List of state leaders in the 16th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD, except for the many leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

See also: List of governors of dependent territories in the 16th century

See also: List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

State leaders in the 15th century – State leaders in the 17th century – State leaders by year

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 16th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

Kilukeni dynasty

• João I, Manikongo (1470–1509)
• Afonso I, Manikongo (1509–c.1542)
• Pedro I, Manikongo (c.1543–1545)
• Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi, Manikongo (1545–1561)
• Afonso II, Manikongo (1561)
• Bernardo I, Manikongo (1561–1567)
• Henrique I, Manikongo (1567–1568)

Kwilu dynasty

• Álvaro I, Manikongo (1568–1587)
• Álvaro II, Manikongo (1587–1614)

• Kingdom of Matamba (complete list) –

• Kambolo Matamba, King (fl.1590s)

• Portuguese Angola (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)
• Ngouh I, Mfon (1519–1544)
• Fifen, Mfon (1544–1568)
• Ngouh II, Mfon (1568–1590)
• Ngapna, Mfon (1590–1629)

Chad

• Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

• Birni Besse, Mbangi (1522–1536)
• Lubatko, Mbangi (1536–1548)
• Malo, Mbangi (1548–1568)
• ‘Abdallah, Mbangi (1568–1608)

Congo: Belgian

• Kuba Kingdom (complete list)[1] –

• Lushanjela Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Bo Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Shamba Bolongongo, Nyim (c.1600)

• Kingdom of Lunda (complete list) –

• Nkonda Matit, Mwaantaangaand (late 16th century)

Congo: French

• Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

• Moe Poaty I Kamangou, King (16th or 17th century)

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi

• Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

• Ntare I Rushatsi Cambarantama, King (c.1530–c.1550)
• Mwezi I Baridamunka, King (c.1550–c.1580)
• Mutaga I Mutabazi, King (c.1580–c.1600)

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Mwami (1477–1510)
• Ruganzu II Ndoli, Mwami (1510–early 16th century)
• Karemera Rwaka, Mwami (16th century)
• Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi, Mwami (16th century)
• Kigeli II Nyamuheshera, King (1576–1609)

Uganda

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)
• Nakibinge, Kabaka (c.1524–c.1554)
• Mulondo, Kabaka (c.1555–1564)
• Jemba, Kabaka (c.1564–c.1584)
• Suuna I, Kabaka (c.1584–c.1614)

Horn of Africa area

Eritrea

• Medri Bahri –

• Bahr negus Yeshaq, Bahri Negassi (?–1578)

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –

• Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)
• Dawit II, Emperor (1508–1540)
• Gelawdewos, Emperor (1540–1559)
• Menas, Emperor (1559–1563)
• Sarsa Dengel, Emperor (1563–1597)
• Yaqob, Emperor (1597–1603, 1604–1606)

• Kingdom of Garo (complete list)[2] –

• Ambiraj, Tato (1567–1600)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[3] –

• Sadi, King (1495–1530)
• Madi Gafine/Gafo, King (1530–1565)
• Bong-he, King (1565–1605)

• Ennarea (complete list)[4] –

• Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
• Sepenihi, Hinnare-tato (mid 16th century)
• La'ashonhi, Hinnare-tato (c.1570–1580)
• Badancho, Hinnare-tato (c.1580–1603)

Somalia

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)
• Garaad Liban, King (1503–1525)
• Garaad Yuusuf, King (1525–1555)
• Garaad Mohamud III, King (1555–1585)
• Garaad Abdale, King (1585–1612)

Madagascar

• Merina Kingdom (complete list) –

• Rangita, Queen (1520–1530)
• Rafohy, Queen (1530–1540)
• Andriamanelo, King (1540–1575)
• Ralambo, King (1575–1612)

Africa: Northcentral

Ifriqiya

• Hafsid dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)
• Muhammad V, Khalif (1526–1543)
• Ahmad III, Khalif (1543–1570)
• Muhammad VI, Khalif (1574–1574)
• Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya, Khalif (1574–1581)
• Alem Nafirr, Khalif (1581)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo (complete list) –

• al-Mustamsik, Caliph (1497–1508, 1516–1517)
• al-Mutawakkil III, Caliph (1508–1516, 1517)

