1823

1823 (MDCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1823rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 823rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1823, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s
Years:	1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826

1823 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1823 MDCCCXXIII
Ab urbe condita	2576
Armenian calendar	1272 ԹՎ ՌՄՀԲ
Assyrian calendar	6573
Balinese saka calendar	1744–1745
Bengali calendar	1230
Berber calendar	2773
British Regnal year	3 Geo. 4 – 4 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar	2367
Burmese calendar	1185
Byzantine calendar	7331–7332
Chinese calendar	壬午年 (Water Horse) 4519 or 4459     — to — 癸未年 (Water Goat) 4520 or 4460
Coptic calendar	1539–1540
Discordian calendar	2989
Ethiopian calendar	1815–1816
Hebrew calendar	5583–5584
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1879–1880
- Shaka Samvat	1744–1745
- Kali Yuga	4923–4924
Holocene calendar	11823
Igbo calendar	823–824
Iranian calendar	1201–1202
Islamic calendar	1238–1239
Japanese calendar	Bunsei 6 (文政６年)
Javanese calendar	1750–1751
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4156
Minguo calendar	89 before ROC 民前89年
Nanakshahi calendar	355
Thai solar calendar	2365–2366
Tibetan calendar	阳水马年 (male Water-Horse) 1949 or 1568 or 796     — to — 阴水羊年 (female Water-Goat) 1950 or 1569 or 797

August 18: Demerara rebellion begins.

Events

January–March

• January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.
• January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula of Wales, William Buckland inspects the "Red Lady of Paviland", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial.[1]
• February 3
  • Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, opens in Tennessee.
  • Gioachino Rossini's opera Semiramide is first performed, at La Fenice in Venice.
• February 10 – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in Cologne, Prussia.
• February 11 – Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.
• February 15 (approx.) – The first officially recognised gold is found in Australia, by surveyor James McBrien at Fish River, near Bathurst, New South Wales, predating the Australian gold rushes.
• February 20 – Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45" W: the southernmost position any ship has reached at this time, a record that will hold for more than 80 years.
• March 19 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire.

April–June

• April 7 – French forces, the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis", cross the Spanish border.
• April 13 – Franz Liszt, 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by Ludwig van Beethoven.[2]
• May 5 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil inaugurates Brazil's first Assembleia Geral, with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.[3]
• May 7 – Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in appointed as Governor-General of Novorossiya (New Russia), the portion of Russian Empire bordering the Black Sea (nowadays it constitutes southern regions of Ukraine).[4]
• May 9 – Russian author Alexander Pushkin begins work on his verse novel Eugene Onegin.[5]
• May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from Madrid to Seville following French attacks.
• May 25 – The Catholic Association begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on Capel Street in Dublin.[6]
• June 5 – Raffles Institution is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.

July–September

• July 1 – The Congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
• July – Robert Peel ensures the passage of five Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, effectively abolishing the death penalty for over one hundred offences;[7] in particular, the Judgement of Death Act allows judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or transportation.[8] The Transportation Act of July 4 allows convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.[7]
• July 10 – The Gaols Act is passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, based on the prison reform campaign of Elizabeth Fry.[7]
• July 15 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.[9]
• August 1 – William Pitt Amherst arrives in Calcutta with Lady Amherst, to become the new Governor-General of India.[10]
• August 4 – Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of Coahuila y Tejas, allows Stephen F. Austin to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the Texas Ranger Division.[11]
• August 5 – The Royal Hibernian Academy is founded in Dublin.[12]
• August 16 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother Nikolai to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, Grand Duke Konstantin. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.[13]
• August 18 – Demerara rebellion of 1823: In British Guiana (South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.[14]
• August 20 – Pope Pius VII dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France.[15]
• August 24 – Hugh Glass gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory.[16]
• August 31 – Battle of Trocadero: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on Cádiz.
• September 10 – Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru.
• September 22 – Joseph Smith first goes to the place near Manchester, New York, where the golden plates are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
• September 23 – First Anglo-Burmese War: Burmese forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.
• September 28 – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected Pope Leo XII.[15]
• September 30 – Cádiz surrenders to the French and Ferdinand VII of Spain is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812.

October–December

• October 5 – Medical journal The Lancet is founded by Thomas Wakley in London.
• November 3 – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at Chilton Moor in the north of England, kills 57 coal miners.[17]
• November – According to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of rugby football at Rugby School in England.[7]
• December 2 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.

Undated

• The first Anglo-Ashanti War begins.
• Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.
• Work begins on the British Museum in London, designed by Robert Smirke, and the Altes Museum in Berlin, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
• The Oxford Union is founded as a student debating society in England.

