10th century in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.

Works

Title	Author	Description	Date
Book of Fixed Stars	Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi	Treatise on astronomy including a star catalogue and star charts	c. 964[1]
Paphnutius	Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim	Play	c. 935-1002
Al-Tasrif	Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi	Medical encyclopedia	Completed in 1000[2]
Josippon	Joseph ben Gorion	History of the Jews from the destruction of Babylon to the Siege of Jerusalem	940[3]
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity	Brethren of Purity	Philosophical-scientific encyclopedia	10th century[4]
Aleppo Codex	Shlomo ben Buya'aa	Copy of the Bible	920[5]
De Administrando Imperio	Constantine VII	Political geography of the world	c. 950[6]
Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions	Associated with Constantine VII	Treatises providing information on military campaigns in Asia Minor	Based on material compiled in the early 10th century, current form dates to the late 950s[7]
Geoponica	Compiled under the patronage of Constantine VII	Agricultural manual[8]	Compiled in its present form in the 10th century[9]
Þórsdrápa	Eilífr Goðrúnarson[10]	Skaldic poem with Thor as its protagonist	10th century[11]
Hákonarmál	Eyvindr skáldaspillir	Poem composed in memory of Haakon I of Norway	After 961[12]
"Háleygjatal"	Eyvindr skáldaspillir	Poem seeking to establish the Hlaðir dynasty as the social equal of the Hárfagri dynasty[13]	End of the 10th century[14]
Kitab al-Aghani	Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani	Collection of songs, biographical information, and information relating to the lives and customs of the early Arabs and of the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates[15]	10th century[16]
Shahnameh	Ferdowsi	Epic poem	Begun c. 977, finished 1010[17]
Benedictional of St. Æthelwold	Godeman (a scribe) for Æthelwold of Winchester	Benedictional including pontifical benedictions for use at mass at different points of the liturgical year	Written and illuminated between 963 and 984[18]
Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise	Leo VI the Wise	Handbook dealing with military formations and weapons	Early 10th century[19]
Exeter Book	Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric	Collection of Old English poetry, including "The Wife's Lament"	Copied c. 975[20]
"Deor"	Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20]	The only surviving Old English poem with a fully developed refrain; possibly of a Norse background[21]	Copied c. 975[20]
"The Rhyming Poem"	Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20]	Poem in couplets utilising rhyme, which was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon literature[22]	Copied c. 975[20]
Extensive Records of the Taiping Era	Compiled by Li Fang	Collection of anecdotes and stories	977–78[23]
Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era	Compiled by Li Fang	Encyclopedia	984[24]
Greek Anthology	Originally compiled by Meleager, combined by Constantinus Cephalas with works by Philippus of Thessalonica, Diogenianus, Agathias and others; part of a later revision compiled by Maximus Planudes	Collection of Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs and rhetorical exercises	Originally compiled in the 1st century BCE, expanded in the 9th century, revised and augmented in the 10th century, expanded again from a manuscript compiled in 1301[25]
Wamyō Ruijushō (倭名類聚抄)	Compiled by Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順)	Collection of Japanese terms	Mid-930s[26]
Gosen Wakashū (後撰和歌集)	Ordered by Emperor Murakami	Imperial waka anthology	c. 951[27]
Yamato Monogatari (大和物語)	Unknown	Uta monogatari (narrative fiction with waka poetry)	c. 951-956
History of the Prophets and Kings	Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari	Universal history	Unfinished at the time of Tabari's death in 956[28]
Praecepta Militaria	Attributed to Nikephoros II Phokas	Military manual	965[29]
Escorial Taktikon	Edited by Nikolaos Oikonomides (1972)[30]	Precedence list	Drawn up between 975 and 979[31]
Bodhi Vamsa	Upatissa of Upatissa Nuwara	Prose poem describing the bringing of a branch of the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century	c. 980[32]
Old History of the Five Dynasties	Xue Juzheng	Account of China's Five Dynasties	974[33]
Chronicon Salernitanum	Anonymous[34]	Annals	974[35]
Chronicon Æthelweardi	Æthelweard	Latin version of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle	After 975 and probably before 983[36]
Gesta Berengarii imperatoris	Anonymous[37]	Epic poem	Early 10th century[38]
Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集)	Compiled by a committee of bureaucrats recognised as superior poets	Anthology of Japanese poetry	Compiled c. 905[39]
Annales Cambriae	Diverse sources	Chronicle believed to cover a period beginning 447	c. 970[40]
Waltharius	Unknown Frankish monk	Epic poem about the Germanic Heroic Age	First circulated/published c. 850 to c. 950[41]
Leofric Missal	Unknown scribes	Service book	Core written c. 900, with an addition made c. 980[42]
"Eiríksmál"	Unknown	Poem composed in memory of Eric Bloodaxe	Probably 10th century[12]
Khaboris Codex	Unknown	Oldest known copy of the New Testament	10th century[43]
Suda	Unknown[44]	Encyclopedia	10th century[45]
Tractatus coislinianus	Unknown	Manuscript containing a statement of a Greek theory of comedy	10th century[46]
Beowulf	Unknown	Epic	Believed to have been written between the 7th and 10th centuries[47]
Ishinpō	Tanba Yasunori	Encyclopedia of Chinese medicine	Issued in 982[48]
Hudud al-'alam	Unknown	Concise geography of the world	Begun 982–983[49]
Ōjōyōshū	Genshin	Kanbun Buddhist text	985