Sudan

• Funj Sultanate of Sennar (complete list) –

• Amara Dunqas, Sultan (1503–1533/4)[5][6]
• Nayil, Sultan (1533/4–1550/1)
• Abd al-Qadir I, Sultan (1550/1–1557/8)
• Abu Sakikin, Sultan (1557/8–1568)
• Dakin, Sultan (1568–1585/6)
• Dawra, Sultan (1585/6–1587/8)
• Tayyib, Sultan (1587/8–1591)
• Unsa I, Sultan (1591–1603/4)

Africa: Northwest

Morocco

• Wattasid dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)
• Muhammad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1505–1524)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)
• Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Sultan (1545–1547)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)

• Saadi dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ash-Sheikh, Sultan (1549–1554, 1554–1557)
• Abdallah al-Ghalib, Sultan (1557–1574)
• Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, Sultan (1574–1576)
• Abd al-Malik I, Sultan (1576–1578)
• Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan (1578–1603)

Africa: South

Mozambique

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: West

Benin

• Abomey (complete list) –

• Do-Aklin, ruler (c.1600)

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)[7]
• Esigie, Oba (1504–1547)
• Orhogbua, Oba (1547–1580)
• Ehengbuda, Oba (1580–1602)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
• Gori, Nunbado (1520–1553)
• Bogora, Nunbado (1553–1571)
• Kampadiboaghi, Nunbado (1571–1615)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Guinea-Bissau

• Kaabu –

• Sama Koli, ruler (1537–?)

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Niger

• Dendi Kingdom (complete list) –

• Muhammad Gao, Askiya (1592)
• Nuh I, Askiya (c.1592–1599)[8]
• al-Mustafa, Askiya (c.1600)

Nigeria

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu) (complete list) –

• Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)[9]
• Muhammad V Aminami, Mai (1509–1538)
• Ali II of Bornu, Mai (1538–1539)
• Dunama V Ngumarsmma, Mai (1539–1557)
• Dala, Mai (1557–1564)
• Idris Alooma, Mai (1564–1596)[10]
• Muhammed VI Bukalmarami, Mai (1596–1612)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Onigbogi, Alaafin (c.1500–?)
• Ofirin, Alaafin (16th century)
• Eguguojo, Alaafin (16th century)
• Orompoto, Alaafin (?–c.1600)

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)
• Muhammad Kisoki, Sultan (1509–1565)
• Yakubu, Sultan (1565)
• Abu-Bakr Kado, Sultan (1565–1573)
• Muhammad Shashere, Sultan (1573–1582)
• Muhammad Zaki, Sultan (1582–1618)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Eze Nri Anyamata, King (1465–1511)
• Eze Nri Fenenu, King (1512–1582)
• Eze Nri Agụ, King (1583–1676)

Senegal

Apartment of the Maad Saloum (king of Saloum) in 1821.

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• Bukaar Biye-Sungule, Buur-ba (1492–1527)
• Birayma Dyeme-Kumba, Buur-ba (1527–1543)
• Leele Fuli Fak, Buur-ba (1543–1549)
• al-Buri Penda, Buur-ba (1549–1566)
• Lat-Samba, Buur-ba (1566–1597)
• Gireun Buri Dyelen, Buur-ba (1597–1605)

• Cayor (complete list) –

• Detie Fu Ndiogu, ruler (1549–?)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Malaw tane Joof, (variation: Maléotane Diouf - French spelling in Senegal), Maad Saloum (1567)[11]

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

• Moghulistan, (complete list) –

• Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
• Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
• Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1503–1508), of All Moghulistan (1508–1514), of Eastern Moghulistan (1514–1548)
• Shah, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1543–1560)
• Muhammad ibn Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1570)

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)
• Kasym, Khan (1511–1521)
• Mamash, Khan (1521–1523)
• Tahir, Khan (1523–1533)
• Buidash, Khan (1533–1534)
• Qozhamqut, Khan (1534–1535)
• Togym, Khan (1535–1537)
• Khaqnazar, Khan (1538–1580)
• Shygai, Khan (1580–1582)
• Tauekel, Khan (1582–1598)
• Esim, Khan (1598–1628)

• Kara Del

• Šamba, Khan (1492-1493, 1497-1505)
• Beyazıt, Khan (1505-1513)

Russia

• Great Horde (complete list) –

• Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)

Tajikistan

• Yarkent Khanate, Western Moghulistan (complete list) –

• Said, Khan (1514–1533)
• Abdurashid, Khan (1533–1560)
• Abdul Karim, Khan (1560–1591)
• Muhammad, Khan (1591–1610)

