August 1909

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The following events occurred in August 1909:

August 29, 1909: Glenn Curtiss wins world's first airplane race, after being sued by the Wright Brothers and almost being in the first midair collision

August 1, 1909 (Sunday)
  • The "Semana Tragica" or "tragic week" ended as the Spanish government restored order in Barcelona and other areas of Catalonia. In seven days that began on July 26 with anti-war protests and a strike in Barcelona, hundreds of people were killed in fighting.[1]

August 2, 1909 (Monday)

August 3, 1909 (Tuesday)
  • General Ramón González Valencia was selected as the 12th President of Colombia, to fill the remaining year of the term of Rafael Reyes. González had been Reyes's Vice-President, but had been fired in 1905 by Reyes, who then abolished the office.[4]
  • The Silver Dart, Canada's first airplane, was destroyed when it crashed into a hill.[5]

August 4, 1909 (Wednesday)
  • In Sweden, a lockout began of 80,000 workers in the paper industry, and the iron and steel industries. The Swedish Labor Federation called for a strike of 124,000 workers, and after a secondary strike, 285,000 of the nation's 460,000 non-agricultural workers were off the job. The Federation called off the secondary strike on September 11; the lockout of ironworkers lasted until November.[6]
  • Born: Glenn Cunningham, American track star, who overcame a childhood injury and held the world record for running the mile (1934–1937); in Atlanta, Kansas (d. 1988); Saunders Mac Lane, American mathematician, in Taftville, Connecticut; co-creator of category theory (d. 2005); and Roberto Burle Marx, Brazilian architect, in São Paulo (d. 1994)

August 5, 1909 (Thursday)
  • The Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act was signed into law by President William Taft at 5:07 p.m., after passing the Senate 54–38. The new rules for a federal corporate tax would take effect at midnight. In a statement, Taft said "The corporation tax is a just and equitable excise measure, which it is hoped will produce a sufficient amount to prevent a deficit", and that the law provided "that degree of publicity and regulation which the tendency in corporate enterprises in the last twenty years has shown to be necessary", and added that the law "will constitute an important and which incidentally will secure valuable statistics and information".[7]
  • The British steamer SS Maori sank in the New Zealand bay of the same name, killing 32 people, although most of the passengers and crew were able to evacuate to shore. One hundred years later, the wreckage is still popular for scuba divers.[8]
  • The first public execution in Paris in 15 years attracted a large crowd despite being held at 4:30 a.m. with short notice. M. Duchemin, who had murdered his mother in 1906, was guillotined in front of the Sante Prison.[9]
  • In Atlanta, the Georgia State Senate voted 37–2 against considering the proposed 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would authorize an income tax.[10] Georgia ratified the amendment the following year.[11]
  • Died: Miguel Antonio Caro, 65, President of Colombia, 1894–1898

August 6, 1909 (Friday)
  • Vincenzo Sabatassae, leader of the "Black Hand Gang" of Connecticut, was sentenced to 28 years in prison, and his fellow gangmembers were handed jail terms ranging from 3 to 25 years. The gang, which had terrorized the Italian-American residents in and around New Haven for three years, was caught after kidnapping a man in Wallingford. In pronouncing sentence, the New Haven judge described Sabatassae as the worst criminal with whom he ever came in contact.[12]
  • Alice Huyler Ramsey arrived in San Francisco to become the first woman to drive across the United States, having left New York on June 18.[13]

August 7, 1909 (Saturday)

August 8, 1909 (Sunday)

August 9, 1909 (Monday)

