County Clare

County Clare (Irish: Contae an Chláir) is a county in Ireland, in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster, bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Clare County Council is the local authority. The county had a population of 118,817 at the 2016 census.[2] The county town and largest settlement is Ennis.

For other uses, see County Clare (disambiguation).

County Clare

Contae an Chláir
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The Banner County
Motto(s): 
Dílis d'ar nOidreacht  (Irish)
"True to our heritage"
CountryIreland
ProvinceMunster
Dáil ÉireannClare
EU ParliamentSouth
Established1565[1]
County townEnnis
Government
 • TypeCounty Council
Area
 • Total3,450 km2 (1,330 sq mi)
Area rank7th
Highest elevation532 m (1,745 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2]
118,817
 • Rank19th
Time zoneUTC±0 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (IST)
Eircode routing keys
H62, H91, V14, V15, V94, V95
Telephone area codes061, 065 (primarily)
Vehicle index
mark code		CE
Websitewww.clarecoco.ie

Geography and political subdivisions

Clare is north-west of the River Shannon covering a total area of 3,400 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi). Clare is the 7th largest of Ireland's 32 traditional counties in area and the 19th largest in terms of population. It is bordered by two counties in Munster and one county in Connacht: County Limerick to the south, County Tipperary to the east and County Galway to the north. Clare's nickname is the Banner County.[3]

Baronies, parishes and townlands
Baronies of Clare

The county is divided into the baronies of Bunratty Lower, Bunratty Upper, Burren, Clonderalaw, Corcomroe, Ibrickan, Inchiquin, Islands, Moyarta, Tulla Lower and Tulla Upper. These in turn are divided into civil parishes, which are divided into townlands. These divisions are cadastral, defining land boundaries and ownership, rather than administrative.

Towns and villages

Physical geography
The Cliffs of Moher

Bodies of water define much of the physical boundaries of Clare. To the south-east is the River Shannon, Ireland's longest river, and to the south is the Shannon Estuary. The border to the north-east is defined by Lough Derg which is the third largest lake on Ireland. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is Galway Bay.

County Clare contains The Burren, a unique karst region, which contains rare flowers and fauna. At the western edge of The Burren, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are the Cliffs of Moher. The highest point in County Clare is Moylussa, 532 m (1,745 ft), in the Slieve Bernagh[4] range in the east of the county.

The following islands lie off the coast of the county:

Climate
Climate data for County Clare
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 8.5
(47.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.7
(54.9)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.3
(66.7)		 19.1
(66.4)		 17.1
(62.8)		 14.1
(57.4)		 10.4
(50.7)		 8.9
(48.0)		 13.5
(56.3)
Average low °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)		 2.7
(36.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 4.8
(40.6)		 7.3
(45.1)		 10
(50)		 12
(54)		 11.7
(53.1)		 10.1
(50.2)		 7.9
(46.2)		 4.5
(40.1)		 3.6
(38.5)		 6.7
(44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 99
(3.9)		 74
(2.9)		 69
(2.7)		 58
(2.3)		 61
(2.4)		 66
(2.6)		 74
(2.9)		 89
(3.5)		 84
(3.3)		 97
(3.8)		 97
(3.8)		 110
(4.2)		 990
(38.8)
Source: Clare Tour[5]

History
Poulnabrone dolmen in The Burren.

County Clare hosts the oldest known evidence of human activity in Ireland. The patella of a bear, which was subject to butchering close to the time of death, was found in the Alice and Gwendoline Cave, near Edenvale House, Clarecastle. The bone features a number of linear-cut marks, and has been dated to circa 10,500 BC, from the Paleolithic era. This discovery, publicized in 2017, pushed back Ireland's occupation by 2,500 years - what was previously regarded as the oldest site of occupation was the Mesolithic site of Mount Sandel, County Londonderry. This bear bone was discovered in 1903 during an archaeological excavation but was not studied until over a century later.[6]

There was a Neolithic civilization in the Clare area — the name of the peoples is unknown, but the Prehistoric peoples left evidence behind in the form of ancient dolmen: single-chamber megalithic tombs, usually consisting of three or more upright stones. Clare is one of the richest places in Ireland for these tombs. The most noted one is in The Burren area; it is known as Poulnabrone dolmen, which translates to "hole of sorrows".[7] The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC.[7]

Ptolemy created a map of Ireland in his Geographia with information dating from 100 AD; it is the oldest written account of the island that includes geographical features.[8] Within his map, Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided; in the area of Clare, he identified a tribe known as the Gangani.[9] Historians have found the tribes on the west of Ireland the most difficult to identify with known peoples; however, historians William Camden and Charles O'Conor speculated a possible connection between the Gangani and the Concani,[10][11][12] one of the eleven tribes in the confederacy of the Cantabri in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.[13]

The Tau Cross at Roughan Hill near Corofin, County Clare, Ireland

During the Early Middle Ages, the area was part of the Kingdom of Connacht ruled by the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne. In the mid-10th century, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Munster to be settled by the Dalcassians. It was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster. Brian Boru became a leader from here during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland.