Tibet

• Guge[12]

• sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post-1499)
• Shakya 'od, King (early 16th century)
• Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde, King (fl.1537–1555)
• Ngag gi dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Nam mkha dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug, King (late 16th century)
• Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug, King (c.1600)

• Phagmodrupa dynasty[13] (complete list) –

• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1499–1554)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1554–1556/1557)
• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1556/57–1564)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1576–1603/1604)

• Rinpungpa[14] (complete list) –

• Donyo Dorje, Monarch (c.1479–1512)
• Ngawang Namgyal, Monarch (1512–1544)
• Dondup Tseten Dorje, Monarch (1544–?)
• Ngawang Jigme Drakpa, Monarch (?–1565)

• Tsangpa[15] (complete list) –

• Karma Tseten, Monarch (1565–1599)
• Khunpang Lhawang Dorje, Monarch (c.1582–1605/1606)
• Karma Thutob Namgyal, Monarch (c.1586–1610)
• Karma Tensung, Monarch (1599–1611)

Uzbekistan

The battle between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani in 1510.

• Muhammad Shayabak, Khan (1500–1510)
• Kochkunju Muhammad bin Abul-Khayr, Khan (1512–1531)
• Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju, Khan (1531–1534)
• Ubaydullah, Khan (1534–1539)
• Abdullah I, Khan (1539–1540)
• Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju, Khan (1540–1552)
• Nawruz Ahmed, Khan (1552–1556)
• Pir Muhammad I, Khan (1556–1561)
• Iskander bin Jani Beg, Khan (1561–1583)
• Abdullah II, Khan (1583–1598)
• Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah, Khan (1598)
• Pir Muhammad, Khan (1598–1599)
• Baqi Muhammad, Khan (1599–1605)

• Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

• Ilbars I, Khan (1511–1518)
• Sultan Haji, Khan (1518–1519)
• Hasan Quli, Khan (1519–1524)
• Sufyan, Khan (1529–1535)
• Bujugha, Khan (1524–1529)
• Avnik, Khan (1535–1538)
• Qal, Khan (1539–1549)
• Aqatay, Khan (1549–1557)
• Dust Muhammad, Khan (1557–1558)
• Haji Muhammad I, Khan (1558–1602)

Asia: East

China: Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty (complete list) –

• Hongzhi, Emperor (1487–1505)
• Zhengde, Emperor (1505–1521)
• Jiajing, Emperor (1521–1567)
• Longqing, Emperor (1567–1572)
• Wanli, Emperor (1572–1620)

Japan

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Go-Kashiwabara, Emperor (1500–1526)
• Go-Nara, Emperor (1526–1557)
• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)

• Shōguns –

• Yoshizumi, Shōgun (1493–1508)
• Yoshitane, Shōgun (1508–1521)
• Yoshiharu, Shōgun (1521–1545)
• Yoshiteru, Shōgun (1545–1565)
• Yosihide, Shōgun (1564–1568)
• Yoshiaki, Shōgun (1568–1573)

• Azuchi–Momoyama period Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)
• Go-Yōzei, Emperor (1586–1611)

• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

• Shō Shin, King (1477–1526)
• Shō Sei, King (1526–1555)
• Shō Gen, King (1556–1572)
• Shō Ei, King (1573–1588)
• Shō Nei, King (1589–1620)

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Yeonsangun, King (1494–1506)
• Jungjong, King (1506–1544)
• Injong, King (1544–1545)
• Myeongjong, King (1545–1567)
• Seonjo, King (1567–1608)

Mongolia

• Northern Yuan dynasty (complete list) –

• Dayan, Khan (1478–1516)
• Bars Bolud Jinong, Khan (1516–1519)
• Bodi Alagh, Khan (1519–1547)
• Daraisung Guden, Khan (1547–1557)
• Tümen Jasagtu, Khan (1557–1592)
• Buyan Sechen, Khan (1592–1603)

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Bolkiah, Sultan (1485–1524)
• Abdul Kahar, Sultan (1524–1530)
• Saiful Rijal, Sultan (1533–1581)
• Shah Berunai, Sultan (1581–1582)
• Muhammad Hassan, Sultan (1582–1598)
• Abdul Jalilul Akbar, Sultan (1598–1659)

