Birr, County Offaly

Birr (/ˈbɜːr/; Irish: Biorra, meaning "plain of water") is a town in County Offaly, Ireland. Between 1620 and 1899 it was called Parsonstown, after the Parsons family who were local landowners and hereditary Earls of Rosse.[7] The town lies within a parish of the same name in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe.

"Parsonstown" redirects here. For other uses, see Parsonstown (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Ethiopian birr.

Birr

Biorra
Town
Emmet Square, Birr
Coat of arms
Birr
Location in Ireland
Coordinates: 53.0914°N 7.9133°W / 53.0914; -7.9133
CountryIreland
ProvinceLeinster
CountyCounty Offaly
Dáil ÉireannOffaly
Elevation
75 m (246 ft)
Population
 (2016)
5,741 [1]
 • Urban
4,370
 • Rural
1,371
Time zoneUTC±0 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (IST)
Eircode
R42
Telephone area code057
Irish Grid ReferenceN058045

Birr is a designated Irish Heritage Town with a carefully preserved Georgian heritage. Birr itself has graceful wide streets and elegant buildings. Many of the houses in John's Place and Oxmantown Mall have exquisite fanlight windows of the Georgian period.

The town is known for Birr Castle and its gardens, home of the Parsons family and also the Leviathan of Parsonstown which was the largest telescope in the world for over 70 years.

Access and transport

The town is situated at the meeting of the Camcor and Little Brosna rivers which flow on into the River Shannon near Victoria Lock.[8]

Birr railway station opened on 8 March 1858, but finally closed on 1 January 1963.[9]

The Ormond Flying Club has been in operation at Birr Airfield for over 30 years.[10] The area has been linked with aviation for some time – as a British Army airstrip was previously near the current field.

Birr lies on the N52 and N62 national secondary roads. The routes are combined as they pass through Birr. The R439, R440 and R489 regional roads also terminate in the town.

Bus Éireann provide public transport services to the town. The Athlone to Limerick service regularly passes through the town daily. Kearns privately owned bus service provides a number of direct bus services to Dublin from Birr.

History
Main Street

Ancient history

A monastery was founded here by St Brendan of Birr. It produced the MacRegol Gospels,[11] named after the abbot at the turn of the 8th/9th century and now to be seen in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Synod of Birr, held in 697, was the occasion on which the Cáin Adomnáin, or law of innocents, was pronounced.

In Gaelic Ireland, Birr was located in the O'Carroll territory of Éile. This petty kingdom (Irish: Tuatha) formed an area that now forms the south of County Offaly and the north-east of County Tipperary. The tuatha was subject to the overkingdom (Irish: Rí ruirech) of Munster and formed a border with the Kingdom of Meath to the east. The boundary between Ely O'Carroll and the ancient Meath is co-terminous with the present boundary between the Diocese of Killaloe and the Diocese of Meath. The O'Carroll family had a castle located at the present site of Birr Castle. Following the Plantations of Ireland, Birr was located in the Barony of Ballybritt following the formation of King's County (now County Offaly) in 1556.

The town itself is an old market and former garrison town dating to the 1620s.

Crotty Schism

The town was also the location of the Crotty Schism, one of the few schisms to affect the Catholic Church in Ireland in the 19th century. The ruins of a church on Castle Street was the result of the Crotty Schism however it is now in a derelict condition after it fell into disuse following the end of the schism. The church is known locally as Crotty's Church. In recent years it has become a hub for social dancing.

Crinkill barracks

Crinkill Barracks became the depot of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) from 1881. The barracks at Birr was burned down in 1922 during the Irish Civil War and the outer perimeter wall is all that remains.

Annalistic references

See Annals of Inisfallen.

  • AI664.1 Kl. Death of Cúcen Máthair, and of Diarmait, son of Aed Slaine. [AU 665]. Fighting in Birra.
  • AI822.1 Kl. Mac Riaguil, abbot of Birra, rested.

