Béarlachas

Béarlachas (Irish pronunciation: [ˈbʲeːɾˠlˠəxəsˠ]) is Irish for "anglicism", or words and phrases used in Irish that are influenced by or stem from the English language. The term comes from Béarla, the Irish word for the English language, and refers to both simple anglicisms and interlanguage forms. It is a result of bilingualism within a society where there is a dominant, superstrate language (in this case, English) and a minority substrate language with few or no monolingual speakers and a perceived "lesser" status (in this case, Irish).

Types

Béarlachas exists in many forms, from the direct translation of English phrases to the common form of creating verbal nouns from English words by adding the suffix -áil (this is also used to form verbs from native roots, such as trasnáil, "cross over", from trasna "across", tuigeáil (Connacht, Ulster) "understanding" (Munster tuiscint), from tuig "understand", and so on).[1] Táim ag runáil go dtí an siopa ("I'm running towards the shop") is an example of Béarlachas as "runáil" is a verb created from the English word "run" with the Irish suffix -áil attached; the traditional Irish for this would be Táim ag rith go dtí an siopa.

Calquing also occurs: an English phrase is literally translated into Irish, even though an equivalent Irish phrase already exists. An example of this is "Moilligh síos" ("slow down" – moill "delay" + síos "downwards", calqued from English), instead of the more traditional Maolaigh ar do luas ("reduce your velocity"), or simply Maolaigh! ("Slow down!").

Old borrowings

Many words that are commonly thought by "purists" to be béarlachas have been a part of the Irish language for a long time, and have become "nativised". True béarlachas is where the word or phrase is known to be English and is not felt to be native to the Irish language, just as in the English language certain French or Latin words and phrases are used with the speaker's full knowledge of their "non-English" status, such as status quo, in situ, plus ça change, c'est la vie and coup d'état. At the same time, certain words that are sometimes assumed to be from English are actually from Norse or Norman French, and as such are not Béarlachas. For example:

  • liosta: "list" (Norman: liste)
  • aidhm: "aim" (Norman French aesmer; where cuspóir is considered by some to be the 'native' Irish word)
  • halla: "hall" (Norse hǫll; the Irish word is áras).
  • véarsa, béarsa [the b- form considered to be uneducated dialect]: "verse" (Norman French verse [ˈβʲeːrsə]; the Irish word is rann)
  • cathaoir: "chair" (both words derive from Latin cathedra)
  • sciorta: "skirt" (both words are from Norse skyrta)
  • cóta: "coat" (both words are from Anglo-Norman cotte)
  • forc: "fork" (both from Latin furca)
  • pláta: "plate" (both from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata)
  • grúpa: "group" (both from French groupe)
  • seans: "chance" (both from Old French chance)
  • coinneal: "candle" (both ultimately from Latin candēla)
  • páipéar: "paper" (Old Irish páipér; both words derive from Old French paper, papier)
  • leathar: "leather" (Old Irish lethar, Old English leþer; both words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *létrom)[2]
  • loch: "lake", "lough" (Old Irish loch, Old English lagu; both words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *lókus, "pond, pool")

Other words are 'early Béarlachas', having entered the language in the 18th and 19th centuries:

  • praghas: "price" (also possibly from Norman French preis, pris)
  • dabht: "doubt" (the Irish words are: amhras, gó)

The word péint is ambiguously Béarlachas; it may have been borrowed directly from English "paint" or from Old French peint. The verb pinntél ("to paint") appears in some Old Irish works.[3]

Other words are actually Celtic roots that have entered English:

  • carr: "car" (Old Irish carr, "wagon", from Proto-Celtic karros)
  • cros: "cross" (the Irish word is from Latin crux; the English form with -s at the end may be a borrowing directly from Old Irish)
  • clog: "clock" (Old Irish cloc, Latin clocca, possibly of Celtic derivation)
  • ambasáid: "embassy" (both have their root in Celtic *ambactos, "servant, messenger")
  • donnóg: "dunnock" (from Brittonic *dunn-āco-s, *dunn-occo-s, meaning "little brown one")
  • cé: "quay" (from Old French chai, from Gaulish caium)
  • iarann: "iron" (both words ultimately derive from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, "iron")[4]

False cognates

The word ród ("road, route"), most commonly seen in iarnród (iron road, i.e. railway) is actually derived from Old Irish rót (from ro-sét, "great path", or rōut, "distance, length") and is not a borrowing of English road, although it may have been influenced by the Old English root rād ("riding").[5][6][7][8]

Oighean, the Irish word for "oven", is not derived from the English; it comes from Middle Irish aigen ("cooking-vessel, pan"), from Celtic root *aginâ ("vessel"). English oven is from Old English ofn, from Proto-Germanic *uhnaz.