Karnataka Kadambari	Nagavarma I	Romance in champu (mixed prose and verse)	Late 10th century
Chhandombudhi	Nagavarma I	Treatise on prosody in Vijayanagara literature in Kannada	c. 990
Completes the first draft of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings)	Ferdowsi	a long epic poem, the national epic of Greater Iran	999[50]
Tomida femina	Anonymous	Charm, the oldest known complete Occitan poem	10th century
The Battle of Maldon	Anonymous	Old English heroic poem (earliest manuscript lost 1731)	Between the Battle of Maldon in Spring 991 and 1000?[51]
Passio Sancti Eadmundi	Abbo of Fleury	Hagiographic account of the death of Edmund the Martyr	10th century

Authors

Name	Description	Dates
Abu Firas al-Hamdani	Arab poet	932–968[52]
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam	Algebraist	c. 850 – c. 930[53]
Ælfric of Eynsham	Author of homilies in Old English, and three works to assist in learning Latin, the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy (probably with Aelfric Bata. Also a Bible translator	c. 955 – c. 1020[54]
Æthelweard	Anglo-Saxon historian	Before 973 – c. 998[55]
Akazome Emon (赤染衛門)	Japanese waka poet	fl. 976–1041[56]
Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri	Philosopher born in modern Iran	Died 992[57]
Al-Maʿarri	Arab poet born near Aleppo, Syria	973–1057[58]
Al-Masudi	Arab historian and geographer	c. 896 – 956[59]
Al-Mutanabbi	Arabic poet	915–965[60]
Ibn al-Nadim	Author of the Fehrest, an encyclopedia	c. 932 – 990[61]
Al-Natili	Arabic-language author in the medical field	fl. c. 985–90[62]
Alchabitius	Author of Al-madkhal ilā sināʿat Aḥkām al-nujūm, a treatise on astrology; from Iraq	fl. c. 950[63]
Aldred the Scribe	Author of the glosses in the Lindisfarne Gospels	10th century[64]
Alhazen	Mathematician, died in Cairo	965 – c. 1040[65]
Asser	Welsh biographer and bishop, died in Sherborne	died 1909[66]
Bal'ami	Vizier to the Samanids and translator of the Ṭabarī into Persian	Died c. 992–7[67]
Abu-Shakur Balkhi	Persian writer	915–960s[68]
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi	Persian Muslim polymath	849–934[69]
Rabia Balkhi	Arabic- and Persian-language poet	Died 940[70]
Bard Boinne	Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland"	Died 932[71]
Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī	Arab astronomer	c. 850 – c. 929[72]
David ben Abraham al-Fasi	Karaite lexicographer from Fes	10th century[73]
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī	Scholar and polymath of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids	973 – after 1050[74]
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī	Mathematician and astronomer; author of Kitāb fī mā yaḥtaj ilayh al-kuttāb wa’l-ʿummāl min ʾilm al-ḥisāb, an arithmetic textbook; of Persian descent	940 – 997 or 998[75]
Cináed ua hArtacáin	Irish poet and author of dinsenchas poems	Died 974[76]
Constantine VII	Byzantine emperor and author of De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis	905–959[77]
Abu-Mansur Daqiqi	Poet, probably born in Ṭūs	After 932 – c. 976[78]
Shabbethai Donnolo	Italian physician and writer on medicine and astrology	913 – after 982[79]
Egill Skallagrímsson	Viking skald and adventurer	c. 910 – c. 990[80]
Eilífr Goðrúnarson	Icelandic skald	c. 1000[81]
Einarr Helgason	Skald for Norwegian ruler Haakon Sigurdsson	fl. late 10th century[82]
Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria	Author of a history of the world and treatises on medicine and theology	876–940[83]
Eysteinn Valdason	Icelandic skald	c. 1000[84]
Eyvindr skáldaspillir	Icelandic skald	Died c. 990[85]
Al-Farabi	Muslim philosopher	c. 878 – c. 950[86]
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani	Literary scholar and author of an encyclopedic work on Arabic music	897–967[15]
Ferdowsi	Persian poet and author of the Shahnameh, the Persian national epic	c. 935 – c. 1020–26[87]
Flodoard	French historian and chronicler	894–966[88]
Frithegod	British poet, author of Breviloquium vitae Wilfridi, a version of Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written in hexameters	fl. c. 950 – c. 958[89]
Fujiwara no Asatada (藤原 公任)	One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	c. 910 – c. 966[90]
Fujiwara no Kintō (藤原 公任)	Japanese poet and critic responsible for the initial gathering of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	966–1041[91]
Fujiwara no Takamitsu (藤原 高光)	Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	Died 994[90]
Fujiwara no Tametoki (藤原 為時)	Japanese waka and kanshi poet and father of Murasaki Shikibu[92]	Late 10th – early 11th century[93]
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki (藤原 敏行)	Japanese poet	Died c. 901[94]
Kushyar Gilani	Iranian astronomer	fl. second half of the 10th/early 11th century[95]
Guthormr sindri	Norwegian skald	10th century[96]
Nathan ben Isaac ha-Babli	Babylonian historian	10th century[97]
Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld	Icelandic skald[98]	Died c. 1007[99]
Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani	Arabic belle-lettrist and inventor of the maqāma genre	968–1008[100]
Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī	Arabian geographer	Died 945[101]
Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi	Armenian man of letters	c. 840 – c. 930[102]
Hrotsvitha	German dramatist and poet	c. 935 – c. 1002[103]
Ibn al-Faqih	Persian historian and geographer	Died 903[104]
Ibn al-Jazzar	Physician	Died 970/980[105]
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya	Historian of Muslim Spain, born in Seville and of Visigothic descent[106]	Died 977[107]
Ibn Duraid	Arabian poet	837–934[108]
Ibn Hawqal	Author of Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik, a book on geography; born in Nisibis	Second half of the 10th century – after 988[109]