Features

Georgian Birr
Georgian Birr – Oxmantown Mall

Birr is a designated Irish Heritage Town due to the preservation and wealth of Georgian architecture in the town.[12] The earliest Georgian style buildings dating from 1740s are located in Emmet Square and Emmet street (then known as Cumberland Square and Cumberland Street).[13] The column in the centre of the square dates from 1747 and was built to carry the statue of the Duke of Cumberland, known as the Bloody Duke and the victor of the Battle of Culloden. The statue was removed in 1915 as it was in danger of collapse. The Oxmantown Mall was laid out in the early 19th century and was designed as a promenade leading from Birr Castle gates to the Church of Ireland. The mall is tree lined on one side with the Georgian houses on the other.[13] John's Mall was also built during this time also with fine Georgian buildings.[13] The area is also known as the chains due to the sturdy chain railings enclosing the central plots in the centre of the Mall. Birr Town Council meets here in a building known as John's Hall built in the style of a Greek Temple.[13]

Cumberland Square (now Emmet Square) c.1880-1900. The statue was removed from the pillar in 1915

The Seffin Stone is said to mark the centre of Ireland.[13] Mentioned by Geraldus Cambrensis, who referred to it as Umbilicus Hiberniae, the indentations on the stone are as old as megalithic sites, such as Newgrange. Myths claim that the indentations are from the hand of Finn MacCool, hence the origin of the name as Suigh Finn (pronounced "See-Finn"), the Seat of Finn. It is located to the left of the gates to St John's Hall, on John's Mall, close to Emmet Square.

In Emmet Square stands Dooly's Hotel: one of the oldest coaching inns in Ireland, dating from 1747. The name of Galway Blazers was given to the Galway Hunt after a celebration held in the hotel in 1809 resulted in the premises being set on fire. Film director John Huston was latterly a member of the Galway Blazers. Australian soprano Dame Nellie Melba famously sang to crowds gathered below in the Square, from her hotel room above in Dooly's Hotel. The nightclub attached to the hotel is named "Melba's" to mark the occasion.

Ecclesiastical architecture

On the Wilmer road, near the County Arms Hotel is a Gothic-style Catholic church built. St. Brendan's Church of Ireland was also built in Gothic style in 1815 and is located in the Oxmantown Mall. A smaller Methodist Church known as Wesley Chapel was built in 1820 on Emmett Street to accommodate a growing Methodist congregation following the preaching of John Wesley in the late 18th century in Birr.

The Sisters of Mercy convent on Wilmer road beside the Catholic church is also a gothic styled building. Most of the convent was converted by Offaly County Council to civic offices and a public library.

Birr Castle
The castle.

Birr Castle is the oldest inhabited home in the county. In the 16th century the O'Carrolls of Éile had one of their castles here and this was granted to a Sir Laurence Parsons in the course of the Stuart plantation, c. 1620. Sir Laurence Parsons built most of the structure of the present castle. The castle was twice besieged in the 17th century and one of the towers still shows the scars of the artillery of Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, who tried unsuccessfully to take it. The castle remains the seat of the Earls of Rosse and is home to the current peer, Brendan, 7th Earl of Rosse, at present. As a family home, the Castle is only open to the public on special occasions. The surrounding demesne, however, is open to tourists every day of the year, and the gardens contain many fine trees and shrubs set in a landscaped park with waterfalls, river and lake.

In 1960, renowned photographer Antony, 1st Earl of Snowdon, took his new bride, Princess Margaret, to meet his mother, Anne, who was resident in Birr Castle. Anne, Countess of Rosse, was the wife of the 6th Earl.

Birr Telescope – The 'Leviathan of Parsonstown'
Telescope and support structure

A main feature on the grounds of the castle is the great Leviathan of Parsonstown, an astronomical telescope with a 72-inch metal mirror erected by The 3rd Earl of Rosse, which was, until 1917, the largest telescope in the world.[14] The spiral structure of nebulae was discovered through this telescope. It featured in the PBS (USA) documentary, 'Telescope – Hunting the Edge of Space Part 1: The Mystery of the Milky Way' (2011). Astronomy broadcaster Sir Patrick Moore wrote The Astronomy of Birr Castle (1971), a history of the telescope and the significance of the work carried out here.

Workhouse

The workhouse, located in Syngefield, on Newbridge Street, opened in 1842[15] before the Great Famine. The building is now mainly derelict. It is not yet open to the public.