From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, ruled by the O'Brien Clan. After the Norman invasion of Ireland, Thomas de Clare established a short-lived Norman lordship of Thomond, extinguished at the Battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318 during Edward Bruce's invasion.

There are two main hypotheses for the origins of the county name "Clare". One is that the name is derived from Thomas de Clare[14] who was deeply embroiled in local politics and fighting in the 1270s and 1280s. An alternative hypothesis is that the county name Clare comes from the settlement of Clare (now Clarecastle), whose Irish name Clár (plank bridge) refers to a crossing over the River Fergus.[15][16][17]

English colonization
1794 map of Ireland, with County Clare coloured as neither part of Connacht nor Munster.

In 1543, during the Tudor conquest of Ireland, Murrough O'Brien, by surrender and regrant to Henry VIII, became Earl of Thomond within Henry's Kingdom of Ireland. Henry Sidney as Lord Deputy of Ireland responded to the Desmond Rebellion by creating the presidency of Connaught in 1569 and presidency of Munster in 1570. He transferred Thomond from Munster to Connaught, which he shired, Thomond becoming County Clare.

About 1600, Clare was removed from the presidency of Connaught and made a presidency in its own right under the Earl of Thomond. When Henry O'Brien, 5th Earl of Thomond died in 1639, Lord Deputy Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford decreed Clare should return to the presidency of Munster, but the Wars of the Three Kingdoms delayed this until the Restoration of 1660.[18]

Clare's county nickname is the Banner County, for which various origins have been suggested: the banners captured by Clare's Dragoons at the Battle of Ramillies; or the banner of "Catholic emancipation" raised by Daniel O'Connell's victory in an 1828 by-election for County Clare that led to Parliament passing the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829.[19]

Scattery Island, in the Mouth of the Shannon off the Clare coast, was transferred to Limerick Corporation and the county of the city of Limerick after the dissolution of the monasteries in the mid-16th century. It was assigned to County Clare after the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, part of the judicial county of Galway (Drummaan, Inishcaltra North and Mountshannon electoral divisions) was transferred to county Clare. This area contains the village of Mountshannon on the north-western shore of Lough Derg.

Local government and Dáil Éireann representation
See also: Clare (Dáil constituency) and Clare County Council

The county seat is at Ennis, which also serves as a major regional hub for County Clare. Among its emergency services, it contains the Ennis Hospital, the HQ of the Clare Divisional Garda, the Clare Fire Brigade and Civil Defence.

Since independence in 1921, Clare is represented by its own parliamentary constituency in Dáil Éireann, the powerful lower house of the Irish parliament, known as Oireachtas. Clare is currently served by four Teachtaí Dála, representatives referred to as TDs. Briefly a small area of Clare was in the Clare–Galway South constituency during the 1970s before its abolition.

The second tier of local governance is represented by the town councils—Clare has four in the form of Ennis, Kilrush, Kilkee and Shannon.

The constituency has historically been a Fianna Fáil stronghold. However Fianna Fáil lost its overall majority on the council in 2004.[20] As of the 2009 local elections, Fine Gael is the largest party, controlling 12 seats.[21] It won 40% of the vote in the Clare constituency in the 2011 Irish general election.

Prominent historic TDs for Clare include Éamon de Valera, who became Taoiseach and President, former president Patrick Hillery, and former Cabinet Minister Brendan Daly.

Demography

The population of Clare was 118,817 people at the 2016 census.[2] The main urban areas are Ennis with a population of 25,276 and Shannon with 9,729.