Ibn Juljul	Author of Tabaqāt al atibbāʾ wa’l-hukamả, a summary of the history of medicine	944 – c. 994[110]
Ibn Khordadbeh	Author on subjects including history, genealogy, geography, music, and wines and cookery; of Persian descent	c. 820 – c. 912[111]
Ioane-Zosime	Georgian religious writer, hymnographer and translator	10th century[112]
Lady Ise (伊勢)	Japanese waka poet,[113] mother of Nakatsukasa[114]	c. 877 – c. 940[113]
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon	Physician and philosopher, born in Egypt	832–932[115]
Israel the Grammarian	European scholar, poet and bishop	c. 895–c. 965[116]
Izumi Shikibu (和泉式部)	Japanese waka poet	Born c. 976[117]
Abraham ben Jacob	Spanish Jewish geographer	fl. second half of the 10th century[118]
Jayadeva	Indian mathematician	Lived before 1073[119]
Al-Karaji	Mathematician, lived in Baghdad	953 – c. 1029[120]
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin	Astronomer and number theorist from Khurasan	c. 900 – c. 971[121]
Abu-Mahmud Khojandi	Astronomer and mathematician born in Khujand	c. 945 – 1000[122]
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi	Author of Mafātih al-'ulũm (Keys of the Sciences)	fl. c. 975[123]
Ki no Tokibumi	Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber	fl. c. 950[124]
Ki no Tomonori (紀 時文)	Japanese waka poet and one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū	c. 850 – c. 904[125]
Ki no Tsurayuki (紀 貫之)	Japanese waka poet, critic and diarist; one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū	c. 872 – c. 945[126]
Kishi Joō (徽子女王)	Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	929–985[127]
Kiyohara no Motosuke (清原 元輔)	Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, and father of Sei Shōnagon[128]	908–990[124][128]
Leo the Deacon	Byzantine historian	Born c. 950[129]
Liutprand of Cremona	Italian historian and author	c. 922 – 972[130]
Luo Yin (羅隱)	Japanese poet	833–909[131]
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi	Author of Kāmil al-Ṣinā’ah al-Tibbiyyah, a compendium; born near Shiraz	First quarter of the 10th century – 994[132]
Abu Nasr Mansur	Astronomer, born in Gīlān	c. 950 – c. 1036[133]
Mansur Al-Hallaj	Arabic-speaking mystic and author of the Ṭawāsin, a collection of 11 reflective essays; born near Beyza	857–922[134]
Ebn Meskavayh	Persian writer on topics including history, theology, philosophy and medicine	Died 1030[135]
Symeon the Metaphrast	Principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Greek Orthodox Church	Second half of the 10th century[136]
Mibu no Tadamine	Japanese waka poet[137] and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	fl. 898–920[90]
Michitsuna no Haha ( 藤原道綱母)	Author of Kagerō nikki (The Gossamer Years)	Died 995[138]
Minamoto no Kintada (源 公忠)	Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	889–948[90]
Minamoto no Muneyuki (源 宗于)	Japanese poet[139]	Died 939[140]
Minamoto no Saneakira (源 信明)	Japanese poet	916–970[141]
Minamoto no Shigeyuki (源 重之)	Japanese poet	Died c. 1000[142]
Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順)	Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals[90]	911–983[90][124]
Vācaspati Miśra	Indian polymath	900–980[143]
Muhammad bin Hani al Andalusi al Azdi	Poet born in Seville[144]	Died 973[145]
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari	Writer on theology, literature and history, born in Tabriz	839–923[146]
Al-Muqaddasi	Arabian traveller and author of a Description of the Lands of Islam, an Arabic geography[147]	c. 946–7 – 1000[148]
Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz	Writer and, for one day, caliph of the Abbasid dynasty	Died 908[149]
Nagavarma I	Author of the Chandōmbudhi, the first treatise on Kannada metrics	Late 10th century[150]
Nakatsukasa (中務)	One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, daughter of Lady Ise	c. 912 – after 989[114]
Al-Nayrizi	Astronomer and meteorologist probably from Neyriz	c. 865 – c. 922[151]
Jacob ben Nissim	Philosopher, lived in Kairouan	10th century[152]
Nōin (能因)	Japanese poet	988–1050?[153]
Notker Labeo	German theologian, philologist, mathematician, astronomer, connoisseur of music, and poet	c. 950 – 1022[154]
Odo of Cluny	Author of a biography of Gerald of Aurillac, a series of moral essays, some sermons, an epic poem and 12 choral antiphons	878/9–942[155]
Óengus mac Óengusa	Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland"	Died 930[156]
Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto (大中臣 頼基)	Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	Died 958[90]
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (大中臣 能宣)	Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber	922–991[124]
Ono no Komachi (小野 小町)	Japanese poet	834–900[157]
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒)	Japanese waka poet	fl. 898–922[158]
Adikavi Pampa	Kannada-language poet	902–945[159]
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī	Astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan	c. 940 – c. 1000[160]
Qusta ibn Luqa	Scholar of Greek Christian origin whose work included astronomy, mathematics, medicine and philosophy	Probably c. 820 – probably c. 912–913[161]
Ratherius	Author of works including a criticism of the social classes of his time and two defences of his right to the Diocese of Liège	c. 887 – 974[162]
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi	Physician, scientist, philosopher and author of alchemy and logic; born in Rey, Iran	865–925[163]
Regino of Prüm	Chronicler and author of works on ecclesiastical discipline and liturgical singing, born in Altrip	Died 915[164]
Richerus	Chronicler from Reims	Died after 998[165]
Ahmad ibn Rustah	Persian author of a geographical compendium	Died after 903[166]
Al-Saghani	Mathematician and astronomer who flourished in Turkmenistan	Died 990[167]