Firsts

On 31 August 1869, the first road fatality recorded in history occurred in Birr, when local born scientist Mary Ward, a cousin of The 3rd Earl of Rosse, fell from a steam-powered car on a bend. The vehicle traversed her, causing fatal injuries.

A descendant of the O'Carrolls, Charles Carroll was the first and only Catholic to sign the United States Declaration of Independence and, also, the only signatory to give his address. To distinguish himself from his father, Charles Carroll of Annapolis, he signed in full as "Charles Carroll of Carrollton". The first US Senator for Maryland, he is mentioned in the state song and a former home forms part of Johns Hopkins University.

Local government
John's Hall, John's Mall, Seat of Birr Town Council
Birr Court House

In local government, Birr is a municipal district within Offaly County Council. The district itself covers the entire west & south of Offaly. It was formed following a merger of the Ferbane electoral area and Birr Town Council in 2014. The district returns 6 elected representatives to Offaly County Hall in Tullamore. Prior to 2014 the town had its own urban council, Birr Town Council with its own elected representatives. The councils jurisdiction was only to the Birr urban area. It was formerly known as Birr Urban District Council prior to 2002. Originally council met at John's Hall, a distinctive Greek Temple style building located in John's Mall. In the mid 2000s the council moved to the Civic Offices on Wilmer Road. Birr Municipal District meetings will continue to be held there though it will not have the same powers as the Town Council.

Birr Court House

Birr Court House, built c1830, is a detached five-bay two-storey castellated court house located on Townsend St, Birr. Over the years the building has served as a prison, court and county council offices. The courthouse has since closed down and now lies empty.[16]

Services and amenities

Birr is the principal market town of South Offaly and also for parts of north east Tipperary. The main street is lined with a wide variety of shops to cater for all needs. Within the town there are a number of educational facilities including 3 primary schools: St Brendan's Boys school, Mercy Primary School & the Model Primary School (Church of Ireland). There is one secondary school, St. Brendan's Community School. Hotels include the County Arms and Dooly's Hotel. The newspaper The Midland Tribune'covering South Offaly and North Tipperary has its office in the town.

Sport

Hurling

Birr's hurling team, Birr GAA, has won All-Ireland championship four times. Many of Birr's hurlers, including Brian Whelahan, learned their craft at St. Brendan's Community School.

The first ever All-Ireland hurling final was played in Hoare's field (currently the location of a Tesco store) in Birr on Easter Sunday, 1 April 1888, between Tipperary and Galway. The match was won by Tipperary on a score line of 1 goal, 1 point and 1 forfeit point to Galway's no score. A forfeit point was given against a player carrying the sliotar over his own goal line. The remarkably low score, albeit under different rules to the modern game, is recorded as the lowest score ever in a hurling match in the Guinness Book of Records.

Rugby

Founded in 1887, Birr RFC is one of the oldest rugby football clubs in Ireland. The club has lapsed on several occasions, particularly during the two world wars and again in the mid-1950s. It was reformed in 1963 and has been in continuous existence since.[17]

Golf

Birr Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course which was founded in 1893. The club claims to be one of the oldest in Ireland. The course was founded originally at Barrone Court, moving to its present location at the Glenns, north of Birr, in 1909.[18]

Events and festivals
Birr Theatre and Arts Centre

The annual Birr Vintage Week and Arts Festival takes place in the town in August. The festival includes a variety of events over the week long period including a vintage parade, markets, music and theatre. The Irish Game and Country Fair also takes place in August, at Birr Castle, and includes a number of educational and entertainment activities. The Irish Hot Air Balloon Festival also takes place in the grounds at Birr Castle, in September.