Cambodia

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)
• Srey Sukonthor, King (1504–1512)
• Sdach Korn, King (1512–1521)
• Ang Chan I, King (1516–1566)
• Barom Reachea I, King (1566–1576)
• Chey Chettha I, King (1576–1594)
• Preah Ram I, King (1594–1596)
• Preah Ram II, King (1596–1597)
• Barom Reachea II, King (1597–1599)
• Barom Reachea III, King (1599–1600)
• Ponhea Nhom, King (1600–1603)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)
• Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, Maharaja (1521–1535)
• Ratu Dewata, Maharaja (1535–1543)
• Ratu Sakti, Maharaja (1543–1551)
• Nilakendra, Maharaja (1551–1567)
• Raja Mulya, Maharaja (1567–1579)

• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –

• Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)

• Tuban –

• Raden Arya Wilatikta, King (fl.1513)
• Kyai Arya Ngrasena, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Gegelang, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Batubang, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Balewot, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Sekar Tanjung, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Ngangsar, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Pamalad, King (fl.1587)
• Arya Salempe, King (16th/17th century)

• Demak Sultanate (complete list) –

• Raden Patah, Sultan (1475–1518)
• Pati Unus, Sultan (1518–1521)
• Trenggana, Sultan (1521–1546)
• Sunan Mukmin, Sultan (1546–1549)
• Arya Penangsang, Sultan (1549–1554)

• Giri –

• Sunan Giri, Sultan (1485–1506)
• Sunan Dalem, Sultan (1506–1545/46)
• Sunan Seda Margi, Sultan (1545/46–1548)
• Sunan Prapen, Sultan (1548–1605)

• Kingdom of Pajang (complete list) –

• Joko Tingkir, Sultan (c.1568–1586)

• Kalinyamat Sultanate –

• Hadlirin, Sultan (1527–1549)
• Ratu Kalinyamat, Queen (1549–1579)
• Pangeran Arya Jepara, Raja (1579–1599)

• Duchy of Surabaya (complete list) –

• Kyai Sinuhun Ngampeldenta, Adipati (fl.c.1500)[16]
• Pecat Tanda Terung, Adipati (fl.c.1513)
• Pangeran Tundungmusuh, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Lena, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Jebuk, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Wanakrama, Adipati (late 16th century)
• Panembahan Rama, Adipati (16th/17th century)
• Pangeran Surabaya, Adipati (16th/17th century)

• Blambangan Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bima Koncar/Minak Sumedhe, King (15th/16th century)[17]
• Menak Pentor, King (fl.1513)
• Santaguna, King (fl.c.1575)
• N.N., King (fl.1588)
• N.N., King (?–1597)

• Pasuruan –

• Menak Sepetak, King (fl.1513)[18]
• Adipati Dengkol, King (16th century)

• Banten Sultanate (complete list) –

• Maulana Hasanuddin (c.1552–1570)[19]
• Maulana Yusuf, Sultan (c.1570–1580)
• Maulana Muhammad, Sultan (c.1580–1596)
• Pangeran Ratu, Sultan (1596–1651)

• Sultanate of Cirebon (complete list) –

• Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)
• Fatahillah, General (1568–1570)
• Panembahan Ratu, Sultan (c.1570–1649)

• Bangkalan –

• Ki Pragalba, Sultan (?–1531)[20]
• Raden Pratanu, Sultan (1531–1592/96)
• Raden Kara, Sultan (1592/6–1621)

• Sumenep –

• Raden Tumenggung Kanduruwan, Sultan (?–1579)[21]
• Pangeran Ellor I, Sultan (c.1579–?)
• Pangeran Wetan, Sultan (c.1600)

• Mataram Sultanate (complete list) –

• Senopati, Sultan (1587–1601)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (complete list) –

• Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
• Muhammad Syah III, Sultan (1506–1507)
• Abdullah, Sultan (1507–1509)
• Ahmad V, Sultan (1509–1514)
• Zainal Abidin IV, Sultan (1514–1517)

• Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ali Mughayat Syah, Sultan (c.1514–1530)
• Salahuddin, Sultan (1530–c.1537/39)
• Alauddin al-Kahar, Sultan (c.1537/39–1571)
• Ali Ri'ayat Syah I, Sultan (1571–1579)
• Muda, Sultan (1579)
• Sri Alam, Sultan (1579)
• Zainul Abidin, Sultan (1579)
• Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan (1579–1585/86)
• Buyung, Sultan (1585/86–1589)
• Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, Sultan (1589–1604)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