August 10, 1909 (Tuesday)
  • Howard R. Hughes, Sr. was granted two patents (No. 930,758 and No. 930,759) for the Sharp-Hughes Rock Bit, a dual-cone rotary drill bit that revolutionized well-drilling and created the fortune that would be inherited by his billionaire son, Howard Hughes.[20]
  • The town of Clay Center, Kansas, was panicked by eleven elephants owned by the Hagenbach-Wallace Circus. For two hours, the beasts moved through the streets and alleys of the town before being recaptured.[21]
  • Born: Mohammed V, Sultan of Morocco 1927–53 and King of Morocco 1957–61, in Rabat; (d. 1961); and Leo Fender, electric guitar inventor and amp manufacturer, in Anaheim, California; (d. 1991)
  • Died: Bob Womack, 65, who discovered the richest vein of gold in Colorado, but died penniless

August 11, 1909 (Wednesday)
  • SOS, the international Morse code signal for distress, was first used to call for rescue. The S.S. Arapahoe lost power off of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and was rescued 36 hours later. Wireless operator R.J. Vosburgh alternated the new signal with the former distress call, CQD.[22]

August 12, 1909 (Thursday)
  • Harry K. Thaw, whose 1906 murder of Stanford White created a national sensation, was kept in custody after a judge rejected his bid to be released from a hospital for the criminally insane. Justice Mills of the court in White Plains, New York, concluded that Thaw continued to suffer from paranoia and delusions.[23] Thaw would remain in asylums until 1924, and lived until 1947.[24]
  • The Briggs & Stratton Company began producing its first engines.[25]
  • Died: Besarion Jughashvili, 59, father of Joseph Stalin

August 13, 1909 (Friday)

August 14, 1909 (Saturday)
  • In San Juan County, Utah, the Rainbow Bridge was located by the United States government in an expedition guided by Jim Mike (1872–1977), a Paiute Indian, who had disclosed its existence to William B. Douglas of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. At 275 feet (84 m) in length, the Rainbow is the world's longest natural bridge.[27]
  • The first motor race took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, with motorcycles rather than automobiles. Seven races were held in one day, sanctioned by the Federation of American Motorcyclists. A.G. Chapple won the first race, a five-mile (8 km) handicap limited to private owners.[28]

August 15, 1909 (Sunday)
  • A 46-foot-tall (14 m) Celtic cross was raised by the Ancient Order of Hibernians in memory of thousands of Irish immigrants who had died on the island after being quarantined there.[29]
  • Isidore Bakanja died in Busira, in the Belgian Congo, six months after severe beating, later described as "the remarkable if not unique case of a native-born African killed by a European and declared a martyr" beatified on April 24, 1994.[30]
  • Pius X became the first Roman Catholic Pope to ride in an automobile. The motor car had been the gift of American Catholics.[31]
  • Died: Euclides da Cunha, 43, Brazilian author (Os Sertões)

August 16, 1909 (Monday)
  • The Law of Associations was decreed as part of the Young Turk Revolution within the Ottoman Empire, and it became part of the Constitution five days later. The law provided in part that in order to prevent "the sowing of political division between the various Ottoman communities", "It is forbidden to form political associations based on national or other communal particularity, or whose names contain references thereto". The revival of Ottomanism, with an emphasis on making Turkish the national language and Islam the official religion, was resisted by Christians in the Balkans and by Moslems in the Middle East and North Africa.[32]
  • The towns of Alamo, Manchester, and Swords were all incorporated in the U.S. state of Georgia
  • Niels Neergaard resigned as Council President of Denmark and was succeeded by Count Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, the Finance Minister, as head of government.[33]
  • Baseball player Red Murray of the Giants made a memorable game saving catch at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, leaping for the ball and reeling it in as lightning lit up the sky.[34]

August 17, 1909 (Tuesday)
  • Paleontologist Earl Douglass discovered what he recorded in his diary as "eight of the tail bones of a Brontosaurus in exact position" at the Green River, 20 miles (32 km) east of Vernal, Utah. These were the first of 350 tons of fossils, including full dinosaur skeletons, that would be excavated from what is now the Dinosaur National Monument.[35]
  • Madan Lal Dhingra, who had assassinated Sir Curzon Wyllie and Dr. Cowasji Lalkaka, then failed to kill himself, was hanged in London. Dhingra has been viewed alternatively as a terrorist and a martyr for Indian independence.[36]
  • Born: Óscar Ribas, Angolan author (d. 2004)
  • Died: Madan Lal Dhingra, 26, Indian assassin and martyr, by hanging.

