Aspartic protease

Aspartic proteases are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates. In general, they have two highly conserved aspartates in the active site and are optimally active at acidic pH. Nearly all known aspartyl proteases are inhibited by pepstatin.

Eukaryotic aspartyl protease
Structure of the dimeric aspartic protease HIV protease in white and grey, with peptide substrate in black and active site aspartate side chains in red. (PDB: 1KJF​)
Identifiers
SymbolAsp
PfamPF00026
InterProIPR001461
PROSITEPDOC00128
SCOPe1mpp / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily100
OPM protein1lyb
Membranome315

Aspartic endopeptidases EC 3.4.23. of vertebrate, fungal and retroviral origin have been characterised.[1] More recently, aspartic endopeptidases associated with the processing of bacterial type 4 prepilin[2] and archaean preflagellin have been described.[3][4]

Eukaryotic aspartic proteases include pepsins, cathepsins, and renins. They have a two-domain structure, arising from ancestral duplication. Retroviral and retrotransposon proteases (retroviral aspartyl proteases) are much smaller and appear to be homologous to a single domain of the eukaryotic aspartyl proteases. Each domain contributes a catalytic Asp residue, with an extended active site cleft localized between the two lobes of the molecule. One lobe has probably evolved from the other through a gene duplication event in the distant past. In modern-day enzymes, although the three-dimensional structures are very similar, the amino acid sequences are more divergent, except for the catalytic site motif, which is very conserved. The presence and position of disulfide bridges are other conserved features of aspartic peptidases.

Catalytic mechanism
Proposed mechanism of peptide cleavage by aspartyl proteases.[5]

Aspartyl proteases are a highly specific family of proteases – they tend to cleave dipeptide bonds that have hydrophobic residues as well as a beta-methylene group. Unlike serine or cysteine proteases these proteases do not form a covalent intermediate during cleavage. Proteolysis therefore occurs in a single step.

While a number of different mechanisms for aspartyl proteases have been proposed, the most widely accepted is a general acid-base mechanism involving coordination of a water molecule between the two highly conserved aspartate residues.[5][6] One aspartate activates the water by abstracting a proton, enabling the water to perform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate scissile bond, generating a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate stabilized by hydrogen-bonding with the second aspartic acid. Rearrangement of this intermediate leads to protonation of the scissile amide which results in the splitting of the substrate peptide into two product peptides.

Inhibition

Pepstatin is an inhibitor of aspartate proteases.

Classification

Five superfamilies (clans) of aspartic proteases are known, each representing an independent evolution of the same active site and mechanisms. Each superfamily contains several families with similar sequences. The MEROPS classification systematic names these clans alphabetically.

Propeptide
A1_Propeptide
crystal and molecular structures of human progastricsin at 1.62 angstroms resolution
Identifiers
SymbolA1_Propeptide
PfamPF07966
InterProIPR012848

Many eukaryotic aspartic endopeptidases (MEROPS peptidase family A1) are synthesised with signal and propeptides. The animal pepsin-like endopeptidase propeptides form a distinct family of propeptides, which contain a conserved motif approximately 30 residues long. In pepsinogen A, the first 11 residues of the mature pepsin sequence are displaced by residues of the propeptide. The propeptide contains two helices that block the active site cleft, in particular the conserved Asp11 residue, in pepsin, hydrogen bonds to a conserved Arg residue in the propeptide. This hydrogen bond stabilises the propeptide conformation and is probably responsible for triggering the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin under acidic conditions.[7][8]

Examples

Human

Human proteins containing this domain

BACE1; BACE2; CTSD; CTSE; NAPSA; PGA5; PGC; REN;

Other organisms
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gollark: If I'm remembering correctly, when a zygote is made you just get the 23 chromosomes in each gamete merging together into one thing of 46.
gollark: No it's not.
gollark: Are you seriously saying that *psychopaths* exist because of *quantum effects in the brain*?
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See also

References
  1. Szecsi PB (1992). "The aspartic proteases". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 210: 5–22. doi:10.3109/00365519209104650. PMID 1455179.
  2. Taylor RK, LaPointe CF (2000). "The type 4 prepilin peptidases comprise a novel family of aspartic acid proteases". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2): 1502–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.2.1502. PMID 10625704.
  3. Jarrell KF, Ng SY, Chaban B (2006). "Archaeal flagella, bacterial flagella and type IV pili: a comparison of genes and posttranslational modifications". J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11 (3): 167–91. doi:10.1159/000094053. PMID 16983194.
  4. Jarrell KF, Bardy SL (2003). "Cleavage of preflagellins by an aspartic acid signal peptidase is essential for flagellation in the archaeon Methanococcus voltae". Mol. Microbiol. 50 (4): 1339–1347. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03758.x. PMID 14622420.
  5. Suguna K, Padlan EA, Smith CW, Carlson WD, Davies DR (1987). "Binding of a reduced peptide inhibitor to the aspartic proteinase from Rhizopus chinensis: implications for a mechanism of action". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (20): 7009–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7009. PMC 299218. PMID 3313384.
  6. Brik A, Wong CH (2003). "HIV-1 protease: mechanism and drug discovery". Org. Biomol. Chem. 1 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1039/b208248a. PMID 12929379.
  7. Hartsuck JA, Koelsch G, Remington SJ (May 1992). "The high-resolution crystal structure of porcine pepsinogen". Proteins. 13 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1002/prot.340130102. PMID 1594574.
  8. Sielecki AR, Fujinaga M, Read RJ, James MN (June 1991). "Refined structure of porcine pepsinogen at 1.8 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol. 219 (4): 671–92. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90664-R. PMID 2056534.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000036
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR012848
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