• Sultanate of Langkat –

• Panglima Dewa Shahdan, Raja (1568–1580)
• Panglima Dewa Sakti, Raja (1580–1612)

• Riau-Lingga Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Negara Daha –

• Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
• Tumenggung, Maharaja (?–1526)

• Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

• Suriansyah, Sultan (1520–1546)
• Rahmatullah, Sultan (1546–1570)
• Hidayatullah I, Sultan (1570–1595)
• Mustain Billah, Sultan (1595–1638)

• Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

• Timbang Paseban, Governor, Sultan (1600–1609)

• Sultanate of Bulungan –

• Datuk Mencang (Seorang bangsawan dari Brunei), beristrikan Asung Luwan, ruler (1555–1594)
• Singa Laut, Menantu dari Datuk Mencang, ruler (1594–1618)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Sultanate of Gowa –

• Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
• Pakere Tau Tunijallo ri Passukki, King (c.1510)
• Tumapa'risi', King (c.1510–1546)
• Lakiung, King (1546–1565)
• Marompa, King (1565)
• Bontolangkasa, King (late 16th century)
• Tuni Pasulu, King (c.1593)
• Alau'ddin, Sultan (1593–1639)

• Luwu –

• Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
• Dewaraja, Datu (1507–1541)
• Tosangkawana, Datu (1541–1556)
• Maoge, Datu (1556–1571)
• E Tenri Rawe’, Datu (1571–1587)
• Andi Pattiware’ Daeng Parabung, Datu (1587–1615)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali Kingdom: Gelgel (complete list) –

• Dalem Ketut, King (c.1520)
• Dalem Baturenggong, King (mid 16th century)
• Dalem Bekung, King (fl.1558–1578/1630s)
• Dalem Seganing, King (c.1580–1623 or ?–1650)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

• Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[22]
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (pre-1512–c.1557)
• Bayansirullah/ Dom João, Sultan (c.1557–1578/79)
• Dom Henrique, Sultan (1578/79–1581)
• Alauddin I, Sultan (1581–c.1609)

• Sultanate of Jailolo –

• Kaicil Yusuf, Sultan (fl.1514–1521)[23]
• Kaicil Firuz Alauddin, Sultan (c.1532–1536)
• Katarabumi, Sultan (1536–1552)
• Kaicili Guzarate, Sultan (1552–?)

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

• Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)[24]
• Al-Mansur I, Sultan (before 1512–1526)
• Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in, Sultan (1526–c.1560)
• Kie Mansur, Sultan (c.1560–?)
• Kaicili Bungua, Sultan (fl.1570)
• Gaua, Iskandar Sani, Sultan (pre-1582)
• Gapi Baguna, Sultan (pre-1582–1599)
• Mole Majimu, Sultan (1599–1627)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

• Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)
• Hidayatullah, Sultan (1522–1529)
• Abu Hayat, Sultan (1529–1533)
• Tabariji, Sultan (1533–1534)
• Khairun Jamil, Sultan (1535–1570)
• Babullah Datu Shah, Sultan (1570–1583)
• Said Barakat Shah, Sultan (1583–1606)

Laos

• Lan Xang (complete list) –

• Somphou, King (1496–1501)
• Visoun, King (1500–1520)
• Photisarath I, King (1520–1548)
• Setthathirath, King (1548–1571)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1571–1575)
• Voravongsa I, King (1575–1579)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1511–1580)
• Nakhon Noi, King (1582–1583)
• Nokeo Koumane, King (1591–1598)
• Voravongsa II, King (1598–1622)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan (1473–1506)
• Mahmud Shah II, Sultan (1506–1547)
• Mudzaffar Shah III, Sultan (1547–1602)

• Kelantan Sultanate (complete list) –

Jambi dynasty

• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
• Gombak, Sultan (1522–1526)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1526–1547)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1547–1561)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1561–1565, 1570–1579)
• Umar bin Raja Ahmad, Raja (1565–1570)

Champa dynasty

• Addil ud-din, Sultan (1579–1597, 1602–1605)
• Muhammad ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan (1597–1602)

• Malacca Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1488–1511, 1513–1528)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1511–1513)

• Bendaharas –

• Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)
• Tun Mutahir of Malacca, Bendahara (1500–1510)
• Paduka Tuan, Bendahara (1510–1511)