The demographic profile for Clare in general is fairly young: 22% are under age 14, while 12% are over 65, compared to the national average of 20% and 11%, respectively.[23] There is a slightly higher percentage of males with 50.5%, while females number 49.5%.[24]

English is the main language spoken in Clare. The vast majority of the population are Irish people, accounting for 86%. Most immigrants are Europeans, totalling an additional 7,520; there is also a small African minority of 1,124 people, while other ethnic groups are very small in number.[25]

In addition, Clare had a large diaspora due to vast emigration during the 19th century. There are millions of people around the world who can trace their family background to Clare; such descendants are found mostly in North America, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa, Argentina and New Zealand.[26] Many people from the Irish diaspora visit the Clare area to trace their family roots and background.[26]

Most of the names in Clare are derived from sept members of the Dalcassian race of Gaels. Some of the most common examples are O'Brien, O'Dea, McMahon, McInerney, McNamara, McGarry, Moloney, O'Grady, Hogan, Considine, Griffey/Griffin and Lynch.[26][27] Names of assimilated Norman origin include Burke, Dalton, and Comyn.[28]

Religion
Corcomroe Abbey

The great majority of the population follow Christianity; at least 92% of the people in the area polled as part of the Ireland Census 2006 identified as Christians.[29] There are numerous abbeys and priories in Clare. Some of the ruins of such structures, such as Scattery Island, Bishop's Island, and Drumcliff monasteries, are ancient, dating to the 6th century when Christianity was first introduced to Ireland. The former was founded by Saint Senan, who was born locally near Kilrush in 488 and is counted amongst the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.[30]

Numerous other saints came from Clare, such as Flannan, Mochulleus, Moula, Caimin, Maccreiche, Munchin and more.[31] In the present day, the Catholic Church still commands a large majority, with 88% of the populace declaring themselves as followers of the religion. This percentage is slightly higher than the national average.[29]

Killaloe Diocese

Most of Clare falls under the Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, which is part of the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.[32] The Bishop of Killaloe is seated at the St Peter and Paul Cathedral in Ennis. A small portion of the north-western part of Clare falls under the Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora.[33]

As part of the local council's architectural conservation project, around eighty Christian churches have been designated as protected structures. Among the more notable structures are the ruins of Corcomroe Abbey, Quin Abbey, and Dysert O Dea Monastery.[34]

The largest religious minority is the Church of Ireland, which is part of the Anglican Communion. It has just under 2000 adherents[29] in Clare. The county is part of the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe, one of the three cathedrals of the diocese being St Flannan's Cathedral in Killaloe.[35] Other religious communities in Clare are very small in comparison. A minority declare no religion.[29]

Places of interest

Places of interest include:

Gaeltacht

West Clare and some pockets in East Clare were recognised as part of the Gaeltacht, or Irish-speaking area, by the Irish Free State government in the original Coimisiún na Gaeltachta in 1926. The most prominent of these areas with native Irish language speakers were west of Ennis in Kilmihil, Kilrush, Doonbeg, Doolin, Ennistimon, Carrigaholt, Lisdoonvarna and Ballyvaughan. However, by the time of the second Coimisiún na Gaeltachta in 1956, the decline in the number of Gaelic speakers had been such that West Clare was removed from the list. It remained covered by the Gaeltacht (Housing) Acts until 2001.

Close geographic proximity to the Aran Islands (which were once part of Thomond) and local trade with fishermen from there meant that the language was used by residents of Fanore, Murroogh, Doolin and Quilty more than in other places. The last native Clare Irish speaker, the seanchaí Paddy Pháraic Mhíchíl Ó Sionáin (Shannon) of Fisherstreet, Doolin, died in the early 1990s.

In the early 21st century, the pressure group Coiste Forbartha Gaeltachta Chontae an Chláir has sought to restore the official status of West Clare as a Gaeltacht area.[36][37] They are encouraging immersion classes to revive use of the language.

Music
See also: List of traditional musicians from County Clare

County Clare has a strong history of Traditional music. It is the home of the Kilfenora Céilí Band, the Tulla Céilí Band, Stockton's Wing, Sharon Shannon, Noel Hill, Peadar O'Loughlin, Martin Hayes and legendary tin-whistler Micho Russell. Ennis in County Clare is also the birthplace of Grammy-nominated songstress Maura O'Connell whose grandmother started a fish market in the town. The county has many traditional music festivals and one of the most well known is the Willie Clancy Summer School, which is held every July in the town of Milltown Malbay in memory of the renowned uilleann piper, Willie Clancy.