Ibn Sahl	Geometer	fl. late 10th century[168]
Sakanoue no Mochiki	Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber	fl. c. 950[124]
Sei Shōnagon (清少納言)	Japanese diarist and poet	c. 966 – c. 1025[169]
Abu Sulayman Sijistani	Philosopher from Sijistan	c. 932 – c. 1000[170]
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani	Islamic philosopher	fl. 971[171]
Sijzi	Geometer, astrologer and astronomer, born in Sijistan	c. 945 – c. 1020[172]
Ibrahim ibn Sinan	Geometer from Baghdad	908–946[173]
Farrukhi Sistani	Court poet of Mahmud of Ghazni	10th–11th centuries[174]
Somadeva Suri	South Indian Jain monk and author of the Upāsakādyayana, a central text of Digambara śrāvakācāra literature	10th century[175]
Sosei (素性)	One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals	859–923[90]
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi	Astronomer in Iran	903–986[176]
Sugawara no Michizane (菅原 道真/菅原 道眞)	Japanese statesman, historian and poet	845–903[177]
Symeon the Studite	"Spiritual father" of Symeon the New Theologian[178] and author of the "Ascetical Discourse", a narrative intended for monks[179]	917 or 924[180] – c. 986–7[181]
Ukhtanes of Sebastia	Chronicler of the history of Armenia	c. 935 – 1000[182]
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi	Mathematician, possibly from Damascus	c. 920 – c. 980[183]
Vaṭeśvara	Indian mathematician	Born 802 or 880[184]
Wang Yucheng (王禹偁)	Chinese Song dynasty poet and official	954–1001
Widukind of Corvey	Saxon historian	Died c. 1004[185]
Xue Juzheng (薛居正)	Author of the Old History of the Five Dynasties, an account of China's Five Dynasties	912–981[33]
Ibn Yunus	Egyptian astronomer and astrologer	950–1009[186]
Ahmad ibn Yusuf	Egyptian mathematician	fl. c. 900–905, died 912/913[187]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi	Physician and author of Al-Tasrif, from Al-Andalus	936–1013[188]

See also

• 10th century in poetry
• 11th century in literature
• Early Medieval literature
• Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
• List of years in literature

Notes

1. Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne (31 August 2011). "'Abdul-Rahmān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: A Journey of Re-discovery". In Orchiston, Wayne; Nakamura, Tsuko; Strom, Richard G. (eds.). Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference. New York: Springer. p. 121. ISBN 1441981608. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
2. Crowe, Felicity; Goddard, Jolyon; Holingum, Ben; MacEachern, Sally; Russell, Henry, eds. (1 September 2010). "Abu al-Qasim, Khalaf az-Zahrawi (936–1013)". Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 81. ISBN 0761479295. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
3. "Joseph ben Gorion (Josephus Gorionides; referred to also as Yosippon and Pseudo-Josephus)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
4. Zonta, Mauro (29 September 2005). "Microcosm/macrocosm". In Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven J.; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415969301. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
5. Pfeffer, Anshel (6 November 2007). "Fragment of ancient parchment from Bible given to Jerusalem scholars". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
6. Waugh, Daniel C. "Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio". University of Washington. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
7. Sullivan, Denis F. (15 February 2009). "Byzantine military manuals: prescriptions, practice and pedagogy". In Stephenson, Paul (ed.). The Byzantine World. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0415440106. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
8. Kelhoffer, James A. (2005). The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 105. ISBN 3161484606. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
9. Sharples, R. W. (1995). Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9004101748. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
10. McKinnell, John (2009). "The Fantasy Giantess: Brana in Hálfdanar saga Brönufǫstra". In Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann; Lassen, Annette (eds.). Fornaldarsagaerne: Myter og virkelighed. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 202. ISBN 8763525798. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
11. Abram, Christopher (5 May 2011). Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 1847252478. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
12. Thorvaldsen, Bernt Øyvind (1 December 2006). "The generic aspect of the Eddic style". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (eds.). Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes & Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 918911681X. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
13. Steinsland, Gro (21 April 2011). "Origin Myths and Rulership. From the Viking Age Ruler to the Ruler of Medieval Historiography: Continuity, Transformations and Innovations". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 9004205063. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
14. Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (21 April 2011). "Kings, Earls and Chieftains. Rulers in Norway, Orkney and Iceland c. 900–1300". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 9004205063. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
15. "Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
16. Kilpatrick, Hilary (25 April 1996). "Modernity in a Classical Arabic Adab Work, the Kitab Al-aghāni". In Smart, J. R. (ed.). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature. London: Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 0700704116. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
17. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1999). "Ferdowsi, Abu'l-Qāsem i. Life". Encyclopædia Iranica. IX. pp. 514–523. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
18. "Full description". British Library. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
19. "Tactics". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
20. Luebering, J. E., ed. (15 August 2010). English Literature from the Old English Period Through the Renaissance. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 46–7. ISBN 1615302301. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
21. Klinck, Anne L. (10 July 2001). The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0773522417. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
22. Saintsbury, George (1 January 2005). A Short History of English Literature. 1. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 24. ISBN 8126904453. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
23. Ng, Zhiru (2007). The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 173. ISBN 0824830458. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
24. Lehner, Georg (10 May 2011). China in European Encyclopaedias, 1700–1850. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 9004201505.
25. "Greek Anthology". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
26. Goodwin, Janet R. (2007). Selling Songs and Smiles: The Sex Trade in Heian and Kamakura Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 13. ISBN 0824830970. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
27. Frédéric 2002, p. 120.
28. Sreedharan, E. (1 January 2004). A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Andhra Pradesh: Orient Blackswan. p. 66. ISBN 8125026576. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
29. Sullivan, Denis F. (2000). Siegecraft: Two Tenth-century Instructional Manuals. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 16. ISBN 0884022706. Retrieved 15 August 2012. praecepta militaria 965.
30. Nesbitt, John; McGeer, Eric (2000). Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.). "Nicolas Oikonomides" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 54: ix. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
31. Stephenson, Paul (2003). "The Balkan frontier in the year 1000". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 9004120971. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
32. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bodhi Vamsa" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
33. Ng, On-cho; Wang, Q. Edward (6 September 2005). Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 140. ISBN 0824829131. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
34. Nicolle, David (26 July 1984). The Age of Charlemagne. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 085045042X. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
35. Van der Essen, Léon (1907). "Ecclesiastical Annals" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
36. Miller, Sean (2001). "Æthelweard". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England.
37. Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Trans. Idomir Allen, Michael. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223. ISBN 0812213424. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
38. Dillon, John B. (2004). "Latin literature". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. 2. London: Routledge. p. 609. ISBN 0415939313. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
39. Craig McCullough, Helen (1985). Brocade by Night: "Kokin Wakashū" and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0804712468. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
40. "Annales Cambriae". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
41. Magennis, Hugh (30 April 2003). "Anonymous: Waltharius". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
42. "Oxford, Bodleian, Bodley 579 (2675)". University of Leicester. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
43. Easton, Roger L, Jr. "Research Highlights". Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
44. Merry, Bruce (2004). "Suda (Suidas)". Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 409. ISBN 0313308136. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
45. Deakin, Michael A. B. (14 October 2004). "Hypatia and Her Mathematics". In Anderson, Marlow; Katz, Victor; Wilson, Robin (eds.). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: And Other Tales of Mathematical History. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. p. 53. ISBN 0883855461. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
46. "Tractatus Coislinianus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
47. Schogol, Marc (14 March 2000). "10th-century Staple An Overnight Hit New Translation Creates A 'Beowulf' Boom. Puzzled Professors Are Rejoicing". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
48. "Ishinpō". World Digital Library. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
49. Bosworth, C. Edmund (2004). "Ḥodud al-ʿālam". Encyclopaedia Iranica. XII. pp. 417–418. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
50. 999 Ferdowsi completing the first draft of the Šāh-nāma. iranicaonline.org
51. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
52. Miquel, André. "Abu Firas Al-Hamdani (932–968)". Encyclopædia Universalis. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
53. Levey, Martin (2008). "Abū Kāmil ShujāʿIbn Aslam Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Shujāʿ". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
54. Thurston, Herbert (1907). "Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
55. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Æthelweard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292.