August 18, 1909 (Wednesday)
  • Boston police finally corner notorious murderer Arnold J. Rimmer, who is shot to death in the mansion of his employer Mr. Badminton.
  • In Wilbur and Orville Wright sued Glenn Curtiss and the Herring-Curtiss Company, alleging that Curtiss's aileron system infringed on their patent for warping airplane wings to control the plane. The court ruled in favor of the Wrights in December.[37] At least one historian has observed that "the Wrights did almost as much to set aviation back as they had done to bring it forward" [38]
  • Dundee United F.C. played its first game, as Dundee Hibernian. They played the Dundee Wanderers to a 1–1 draw.
  • Arlie Latham, 49, became the oldest major league baseball player to steal a base, a record that still stood nearly 100 years later. Latham's Giants beat the Phillies 14–1.[39]

August 19, 1909 (Thursday)
  • The first day of automobile racing in the history of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was marred by a fatal accident. During the running of a 250-mile (400 km) Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race, driver Wilfred Bourque and his mechanic, Harry Holcombe, were killed when their car left the track, struck a fence, and turned over.[40]
  • Louis H. Schwitzer won the very first auto race at the Speedway, an "Indianapolis 5", averaging 57.4 mph (92.4 km/h). The first Indy 500 was held two years later.[41]
  • Aviator Glenn H. Curtiss averted what would have been the first mid-air collision, in a competition at Rheims, France. "The feat was accomplished when, for the first time in history, three heavier-than-air craft were manoeuvering at the same time", a report noted. When Curtiss realized that aviator Dumanest was approaching him at the same altitude, Curtiss climbed rapidly and soared over the other plane.[42]
  • Miner David Bourne discovered an outcropping of gold and started a rush of mining claims at the city of Jarbidge, Nevada. At its height, the remote Elko County town had 1,200 residents.[43]
  • Born: Jerzy Andrzejewski, Polish author, in Warsaw; (d. 1983)

August 20, 1909 (Friday)
  • The earliest known photograph of Pluto was taken, although the astronomers at the Yerkes Observatory did not realize it. Although Pluto was identified as the ninth planet from 1930 until 2006, historians have identified 14 "pre-discoveries". The 1909 Yerkes photos of August 20 and November 11 were identified in 2000.[44]
  • Died: Ludwig Gumplowicz, 72, Austrian social theorist

August 21, 1909 (Saturday)
  • Three people were killed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway when a blown tire sent a racecar crashed into a crowd of spectators, bringing to seven the number of fatalities in the inaugural three days of auto racing at the Speedway.[45]
  • Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung departed from Bremen to make a trip to the United States, on board the liner George Washington, where they would arrive on August 28.[46]
  • With the United Kingdom and Germany spending unprecedented amounts in ship construction, German Chancellor Bethmann-Holweg approached Britain with a proposal for secret negotiations on a naval and political agreement. The talks ended in October.[47]
  • The National Public Assembly of the Ottoman Empire amended the national constitution to make the Grand Vizier, ministers and even the Sultan accountable to Parliament.[48]
  • Born: Nikolay Bogolyubov, Russian physicist and mathematician, in Nizhny Novgorod (d. 1992); C. Douglas Dillon, U.S. Treasury Secretary, 1961–65, in Geneva, Switzerland (d. 2003); and Karl Hans Janke, German scientist, in Kolberg (d. 1988)
  • Died: George Cabot Lodge, 35, American poet, of food poisoning

August 22, 1909 (Sunday)
  • The first miracle attributed to Joan of Arc took place at Lourdes when Msgr. Leon Cristiani invoked her blessing upon Miss Therese Belin, curing her of tuberculosis. Joan of Arc would be canonized on May 16, 1920.[49]
  • Born: Mel Hein, NFL lineman (Giants '31–'45) and Hall of Famer, in Redding, California; (d. 1992)

