditionary Medical Unit (Unidade Médica Expedicionária da Marinha - UMEM)
      • Marine Base Isle of Flowers (Base de Fuzileiros Navais da Ilha das Flores - BFNIF)
    • Landing Forces Command (Comando da Tropa de Desembarque - CmdoTrDbq)
    • Rio Meriti Marine Base (Base de Fuzileiros Navais do Rio Meriti - BFNRM)

Naval Electronic Warfare Center (Centro de Guerra Eletrônica da Marinha - CGEM)

Naval Control Center for Maritime Traffic (Comando do Controle Naval do Tráfego Marítimo - COMCONTRAM)

Support Formations
General Secretariat

Office of the Secretariat General of the Navy (Secretaria-Geral da Marinha - SGM)

General Directorate for Material

General Directorate for Material (Diretoria-Geral do Material da Marinha - DGMM)

General Directorate for Personnel

General Directorate for Personnel (Diretoria-Geral do Pessoal da Marinha - DGPM)

General Directorate for Navigation

General Directorate for Navigation (Diretoria Geral de Navegação - DGN)

General Directorate for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Navy

General Directorate for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Navy (Diretoria-Geral de Desenvolvimento Nuclear e Tecnológico da Marinha - DGDNTM)

Marine Corps General Command

Marine Corps General Command (Comando-Geral do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais - CGCFN)[85] - the service support formation of the Brazilian Marines

  • Marine Materiel Command (Comando do Material de Fuzileiros Navais - CMatFN)
    • Naval Battalion Rio de Janeiro (Batalhão Naval - BtlNav) - includes honor guard and military band companies
      • Battalion HQ
      • Honor Guard Company
      • Military Police Company of the Naval Battalion (Companhia de Polícia do Batalhão Naval - CiaPolBtlNav) - the Brazilian Marines' Military Police, attached to the Naval Battalion
      • Central Band of the Marine Corps
      • Brazilian Marine Pipes, Drum and Bugle Corps
    • Marine Corps Technological Center (Centro Tecnológico do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais - CTecCFN)
  • Marine Corps Personnel Command (Comando do Pessoal de Fuzileiros Navais - CPesFN)
    • Marine Basic Training Center "Adm. Sylvio de Camargo" (Centro de Instrução Almirante Sylvio de Camargo - CIASC)
    • Marine Basic Training Center "Adm. Milcíades Portela Alves" (Centro de Instrução Almirante Milcíades Portela Alves - CIAMPA)
  • Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defence Battalion Itaguaí (Batalhão de Defesa Nuclear, Biológica, Química e Radiológica de Itaguaí - BtlDefNQBR-Itaguaí) - planned to provide NBCR protection on site to the Itaguaí Naval Base (Base Naval de Itaguaí),[86][87] (in construction as of 2018) the homeport of the Brazilian nuclear submarine force.[88]
  • Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defence Battalion ARAMAR (Batalhão de Defesa Nuclear, Química, Biologica e Radiológica de ARAMAR - BtlDefNQBR - ARAMAR) - provides NBCR protection on site to the ARAMAR Experimental Center (Centro Experimental Aramar), where the propulsion systems for Brazil's nuclear submarines are being developed and constructed.
  • Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defence Center of the Brazilian Navy (Centro de Defesa Nuclear, Biológica, Quiímica e Radiológica da MB - CDefNBQR-MB) - the Brazilian Navy's nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological defence center of excellence
  • Naval Sports Commission (Comissão de Desportos da Marinha - CDM)
  • Naval Physical Training Center "Adm. Adalberto Nunes" (Centro de Educação Física Almirante Adalberto Nunes - CEFAN)
  • Marine Doctrine Development Command (Comando do Desenvolvimento Doutrinário do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais - CDDCFN)
    • Ilha do Marambaia Marine Training Center (Centro de Adestramento da Ilha da Marambaia - CADIM)
A GRUMEC visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) team attached to the frigate Independência conducts a simulated boarding operation.

As of 2009, the main naval bases in use are:[89]

  • Rio de Janeiro:
    • "Base Naval Almirante Castro e Silva", submarine base
    • "Base Naval do Rio de Janeiro", main naval base
    • "Arsenal da Marinha do Rio de Janeiro", naval shipyard
    • "Base Aérea Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia", naval aviation base
    • "Base de Fuzileiros Navais da Ilha do Governador", marine corps base
    • "Base de Fuzileiros Navais da Ilha das Flores", marine corps base
    • "Base de Fuzileiros Navais do Rio Meriti", marine corps base
  • Bahia:
    • "Base Naval de Aratu", naval base and repair facility
  • Rio Grande do Norte:
    • "Base Naval de Natal", naval base
    • "Base Naval Almirante Ary Parreiras", naval base and repair facility
  • Pará:
    • "Base Naval de Val-de-Cães", naval base and repair facility
  • Mato Grosso do Sul:
    • "Base Fluvial de Ladário", riverine naval base, heliport and repair facility
  • Amazonas:
    • "Estação Naval do Rio Negro", riverine naval station and repair facility
  • Rio Grande do Sul:
    • "Estação Naval do Rio Grande", naval station
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See also

Notes
  1. A professional diplomat and the son of the famed Viscount of Rio Braco, the Baron of Rio Branco was named as Brazil's Foreign Minister in 1902 after a distinguished career as a diplomat, and served there until his death in 1912. In that time, he oversaw the signing of many treaties and mediated territorial disputes between Brazil and its neighbors, and became a famous name in his own right.[38]

References
  1. Comandante da Marinha confirma nova esquadra no Nordeste [Navy commander confirms new Northeastern fleet] (in Portuguese), Marinha do Brasil, 2009-01-26, archived from the original on 2011-05-24, retrieved 2009-02-01.
  2. "Oceanographic and Meteorological Data Buoys", Hydro International, archived from the original on 2009-05-17, retrieved 2009-06-10.
  3. de Holanda 1974, p. 260.
  4. Maia 1975, p. 53.
  5. Maia 1975, pp. 58–61.
  6. de Holanda 1974, p. 261.
  7. Maia 1975, pp. 54–57.
  8. de Holanda 1974, p. 272.
  9. Maia 1975, pp. 133–35.
  10. de Holanda 1974, p. 264.
  11. Maia 1975, p. 216.
  12. Maia 1975, pp. 205–6.
  13. Maia 1975, p. 210.
  14. Janotti 1986, pp. 207–8.
  15. de Holanda 1974, p. 265.
  16. Carvalho 1975, p. 181.
  17. de Holanda 1974, p. 266.
  18. Salles 2003, p. 38.
  19. Maia 1975, p. 219.
  20. Janotti 1986, p. 208.
  21. Schwarcz 2002, p. 305.
  22. Doratioto 2002, p. 23.
  23. Doratioto 2002, p. 466.
  24. Maia 1975, p. 225.
  25. Maia 1975, p. 221.
  26. Maia 1975, pp. 221, 227.
  27. Calmon 2002, p. 265.
  28. Calmon 1975, p. 1603.
  29. Janotti 1986, p. 66.
  30. Janotti 1986, p. 209.
  31. Janotti 1986. However, the question directly involved in the revolt was confined to the text of Brazilian Constitution of 1891 regarding the vacancy of the President.
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