56. Miner et al. 1988, p. 141.
57. Gaskill, Tom (1998). "al-'Amiri, Abu'l Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 992)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
58. "al-Maʿarrī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
59. "al-Masʿūdī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
60. Nick, Martin (September–October 2003). "Al Mutanabbi: The Greatest Arabic Poet". AlShindagah (54). Retrieved 9 September 2012.
61. Sellheim, Rudolf; Zakeri, Mohsen; de Blois, François; Sundermann, Werner (15 December 1999). "Fehrest". Encyclopædia Iranica. IX. pp. 475–483. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
62. Richter-Bernburg, L. (1992). "Medicine, pharmacology and veterinary science in Islamic eastern Iran and Central Asia". In Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. IV. Paris: UNESCO. p. 305. ISBN 9231036548. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
63. Pingree, David (2008). "Al-Qabīṣī, Abū Al-Ṣaqr 'Abd Al-'Azīz Ibn 'Uthmān Ibn 'Alī". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
64. Thompson, Edward Maunde (1885). "Aldred the Glossator (10th cent.)". Dictionary of National Biography. 1. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
65. Sabra, A. I. (2008). "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
66. Patrick Wormald, "Asser (d. 909)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 2 June 2016
67. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Dj. (15 December 1989). "Amīrak Balʿamī". Encyclopædia Iranica. I. pp. 971–972. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
68. Afsahzod, A. (2003). "Persian literature". In Bosworth, C. E.; Asimov, M. S. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Part Two. IV. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 372. ISBN 8120815963. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
69. Watt, W. M. (15 December 1983). "Abū Zayd Balḵī". Encyclopædia Iranica. I. pp. 399–400. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
70. Emadi, Hafizullah (2005). Culture and Customs of Afghanistan. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. ISBN 0313330891. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
71. Anonymous 1856, p. 627–9.
72. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albategnius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 491.
73. "David ben Abraham (Arabic name, Abu Sulaiman Da'ud al-Fasi)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
74. "Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān". Encyclopædia Iranica. IV. 15 December 1989. p. 274. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
75. Youschkevitch, A. P. (2008). "Abū'l-Wafāʾ Al-Būzjānī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyā Ibn Ismāʿīl Ibn Al-ʿAbbās". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
76. Muhr, Kay (31 August 2012). "Dindshenchas". In Koch, John Thomas; Minard, Antone (eds.). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN 1598849646. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
77. "Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
78. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (15 December 1993). "Daqīqī, Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. VI. pp. 661–662. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
79. "Donnolo (Δομνουλος, diminutive of "Dominus"), or Shabbethai b. Abraham b. Joel". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
80. Von Nolcken, Christina (2001). "Egil Skallagrimsson and the Viking Ideal". University of Chicago Library. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
81. "Eilífr Goðrúnarson (Eil)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
82. Clunies Ross, Margaret (18 August 2011). A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. p. 34. ISBN 1843842793. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
83. Fortescue, Adrian (1909). "Eutychius, Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
84. "Eysteinn Valdason (EVald)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
85. "Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson (Eyv)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
86. "al-Fārābī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
87. Boyle, John Andrew (2012). "Ferdowsī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
88. Remy, Arthur F. J. (1913). "Flodoard". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
89. Lapidge, Michael (2004). "Frithegod [Frithegode, Fredegaud] (fl. c.950–c.958), cleric and poet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10190. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
90. Frédéric 2002, p. 818.
91. Commons, Anne (30 April 2009). Hitomaro: Poet As God. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 9004174613. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
92. Keene, Donald (2004). "The Tale of Genji". In Bloom, Harold (ed.). Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 0791075842. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
93. Cranston 2006, p. 1140.
94. Sorensen, Joseph T. (6 July 2012). Optical Allusions: Screens, Paintings, and Poetry in Classical Japan (ca. 800–1200). Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 9004219315. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
95. Bagheri, Mohammad (2007). "Ibn Labbān, Kūshyār: Kiyā Abū al‐Ḥasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān Bāshahrī al‐Jīlī (Gīlānī)". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 560–561. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_807. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
96. "Guthormr sindri (Gsind)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
97. "Nathan Ben Isaac Ha-Kohen Hababli". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
98. "Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson (Hfr)". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
99. Fyrsteskjalde, C. "Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson". In Jónsson, Finnur (ed.). Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. 1 (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads Forlag. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
100. Malti-Douglas, F. (15 December 1988). "Badīʿ-al-Zamān Hamadānī". Encyclopædia Iranica. III. pp. 377–379. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
101. Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "Hamdānī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 875–876.