August 23, 1909 (Monday)
  • Bill Bergen, Dodges' catcher, threw out six batters on the basepaths in a game against St. Louis, a record that still stands.[50]
  • The City of La Center, Washington, was incorporated.[51]

August 24, 1909 (Tuesday)

August 25, 1909 (Wednesday)
  • The United States Army selected the site for the world's first military airfield, signing a lease of a 160-acre (0.65 km2) tract of flat land at College Park, Maryland. Training of the first two Army pilots began there on October 8.[53]
  • Born: Ruby Keeler, Canadian singer and actress; in Halifax, as Ethel Hilda Keeler (d. 1993); and Michael Rennie, English actor (Klaatu in The Day the Earth Stood Still), as Eric Alexander Rennie (d. 1971)

August 26, 1909 (Thursday)
  • The youth hostel movement got its start when a group of hikers, led by teacher Richard Schirrmann, found shelter from a thunderstorm in a school classroom. Reasoning that each village in Germany had a school, Schirrmann proposed that these provide accommodation to students during the holidays. The first hostel would open in 1912 at Altena.[54]
  • Sailing in the Gulf of Mexico, the S.S. Cartago telegraphed a wireless report of a hurricane near the Yucatán Peninsula, marking the first radio warning of a tropical storm.[55]
  • Swiss paleontologist Otto Hauser discovered a complete skeleton of a prehistoric man at Combe-Capelle in France, along with stone tools.[56] Originally dated at 35,000 years of age, the Combe-Capelle skull was believed to have been the earliest homo sapiens in Europe,[57] but forensic testing in 2011 revealed that the skeleton dates to about 7575 BC.[58]
  • The town of Ridgefield, Washington, was incorporated.
  • Born: Jim Davis, American actor (Jock Ewing on Dallas); as Marlin Davis in Edgerton, Missouri; (d. 1981)

August 27, 1909 (Friday)
  • Officers in Athens led a coup in Greece; Dimitrios Railes was forced to step down as Prime Minister, and Kyriakoules Mavromichales implemented reforms to avert a dictatorship.[59]
  • Henry Farman became the first person to fly an airplane 100 miles (160 km), winning the Grand Prix de la Champagne endurance test and reaching 180 kilometers (110 mi) in 3:04:56.4 at Rheims.[60]
  • Born: Lester Young, saxophone player, in Woodville, Mississippi (d. 1959)
  • Died: Emil Christian Hansen, 67, Danish fermentation physiologist

August 28, 1909 (Saturday)
  • A flash flood in Monterey, Mexico, drowned 1,200 people and left 15,000 homeless. The crest of the rain-swollen Santa Catarina river reached the city shortly after midnight.[61]
  • The California cities of San Pedro and Wilmington were consolidated with Los Angeles.[62]

August 29, 1909 (Sunday)
  • Glenn Curtiss won the world's first airplane race, conducted at Rheims, France and a $5,000 prize. While other pilots slowed down to make turns on a two lap course, Curtiss showed that sharp turns could be banked.[63]

August 30, 1909 (Monday)
  • The City of Tokyo announced a gift of cherry trees to be planted at the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. The gift was paid for, anonymously, by Jokichi Takamini, the millionaire chemist who invented synthetic epinephrine.[64]
  • The International League Against Epilepsy was founded, in Budapest, Hungary, during the 16th International Medical Conference.[65]
  • In Fez, Morocco, the consuls of France, Great Britain and Spain presented a letter of protest to the Sultan, demanding the abolition of the practice of mutilation and slow death as punishment. The initiative took place twenty days after more than 30 convicted criminals had hands or feet amputated.[66]
  • The German battleship Helgoland was launched at Kiel, the first of a new class of ships with larger guns and improved propulsion.[67]
  • A gusher at the Maikop oil field in Russia rose to a height of 65 meters, but most of the wells contents were lost because the operators were not prepared to store it.[68]