Births

January–June

Carl Wilhelm Siemens

Abdülmecid I

• January 1 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849)
• January 3 – Robert Whitehead, English engineer, inventor (d. 1905)
• January 8 – Alfred Russel Wallace, British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)
• January 11 – Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau, French military officer and politician (d. 1878)
• January 27 – Édouard Lalo, French composer (d. 1892)
• February 15 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)
• February 28
  • Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1883)
  • Ernest Renan, French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892)
• March 8 – Gyula Andrássy, 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890)
• March 14 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (d. 1891)
• March 18 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (d. 1883)
• March 23 – Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States from 1869 to 1873 (d. 1885)
• April 1 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)
• April 3 – William M. Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878)
• April 4 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, German engineer (d. 1883)
• April 24 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889)
• April 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861)
• May 2 – Emma Hardinge Britten (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899)
• May 9 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
• May 15
  • Youssef Bey Karam,[18] Lebanese nationalist leader (d. 1889)
  • Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (d. 1906)
• May 17 – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (d. 1905)
• May 22 – Solomon Bundy, American politician (d. 1889)
• May 26 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman, philanthropist, founder of Letchworth State Park, New York
• July 6 – Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish feminist (d. 1895)
• June 21 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)

July–December

Max Müller

Mackenzie Bowell

• July 9 (date uncertain) – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)
• July 18
  • Félix du Temple de la Croix, French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
  • Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (d. 1901)
• July 23 – Coventry Patmore, English poet (d. 1896)
• August 3 – Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (d. 1867)
• August 4 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (d. 1877)
• August 5 – Eliza Tibbets, mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)
• August 10
  • Hugh Stowell Brown, Manx preacher (d. 1886)
  • Charles Keene, English artist, illustrator (d. 1891)
• August 11 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English author (d. 1901)
• August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian (d. 1910)
• August 14 – Karel Miry, Belgian composer (d. 1889)
• August 15 – Orris S. Ferry, American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875)
• August 23 – Nil Izvorov, Bulgarian Orthodox priest and venerable (d. 1905)
• September 16 – Ludwik Teichmann, Polish anatomist (d. 1895)
• November 1 – Lascăr Catargiu, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1899)
• November 8 – Joseph Monier, French inventor (d. 1906)
• November 16 – Henry G. Davis, American politician (d. 1916)
• November 18 – Charles H. Bell, American politician (d. 1893)
• November 21 – Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech, Polish painter (d. 1905)
• November 25 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)
• December 6 – Friedrich Max Müller, German Orientalist (d. 1900)
• December 9 – Rosalie Olivecrona, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898)
• December 13 – Ferdinand Büchner, German composer (d. 1906)
• December 22 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)
• December 27 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)

Undated

• Manolache Costache Epureanu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1880)
• Julian Gutowski, Polish politician (d. 1890)

Deaths

January–June

Edward Jenner

• January 21 – Gideon Olin, American politician (b. 1743)
• January 26 – Edward Jenner, English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)
• January 27 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (b. 1737)
• February – Agnes Ibbetson, English plant physiologist (b. 1757)
• February 7 – Ann Radcliffe, English writer (b. 1764)
• February 21 – Charles Wolfe, Irish poet (b. 1791)
• March 1 – Pierre-Jean Garat, French Basque opera singer (b. 1764)
• March 5 – Magdalena Rudenschöld, Swedish conspirator (b. 1766)
• March 14
  • Charles François Dumouriez, French general (b. 1739)
  • John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735)
• March 18
  • Jean-Baptiste Bréval, French cellist (b. 1753)
  • Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1757)
• March 19 – Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734)
• April 18 – George Cabot, American politician (b. 1752)
• June 1 – Louis-Nicolas Davout, French marshal (b. 1770)
• June 19 – William Combe, English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)

July–December

Giovanni Battista Belzoni

• July 8 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (b. 1756)
• August 1 – Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier of Great Britain (b. 1758)
• August 7 – Mátyás Laáb, Croatian writer, translator (b. 1746)
• August 18 – John Treadwell, the fourth Governor of Connecticut (b. 1745)
• August 20 – Pope Pius VII, Italian Benedictine (b. 1742)
• August 22 – Lazare Carnot, French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)
• August 30 – Pierre Prévost, French panorama painter (b. 1764)
• September 11 – David Ricardo, English economist (b. 1772)
• September 17 – Abraham-Louis Breguet, Swiss horologist, inventor (b. 1747)
• September 23 – Matthew Baillie, Scottish physician, pathologist (b. 1761)
• September 28 – Charlotte Melmoth, English-born American actress (b. 1749)
• November 9 – Vasily Kapnist, Ukrainian-Russian poet, dramatist (b. 1758)
• November 11 – Richard Richards, British judge and politician (b. 1752)
• December 3 – Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)

References

1. Aldhouse-Green, Stephen (October 2001). "Great Sites: Paviland Cave". British Archaeology (61). Retrieved July 16, 2010.
2. According to Gustav Schilling.
3. Bethell, Leslie (1985). Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
4. "Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in Encyclopædia Britannica 28 (1910) p. 213.
5. Hasty, Olga Peters (1999). Pushkin's Tatiana. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 14.
6. Robert Huish, The Memoirs Private and Political of Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., His Times and Contemporaries (W. Johnston, 1836) p129
7. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
8. "Timeline of capital punishment in Britain". Retrieved March 3, 2012.
9. "Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.
10. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727
11. Robert M. Utley, Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers (Oxford University Press, 2002)
12. Vaughn, W. E., ed. (1976). A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921. Clarendon Press. p. 423.
13. Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs (Routledge, 2015)
14. Gelien Matthews, Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement (LSU Press, 2006) p21
15. Charles A. Coulombe, Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397
16. As featured in the 2002 novel The Revenant and 2015 film of the same title.
17. Anderson, Maureen (2008). Durham Mining Disasters: c1700-1950s. Barnsley: Wharncliffe.
18. Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website