Andy Irvine has written two songs celebrating County Clare: one is "West Coast of Clare" (recorded with Planxty in 1973), in which he mentions Spanish Point and Milltown Malbay. The other is "My Heart's Tonight In Ireland" (recorded on his solo album Rain on the Roof in 1996, and again on Changing Trains in 2005), in which he mentions several towns and villages in County Clare: Milltown Malbay, Scariff, Kilrush, Sixmilebridge, Kilkishen, Lahinch, Ennistymon, Liscannor and Kilkee, and also makes two references to the music of Willie Clancy:

In the town of Scarriff the sun was shining in the sky
When Willie Clancy played his pipes and the tears welled in my eyes
Many years have passed and gone since the time we had there
But my heart's tonight in Ireland in the sweet County Clare.
...
Lahinch and Ennistymon, Liscannor and Kilkee
But best of all was Milltown when the music flowed so free
Willie Clancy and the County Clare I'm ever in your debt
For the sights and sounds of yesterday are shining memories yet.

Milltown Malbay is home to Oidhreacht an Chlair, an institute for higher education in all aspects of Irish tradition, history and literature.[38]

Sport

The Clare hurling team has one of the best records of success in the country in recent years with many cups such as the Liam MacCarthy Cup having been won in 1914, 1995, 1997 and 2013 and also finalists in 2002. Clare won the Munster Final in football in 1992 beating Kerry. There is a strong Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) presence in County Clare with the founder of the GAA, Michael Cusack, having been born in Carron which is situated in the heart of The Burren in North Clare. Irish rugby internationals from Clare include Keith Wood, Anthony Foley & Marcus Horan.

Transport
View from aircraft as it comes down to land at Shannon Airport
Bunratty Castle

Clare is served by two national primary roads—a classification referring to the major routes between major urban centres in Ireland.[39] This includes the N18 connecting Limerick to Galway, which passes through Ennis and by route of the N19—Shannon.[39] These two roads are part of the wider Western and Southern Corridor connecting many of the major settlements right across the island in these areas. There are also some significant national secondary roads—across the coast, stretching from Ballyvaughan, through Ennistymon and Kilkee, before arriving at Kilrush is the N67.[39] In addition to this the N68 connects Kilrush to Ennis, while Ennis is connected to Ennistymon via the N85.[39]

Mainland public transport is mostly limited to buses ran by Irish Government owned company Bus Éireann; there are around 25 buses running frequent routes which pass through the majority of large settlements in Clare.[40] Clare Bus, runs a limited number of "accessible buslines".[41] The Ennis railway station operated by government owned Iarnród Éireann is the most significant railway station in Clare today; it was opened on 2 July 1859.[42] By route of Limerick the trains run from Ennis to Dublin and it generally takes 3 hours to complete the journey.[43][44] There was previously a far more extensive local railway network in Clare, laid while part of the United Kingdom, the West Clare Railway was in existence from its opening in 1887 by Charles Stewart Parnell until 1961 covering much of the county.[45] It was quite inefficient however, leading Percy French to write the song Are Ye Right There Michael? about his experience. Much of it was dug up and dismantled by the Irish government from the 1950s—1970s after being deemed uneconomic, however there remains local advocacy groups who wish to conserve and restore parts of it.[46]

The third busiest airport in Ireland is located in Clare with the Shannon Airport, which officially opened in 1945.[47] Along with Dublin Airport and Cork Airport it is one of the three primary airports in the country, handling 3.62 million passengers in 2007. Shannon was the first airport in Ireland to receive transatlantic flights.[47] Ryanair is the main airline handling flights with Great Britain and Continental European countries such as Spain, France, and Germany as the primary destinations.[48] Much traffic from the United States is received, which Aer Lingus mostly handles; it is sometimes used as a military stopover which has caused some controversy in the country,[49] but nonetheless has generated significant revenue for the airport.[50] There are some local ferry services as much of the county is surrounded by water; there is one from Killimer to Tarbert Island in Kerry[51] and also from Doolin to the Aran Islands of Inisheer and Inishmore.[52]

Ralph McTell wrote the song "From Clare to Here", based on a conversation with a native of the county. It was released on his 1976 album Right Side Up.

People
gollark: That is 1000 grammar.
gollark: You should just make wall is you.
gollark: Can you make it so that *wall* is you instead?
gollark: We can't really decide on Christmas gifts, so we just buy about £10 of games on Steam for each other, when they're on sale.
gollark: Well, instead of it and the various other "vaguely interested in" ones on my wishlist.