Dé (a term used before names of days of the week, as in Dé hAoine, "Friday"), is a false cognate: it derives from Latin dies, which is from Proto-Italic *djēm, PIE *dyḗws ("heaven"), while English "day" is from Old English dæġ, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz.[9]

Modern concepts

Words used for foreign inventions, imports, and so on, where a native Irish word does not exist, are often a macaronic import as well. These are strictly speaking not béarlachas, but examples of loans from foreign languages. In some cases an Irish word has been developed, and in others it has not. This has been a characteristic of word development in the language for as long as written records exist, and is not limited to béarlachas. In some cases the original Irish word is no longer known, or has a different meaning within the same semantic field:

Modern forms:

  • fón, guthán "phone"
  • carr, gluaisteán "car"
  • badhsuiceal, rothar "bicycle"

Older forms:

  • iarla (Norse jarl), tiarna (Irish) "lord, earl"
  • póg (Old Welsh pawg, Latin (osculum) pacis "(kiss of) peace") "kiss"
  • bád (Old Norse), currach (Irish) "boat"
  • garsún (Munster), gasúr (Connacht, Ulster), from French garçon "small boy", buachaill (Irish) "teenager, youth"

Variation

In some cases, the foreign loan has an official pronunciation in Irish, and a colloquial one based on English; the colloquial form is Béarlachas, while official form is a Gaelicisation of the foreign word:

  • ceint (Irish pronunciation: [kʲenʲtʲ, sˠɛnʲtʲ]) "cent"
  • bus (Irish pronunciation: [bˠʊsˠ, bˠosˠ]) "bus"
  • stádas (Irish pronunciation: [ˈsˠt̪ˠaːd̪ˠəsˠ, ˈsˠt̪ˠat̪ˠəs, ˈsˠt̪ˠeit̪ˠəsˠ], also [ˈsˠt̪ˠæt̪ˠəs, ˈʃt̪ˠæt̪ˠəsˠ]) "status"

The most striking forms of Béarlachas, however, are the names of the letters of the alphabet—the vast majority of which are normally said in the English way, except for ⟨a⟩—as well as the use of words such as bhuel ("well"), dheas ("yes"), no ("no"), jost ("just"), dhiúnó ("you know" – for tá's agat) and álraight ("all right" – for go maith). Such words are used with their English syntax in Irish:

  • Bhuel, fanfa mé jost anseo, dhiúnó, go dtioca tú ar ais.
  • Well, I'll just wait here, you know, till you come back.
  • 'bhFuil tú álraight ansan, a bhuachaill? - No, nílim álraight anaonchor.
  • Are you all right there, lad? - No, I'm not all right at all.

Letters that are not traditionally used in Irish orthography occur (such as ⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩, as well as ⟨h⟩ at the beginning of words), though in older Béarlachas words the foreign sounds have been gaelicised:

  • Jab: Job (beside post from French, obair from Latin)
  • Zú, Sú: Zoo (where gairdín ainmhithe already exists)
  • w > bh / v: bhálcaereacht, válcaereacht "strolling, walking"

Most words that begin with ⟨p⟩ in the language are also foreign loans, as ⟨p⟩ did not exist in prehistoric or early Old Irish (such as póg "kiss" (Old Welsh pawg, Latin pacem "peace"), peaca (Latin pecatum "sin").

Use in Republicanism

During The Troubles, between the 1970s and the 1990s, Republican prisoners in Long Kesh (now HM Prison Maze) spoke in Irish. They nicknamed the place "An Gaoltacht", a portmanteau replacing the first syllable of the Irish "Gaeltacht" (Irish-speaking region) with the English "gaol/jail".[10]

It is thought by some that the Republican slogan Tiocfaidh ár lá ("Our day will come") is a form of Béarlachas, more idiomatic equivalents being Beidh ár lá linn ("Our day will be with us") or Beidh ár lá againn ("We will have our day"). However, the verb teacht, meaning "come", is often used in a variety of phrases to express the "coming" of days, such as tháinig an lá go raibh orm an t-oileán d’fhágaint ("the day came when I had to leave the island)".

Similar phenomenon in Scottish Gaelic

The same concept also exists within Scottish Gaelic, in which language it is referred to as Beurlachas. Some examples include:

  • stòraidh, "story" (instead of sgeulachd)
  • gèam, "game" (instead of cluiche)
  • tidsear, "teacher" (instead of the older mùin(t)ear)
  • nurs, "nurse" (instead of banaltram)
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References
  1. "Gael-Taca website (Irish language promotion organisation) Examples of 'Béarlachas'". Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  2. https://books.google.com.au/books?dq=l%C3%A9trom+indoeuropean&hl=el&id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA181&ots=hoIL0m8qtk&pg=PA181&sa=X&sig=GILtRhUMMTxslPd16SW0Wn4jNcc&source=bl&ved=0ahUKEwjyzvie29fSAhVBPpQKHRYhBmEQ6AEIITAC#v=onepage&q=l%C3%A9trom&f=false
  3. "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
  4. Quiles, Carlos; Lopez-Menchero, Fernando (October 5, 2009). "A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, Second Edition". Indo-European Association – via Google Books.
  5. Jucker, Andreas H.; Landert, Daniela; Seiler, Annina; Studer-Joho, Nicole (December 15, 2013). John Benjamins Publishing in the History of English: Words and texts in context https://books.google.ie/books?id=ba0bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71 in the History of English: Words and texts in context Check |url= value (help) – via Google Books. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. "Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion ..." The Society. December 2, 1880 – via Google Books.
  7. "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
  8. "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
  9. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill
  10. "irishlanguage.net - irishlanguage Resources and Information. This website is for sale!". www.irishlanguage.net.
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