August 31, 1909 (Tuesday)
  • Abbot Augustus Low was granted U.S. patent No. 929,960 for an improved "waste-paper receptacle". Low wrote in his application that his invention was designed for "not only the collection and storage of waste paper ... but also its cancellation or mutilation in such manner as to render it unavailable or unintelligible for re-use or for information" – the first paper shredder.[69] Adolf Ehinger of Germany marketed the first shredder in 1955.
  • Charles D. Walcott discovered the Burgess Shale fossils, one of the greatest finds in the history of paleontology, unearthing fossils 530 million years old.[70]
  • Paul Ehrlich found the first successful treatment for syphilis, arsphenamine, on his 606th experiment. The compound, based on arsenic, was the "magic bullet" that assisted the human immune system in combatting an illness, and led to the first use of chemotherapy. The number 606 would become the slang name for the treatment with Salvarsan, the trade name for arsphenamine.[71]
  • Born: Ferenc Fejtő, Hungarian-born French journalist and political scientist (d. 2008)
gollark: Rewrite CC's Lua parts as an Urn program which outputs Amulet code.
gollark: Well, that and some CC-side code, yes.
gollark: ```luafunction os.pullEventRaw( sFilter ) return coroutine.yield( sFilter )endfunction os.pullEvent( sFilter ) local eventData = table.pack( os.pullEventRaw( sFilter ) ) if eventData[1] == "terminate" then error( "Terminated", 0 ) end return table.unpack( eventData, 1, eventData.n )end```
gollark: But that works roughly as a filter.
gollark: Oh, well, yes.