See also

Notes
  1. "County Clare - An Introduction". www.clarelibrary.ie.
  2. "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: County Clare". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  3. "Clare, The Banner County - World Cultures European". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  4. NB: not related to the Slieve Bearnagh mountain in County Down.
  5. "Climate". Clare-Tour.com. 25 December 2008.
  6. "Bear bone discovery pushes back date of human existence in Ireland by 2,500 years". Independent.ie.
  7. "Neolithic Sites in Ireland". MyGuideIreland.com. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  8. "Ptolemy's map of Ireland: a modern decoding". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. "The Arrival of the Celts". WesleyJohnston.com. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  10. O'Laughlin, The Families of County Clare, Ireland, 7.
  11. "Before there were Counties". RootsWeb.com. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  12. Four Masters, "The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan., 393.
  13. Anthon, A Classical Dictionary, 368.
  14. "Lorna Moloney. From Gaelic lordship to English shire - SoundCloud." 14 Sep. 2016, https://soundcloud.com/history-hub/lorna-moloney-gaelic-lordship-to-english-shire-macnamaras-of-clare. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.
  15. Briggs, Keith (2009). "Clare, Clere, and Clères" (PDF). Journal of the English Place-name Society (41): 14.
  16. "Origin of the name "Clare"". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  17. "Thom's Directory, 1931". From-ireland.net. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  18. Falkiner, Caesar Litton (1902). "The Counties of Ireland: An Historical Sketch of Their Origin, Constitution, and Gradual Delimitation (1902-1904)". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C. 24: 184–5. JSTOR 25502712.
  19. Spellissy, Sean (1 January 2003). A History of County Clare. Gill & Macmillan. p. 39. ISBN 9780717134601.
  20. Mark Hennessy and Michael O'Regan (15 June 2004). "'A very bad performance' -Ahern". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  21. "2009 Local Elections - Electoral Area Details". Elections Ireland. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  22. for post 1821 figures, 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy 14 March 1865, For a discussion on the accuracy of pre-famine census returns, see JJ Lee "On the accuracy of the pre-famine Irish censuses", in Irish Population, Economy and Society, edited by JM Goldstrom and LA Clarkson (1981) p54, in and also "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850" by Joel Mokyr and Cormac Ó Gráda, in The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov. 1984), pp. 473-488.
  23. "Persons, males and females in each Province, County and City classified by age group, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  24. "Population of each Province, County and City, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  25. "Persons, males and females usually resident in each Province and County, and present in the State on Census Night, classified by ethnic or cultural background, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  26. "Clare Diaspora". Clare Heritage & Genealogical Research Centre. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  27. "Dál gCais or The Dalcassians of Thomond". DalcassianSeptembercom. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  28. "Norman and Cambro-Norman Surnames of Ireland". Family-Crests.com. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  29. "Census 2006 - Volume 13 - Religion". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  30. Gratton-Flood, W.H. (1 March 1907). "The Twelve Apostles of Erin". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. I. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
  31. "County Clare Folk-Tales and Myths: Early Christian Period". ClareLibrary.ie. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  32. "History of the Killaloe Diocese". KillaloeDiocese.ie. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  33. "Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora". GalwayDiocese.ie. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  34. "Record of Protected Structures in Co. Clare - Churches". County Clare Council. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  35. "St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe". Cathedral.Killaloe.Anglican.org. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  36. "Public Meeting on Clare Gaeltacht revival". Gaelport. 26 January 2015.
  37. "The Clare Gaeltacht: 'Where we have come from and where we are going'". Gaelport. 26 January 2015.
  38. "Oidhreacht an Chláir Teo". Oac.ie. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  39. "National Route: Lengths as of 2007" (PDF). National Roads Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  40. "Bus services for County Clare Council". CarlBerry.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  41. "Home page for Clare Bus". www.clarebus.ie.
  42. "Ennis station" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  43. "Details of train travel between Dublin and Ennis". CarlBerry.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  44. "Your Journey - Timetables". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  45. "A Short History Of The West Clare Railway". WestClareRailway.ie. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  46. "The West Clare Railway Co". WestClareRailway.ie. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  47. "Shannon Airport Facts & Figures". CARHIRE.ie. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  48. "Flights from Shannon Airport". FlightMapping.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  49. "Peaceful protest at Shannon airport draws 1,700 people". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  50. "Almost 200,000 troops use Shannon". Irish Times. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  51. "Killimer Tarbert Car Ferry". DiscoverIreland.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  52. "Doolin Ferry Timetable". DoolinFerry.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.

References

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