102. Hacikyan et al. 2002, p. 229.
103. Delmar Evans, Deanna (2001). "Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (c. 935 – c. 975)". In Reichardt, Mary R. (ed.). Catholic Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 0313311471. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
104. Waskey, Andrew J. (1 January 2005). "Arab geographers". In McColl, R. W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography. 1. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 0816072299. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
105. Russell, G. A. (Winter 1997). "Ibn al-Jazzar on Forgetfulness and Its Treatment: Critical Edition of the Arabic Text and the Hebrew Translations, with Commentary and Translation into English (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 71 (4): 704–706. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0184. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
106. Constable, Olivia Remie (1997). "An Uprising Aaginst the Amir Al-Ḥakam (796–822)". In Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.). Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 45. ISBN 0812215699. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Ibn al-Qūṭiyya.
107. Monroe, James T. (January–March 1971). "The Historical Arjūza of ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, a Tenth-Century Hispano-Arabic Epic Poem". Journal of the American Oriental Society. Baltimore: American Oriental Society. 91 (1): 69. doi:10.2307/600444. JSTOR 600444.
108. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibn Duraid" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
109. Calvo, Emilia (31 July 1997). "Ibn Hawqal". In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 419. ISBN 0792340663. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
110. Vernet, J. (2008). "Ibn Juljul, Sulaymān Ibn Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
111. Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2008). "Ibn Khurradādhbih (or Ibn Khurdādhbih), Abu'l-Qāsim 'Ubayd Allāh 'Abd Allāh". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
112. Koberidze, Givi (2007). "Ioane-Zosime". Dictionary of Georgian National Biography. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
113. McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ise". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
114. Parker, Joseph (1994). "Nakatsukasa no Naishi (Lady Nakatsukasa, fl. ca. 1250–92)". In Mulhern, Chieko Irie (ed.). Japanese Women Writers: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 267. ISBN 0313254869. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
115. "Iisraeli, Isaac Ben Solomon (Abu Ya'ḳub Isḥaḳ Ibn Sulaiman Alisra'Ili; generally known as Isaac Israeli and sometimes as Isaac Israeli the Elder)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
116. Lapidge, Michael (2001). "Israel the Grammarian". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
117. "Izumi Shikibu". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. 2001. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
118. Levey, Martin (2008). "Ibrāhīm Ibn Ya'qūb Al-Isrā'īlī Al-Turṭushi". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
119. Sarma, K. V. (31 July 1997). "Jayadeva". In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 472. ISBN 0792340663. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
120. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 1999). "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
121. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 1999). "Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Al-Khazin". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
122. Van Brummelen, Glen (2007). "Khujandī: Abū Maḥmūd Ḥāmid ibn al‐Khiḍr al‐Khujandī". In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 630–631. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_762. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
123. Vernet, J. (2008). "Al-Khuwārizmī, Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
124. Ramirez-Christensen, Esperanza (16 April 2008). Murmured Conversations: A Treatise on Poetry and Buddhism by the Poet-Monk Shinkei. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0804748632. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
125. McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ki no Tomonori". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
126. McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Ki no Tsurayuki". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
127. "Portrait of the poetess, Saigu no Nyogo Yoshiko". Smithsonian Institution. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
128. Frédéric 2002, p. 532.
129. Fortescue, Adrian (1913). "Leo Diaconus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
130. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Liudprand" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 800.
131. Schmidt, J. D. (6 January 2003). Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716–1798). London: Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 0700715258. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
132. Hamarneh, Sami (2008). "Al-Majūsī, Abu'l-Ḥasan 'Alī Ibn 'Abbās". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
133. Berggren, J. Len (2007). "Ibn ʿIrāq: Abū Naṣr Manṣūr ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿIrāq". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 557–558. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_680. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
134. Mojaddedi, Jawid (15 December 2003). "Ḥallāj, Abu'l-Moḡiṯ Ḥosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica. XI. pp. 589–592. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
135. Bosworth, C. Edmund (2002). "Meskavayh, Abu ʿAli Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
136. "Symeon Metaphrastes". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
137. McAuley, Thomas (2001). "Mibu no Tadamine". 2001 Waka for Japan 2001. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
138. Ōba Minako (1 October 1996). "Special Address: Without Beginning, Without End". In Schalow, Paul; Walker, Janet (eds.). The Woman's Hand: Gender and Theory in Japanese Women's Writing. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0804727228. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
139. Frédéric 2002, p. 364.
140. Cranston 2006, p. 1144.
141. Fujiwara Teika (1 June 1967). Fujiwara Teika's Superior Poems of Our Time. Trans. Brower, Robert H.; Miner, Earl. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0804701717. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
142. Cranston 2006, p. 1046.
143. Potter, Karl H. (2001). "172. Vācaspati Miśra". Blackwell Reference Online. doi:10.1111/b.9780631229674.2001.00177.x. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
144. Daftary 2007, p. 159.
145. Daftary 2007, p. 161.
146. Jackson, Roy (8 August 2006). Fifty Key Figures in Islam. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 62. ISBN 0415354676. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
147. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Muḳaddasi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 958.