References
  1. Susan Martin-Márquez, Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity (Yale University Press, 2008), p163
  2. James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (iUniverse, 2005), p12
  3. "'Lincoln' Pennies To-Day", New York Times, August 2, 1909, p1; David W. Lange, The Complete Guide to Lincoln Cents (Zyrus Press, 2005), p12
  4. Bulletin of the Pan American Union (July–December 1910), p98
  5. "Bell Aero is Smashed", Washington Post, August 3, 1909, p1
  6. "Sweden", The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1909 (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1910), pp81–82
  7. "Taft Signs Bill; In Effect To-Day", New York Times, August 6, 1909, p1; Cynthia Clark Northrup, The American Economy: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2003), p224
  8. Jack Jackson, Top Wreck Dives of the World (New Holland Publishers, 2007), p67
  9. "Guillotine Used in Paris", New York Times, August 5, 1909, p1
  10. "Georgia Avoids Income Tax", New York Times, August 6, 1909, p1
  11. The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1912 (The Tribune Association, 1912), p459
  12. "Prison For Black Hand Gang", New York Times, August 7, 1909, p2
  13. Kane, p61
  14. "President Greets Family at Beverly", New York Times, August 8, 1909, p1; "Cabinet Officers Off For Vacations", p3
  15. The Xavier News; Butler's Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998), pp70–72
  16. "Two Killed As Auto Plunged Over Cliff", New York Times, August 9, 1909, p1
  17. "Alabama on Record for Income Tax", New York Times, August 18, 1909, p1
  18. "'V.D.B.' Pennies All Out", New York Times, August 10, 1909, p1
  19. |10001|10001|-1|11197|10783 Littleton Coin website
  20. Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), p34
  21. "Elephants Loose in Kansas", New York Times, August 11, 1909, p1
  22. Ford R. Bryan, Henry's Attic: Some Fascinating Gifts to Henry Ford and His Museum (Wayne State University Press, 1995) p357; "Steamer Arapahoe Breaks Shaft At Sea", New York Times, August 12, 1909, p1
  23. "Judge Sends Thaw Back to Matteawan", New York Times, August 13, 1909, p1
  24. "Harry K. Thaw is Dead in Florida", New York Times, February 22, 1947, p53
  25. How Your Hobby Started Gas Engine Magazine
  26. "Venezuela", The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1909 (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1910), p768
  27. "Mike, Jim", in Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography (Dan L. Thrapp, ed., University of Nebraska Press, 1988) p984
  28. "Speed-Mad Men Hurt", Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, August 15, 1909, p18
  29. Arthur Gribben, The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America (University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p50
  30. Butler's Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998) p158
  31. "Pope Takes Auto Ride", New York Times, August 16, 1909
  32. Taner Akçam, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide (Zed Books, 2004), pp128–130
  33. The Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad For the Year 1909 (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910), p367
  34. Deadball Stars of the National League (Brassey's, 2004), p74
  35. National Park Service site Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  36. O.P. Ralhan, Ed., Encyclopedia of Political Parties, (Anmol Publications, Ltd., 2002), p163; The Tribune of India, May 28, 2000
  37. Fred Howard, Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers (Courier Dover Publications, 1998), pp327–328
  38. Walter J. Boyne, "The Wright Brothers: The Other Side of the Coin" Archived 2010-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, Flight Journal
  39. baseballlibrary.com Archived October 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  40. "Two in Racing Auto Killed Before 10,000", New York Times, August 20, 1909, p1
  41. ESPN.go.com history
  42. "Airship Collision Averted By Curtiss", New York Times, August 20, 1909, p1
  43. Shawn Hall, Old Heart of Nevada: Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Elko County (University of Nevada Press, 1998), pp 108–118
  44. Buchwald, Greg; Dimario, Michael; Wild, Walter (2000). "Pluto is Discovered Back in Time". ASP Conference Proceedings. 220: 355. Bibcode:2000ASPC..220..355B.
  45. "Three More Killed in Auto Carnival", New York Times, August 22, 1909, p1
  46. Ludy T. Benjamin, A History of Psychology in Letters (Wiley-Blackwell, 2006), p140
  47. Klaus Larres, Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy (Yale University Press, 2002), pp8–9
  48. Şerif Mardin, Cultural Transitions in the Middle East (BRILL, 1994), p22
  49. St. Joan Center website
  50. Bill Bergen at Find a Grave; Deadball Stars of the National League (Brassey's, 2004), p277;
  51. City of La Center website
  52. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, The Panama Gateway (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915), p363
  53. "Preserving the Cradle of Aviation" Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by Esperison Martinez, Jr., Air Line Pilot magazine, August 200, p28
  54. 100 years of hostelling Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  55. James B. Elsner and A. Birol Kara, Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society (Oxford University Press US, 1999), p41
  56. George Grant MacCurdy, Recent Discoveries Bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe (Yale University, 1910), p576
  57. Philip Van Doren Stern, Prehistoric Europe: From Stone Age Man to the Early Greeks (Norton, 1969)
  58. Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann (in German)
  59. George Gavrilis, "Understanding Greco-Ottoman Conflict: Statist Irredentism, Belligerent Democratization or a Synthesis?", pp17–18
  60. "Farman Wins $10,000 By 111-Mile Flight", New York Times, August 28, 1909, p1
  61. "1,200 Persons Lost In Monterey Flood", New York Times, August 30, 1909, p1
  62. Report of the Chief of Engineers U.S. Army 1910, p906
  63. Tony Kern, Redefining Airmanship (McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997), pp13–14
  64. I. Edward Alcamo, Microbes and Society: An Introduction to Microbiology (Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2003), p7; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-05-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  65. 28th International Epilepsy Conference
  66. Menno T. Kamminga, Inter-State Accountability for Violations of Human Rights (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), p15
  67. Erich Gröner, German Warships: 1815–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press), pp. 24–25
  68. Igor Akramovsky, "London Echo of Maikop Oil Boom", Oil of Russia magazine, 2008 No.3
  69. Google Patent Search
  70. living-fossils.com
  71. Williams Haynes, This Chemical Age: The Miracle of Man-made Materials (A. A. Knopf, 1942), p127; Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (Oxford University Press US, 1987), pp40–41
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