Birr Theatre and Arts Centre, located in the Oxmantown Mall, is a local cultural and social amenity for the arts, dance, film music and theatre. The theatre has a 220 seating capacity.[19] The building dates from January 1889 and is a Victorian period style structure within the surrounds of the tree lined Oxmantown Mall.[20] Musicians and performers to have played at the theatre include Luka Bloom, Mundy, Jack L, Don Baker, Johnny Carroll, Frances Black, Ronnie Drew, comedians Pat Shortt, Kevin McAlleer, The Drawing Room Opera Company, Co-Opera, Lamberts Puppet Theatre, Ballet Ireland and many local and national Theatre groups. Birr Stage Guild also stage plays in the theatre.[21]

St Brendan's Church of Ireland

People

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[22]

Climate data for Birr (1979–2008, extremes 1881–2009)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 23.7
(74.7)		 25.7
(78.3)		 31.2
(88.2)		 30.8
(87.4)		 29.4
(84.9)		 26.6
(79.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 17.9
(64.2)		 15.6
(60.1)		 31.2
(88.2)
Average high °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 8.6
(47.5)		 10.3
(50.5)		 12.6
(54.7)		 15.5
(59.9)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.6
(67.3)		 19.3
(66.7)		 17.1
(62.8)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.4
(50.7)		 8.6
(47.5)		 13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)		 5.3
(41.5)		 6.8
(44.2)		 8.4
(47.1)		 11.0
(51.8)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.6
(60.1)		 15.3
(59.5)		 13.2
(55.8)		 10.1
(50.2)		 7.2
(45.0)		 5.6
(42.1)		 9.8
(49.6)
Average low °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)		 2.0
(35.6)		 3.3
(37.9)		 4.3
(39.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 9.5
(49.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.3
(48.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.7
(36.9)		 6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9)		 −12.9
(8.8)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 2.7
(36.9)		 1.2
(34.2)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 −7.8
(18.0)		 −9.4
(15.1)		 −12.3
(9.9)		 −15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 78.8
(3.10)		 58.6
(2.31)		 67.4
(2.65)		 55.0
(2.17)		 59.5
(2.34)		 66.5
(2.62)		 59.4
(2.34)		 81.6
(3.21)		 66.4
(2.61)		 94.2
(3.71)		 74.7
(2.94)		 83.8
(3.30)		 845.7
(33.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 19 15 19 15 16 16 16 18 17 19 18 18 206
Average snowy days 3.5 2.6 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 11.7
Average relative humidity (%) 82.4 75.6 71.6 65.1 64.7 66.2 67.5 68.5 70.3 76.1 81.1 84.5 72.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.5 62.2 89.9 135.0 158.1 129.0 120.9 124.0 105.0 89.9 57.0 43.4 1,160.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 1.5 2.2 2.9 4.5 5.1 4.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 2.9 1.9 1.4 3.2
Source: Met Éireann[23][24][25]
gollark: My school is decently good, but the system it backs is FAIRLY not good.
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See also

References
  1. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=ADCBE8E7-98FF-4B49-9739-CA9E735F32A3
  2. Census for post 1821 figures.. Cso.ie.
  3. http://www.histpop.org Archived 7 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  4. NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) 2013 Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk (27 September 2010).
  5. Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  6. Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850". The Economic History Review. Volume. 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x. hdl:10197/1406. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.
  7. "Registration Districts of Ireland" (PDF). genealogyresearch.org.uk. p. 31. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  8. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "Birr station" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  10. "Ormand Flying Club". Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  11. The Gospel Book of Macregol of Birr. Birrhistsoc.com (3 September 2006).
  12. Birr, Offaly, Ireland – Heritage Town. Heritagetowns.com.
  13. Birr History Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Birrhistsoc.com.
  14. Greenslade Jr., Thomas B. "The Earl of Rosse's Leviathan Telescope". Kenyon College. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
  15. Birr Workhouse. Birrhistsoc.com (7 September 2013).
  16. "The Birr Courthouse: From Cooke to Courts Service 1803-2013, Part 1". offalyhistoryblog. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  17. "www.pitchero.com". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  18. https://top100golfcourses.com/golf-course/birr
  19. "Birr Theatre and Arts Centre - Technical". birrtheatre.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013.
  20. "Birr Theatre and Arts Centre - History". birrtheatre.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012.
  21. "Birr Stage Guild". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  22. Climate Summary for Birr. Weatherbase.com.
  23. "Birr 1979–2008 averages". Met Éireann. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  24. "Absolute Maximum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  25. "Absolute Minimum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
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