148. Meri, Josef W., ed. (31 October 2005). "Geography". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. 1. London: Routledge. p. 286. ISBN 0415966906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
149. Cooperson, Michael (2005). "Probability, Plausibility and "Spiritual Communication" in Classical Arabic Biography". In Kennedy, Philip F. (ed.). On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature. Studies in Arabic Language and Literature. 6. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 86. ISBN 3447051825. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
150. Pollock, Sheldon (23 May 2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 368–9. ISBN 0520245008. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
151. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l Abbas al-Fadl ibn Hatim Al-Nayrizi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
152. "Jacob Ben Nissim Ibn Shahin". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
153. Carter, Steven D. (15 January 2006). "Travel as Poetic Practice in Medieval and Early Modern Japan". In Fogel, Joshua A. (ed.). Traditions of East Asian Travel. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 23. ISBN 184545152X. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
154. Kampers, Franz; Löffler, Klemens (1911). "Notker" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
155. Löffler, Klemens (1911). "St. Odo" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
156. Anonymous 1856, p. 625–7.
157. Okada, Barbra Teri (1982). Netsuke: Masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 101. ISBN 0870992732. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
158. Miner et al. 1988, p. 215.
159. Hampana, Kamala (October 2003). "Poet Pampa, Jinavallabhaand Andhra: A Retrospection" (PDF). Jain Journal. XXXVIII (2): 75. ISSN 0021-4043. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
160. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
161. Kheirandish, Elaheh (2007). "Qusṭā ibn Lūqā al‐Baʿlabakkī". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 948–949. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1138. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
162. Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Ratherius of Verona" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
163. Richter-Bernburg, Lutz (15 December 2003). "Ḥāwi, Al-". Encyclopædia Iranica. XIII. pp. 64–67. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
164. Kirsch, Johann Peter (1913). "Regino of Prüm". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
165. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Richerus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
166. Bosworth, C. Edmund (15 December 1997). "Ebn Rosta, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica. VIII. pp. 49–50. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
167. Puig, Roser (20 November 2007). "Ṣāghānī: Abū Ḥāmid Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣāghānī [al-Ṣāghānī] al-Asṭurlābī". In Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1004. ISBN 0387310223. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
168. Berggren, Len (2007). "Ibn Sahl: Abū Saʿd al‐ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 567. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_689. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
169. "Sei Shōnagon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
170. Atiyeh, George N. (1998). "al-Sijistani, Abu Sulayman Muhammad (c.932-c.1000)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
171. Walker, Paul E. (14 October 2004). "Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani (fl. 971)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
172. Van Brummelen, Glen (2007). "Sijzī: Abū Saʿīd Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al‐Jalīl al‐Sijzī". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1059. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1279. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
173. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
174. Seylon, Raman N. (30 September 2011). "Somanatha Temple". In Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (eds.). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 648. ISBN 0313374627. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
175. Lath, Mukund (4 April 1991). "Somadeva Suri and the question of Jain identity". In Carrithers, Michael; Humphrey, Caroline (eds.). The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0521365058. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
176. Kunitzsch, Paul (2007). "Ṣūfī: Abū al‐Ḥusayn ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al‐Ṣūfī". In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1110. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1346. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
177. Frédéric 2002, p. 908.
178. Alfeyev 2000, p. 19.
179. Alfeyev 2000, p. 102.
180. Alfeyev 2000, p. 20.
181. Alfeyev 2000, p. 27.
182. Hacikyan et al. 2002, p. 250.
183. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
184. Plofker, Kim (29 December 2008). Mathematics in India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 326. ISBN 0691120676. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
185. Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Widukind" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 620–621.
186. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999). "Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Yunus". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
187. Schrader, Dorothy V. (2008). "Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
188. Ramen, Fred (8 February 2006). Albucasis (Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi): Renowned Muslim Surgeon of the Tenth Century. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 1404205101. Retrieved 8 September 2012.

References

• Alfeyev, Hilarion (17 August 2000). St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198270097. Retrieved 11 September 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Anonymous (1856). Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the earliest times to the year 1616. 2. Trans. O'Donovan, John (2nd ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Smith and Co. Retrieved 12 September 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cranston, Edwin A. (6 February 2006). A Waka Anthology, Volume Two: Grasses of Remembrance. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 080474825X. Retrieved 28 September 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Daftary, Farhad (20 September 2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521616360. Retrieved 15 September 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Trans. Roth, Käthe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674017536. Retrieved 23 September 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hacikyan, Agop J.; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan, eds. (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. II. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814330231. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
• Miner, Earl; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E. (1 September 1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691008256. Retrieved 11 September 2012.