• Pahang Sultanate (complete list) –

• Abdul Jamil Shah, Sultan (1495–1512)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1495–1519)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1519–1530)
• Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1530–1540)
• Zainal Abidin Shah, Sultan (1540–1555)
• Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1555–1560)
• Abdul Jamal Shah, Sultan (1560–1575)
• Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah, Sultan (1575–1590)
• Ahmad Shah II, Sultan (1590–1592)
• Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah, Sultan (1592–1614)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

• Perak Sultanate: Malacca dynasty (complete list) –

• Muzaffar Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1528–1549)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1549–1577)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Shah, Sultan (1577–1584)
• Tajul Ariffin Shah, Sultan (1584–1594)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1594–1603)

Malaysian Borneo

• Sultanate of Sarawak –

• Tengah, Sultan (1599–1641)

Myanmar / Burma

• Kingdom of Ava (complete list) –

• Minkhaung II, King (1480–1501)
• Thihathura II, Co-King (1485–1501)
• Shwenankyawshin, King (1501–1527)
• Thohanbwa, King (1527–1542)
• Hkonmaing, King (1542–1545)
• Mobye Narapati, King (1545–1551)
• Sithu Kyawhtin, King (1551–1555)

• Mongyang State –

• Sawlon, Saopha (1500s–1533)

• Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

• Binnya Ran II, King (c.1492–1526)
• Takayutpi, King (1526–1539)
• Smim Sawhtut, King (1550)
• Smim Htaw, King (1550–1552)

• Prome Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bayin Htwe, King (1526–1532)
• Narapati, King (1532–1539)
• Minkhaung, King (1539–1542)

• Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

• Salingathu, King (1494–1502)
• Raza, King (1502–1513)
• Gazapati, King (1513–1515)
• Saw O, King (1515)
• Thazata, King (1515–1521)
• Minkhaung, King (1521–1531)
• Min Bin, King (1531–1554)
• Dikkha, King (1554–1556)
• Saw Hla, King (1556–1564)
• Sekkya, King (1564–1572)
• Phalaung, King (1572–1593)
• Razagyi, King (1593–1612)

• Toungoo dynasty (complete list) –

• Mingyi Nyo, King (1510–1530)
• Tabinshwehti, King (1530–1550)
• Bayinnaung, King (1550–1581)
• Nanda, King (1581–1599)
• Nyaungyan, King (1599–1605)

Philippines

• Tondo (complete list) –

• Dayang Kalangitan, Queen (1450–c.1515)
• Sulaiman, Rajah (early 1500s)
• Ysmeria,[25] Princess (early 1500s)
• Matanda, Rajah (c.1521–1572)
• Lakandula, Lakan (c.1558–1571)
• Sulayman, Rajah (1571–1575)
• Magat Salamat, Datu (1575–1589)

• Rajahnate of Butuan (complete list) –

• Siagu, Rajah (?–1521)

• Namayan (complete list) –

• Tagkan, Lakan (15th/16th century)
• Palaba, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Laboy, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Kalamayin, Rajah (1570s)

• Dailisan, Datu (c.1563)

• Madja-as (complete list) –

• Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
• Kabnayag, Datu (?–1565)
• Lubay, Datu (16th century)

• Rajahnate of Maynila (complete list) –

• Salalila, Rajah (pre-1521)
• unnamed, Queen (c.1521)
• Matanda, Rajah (pre-1521–1572)
• Sulayman, Rajah (c.1571)

• Rajahnate of Cebu –

• Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
• Humabon, Rajah (c.1521)
• Tupas, Rajah (?—1565)

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)
• Ala ud-Din, Sultan (?)
• Amir ul-Umara, Sultan (1505–1527)
• Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in, Sultan (1527–1548)
• Nasir ud-Din I, Sultan (1548–1568)
• Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan (1568–1596)
• Batarah Shah Tengah, Sultan (1596–1608)

• Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

• Sharif Kabungsuwan, Sultan (1520–1543)
• Maka-alang Saripada, Sultan (1543–?)
• Datu Bangkaya, Sultan (?–1578)
• Dimasangcay Adel, Sultan (1578–1585)
• Gugu Sarikula, Sultan (1585–1597)
• Kapitan Laut Buisan, Sultan (1597–1619)

• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

• Lan Na (complete list) –

Mangrai dynasty

• Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
• Ket or Muangketklao, King (1525–1538, 1543–1545)
• Saikham, King (1538–1543)
• Chiraprapha, Queen (1545–1546)
• Setthathirat, King (1546–1547)
• Mekuti, King (1551–1558)

Burmese rule

• Mekuti, independent King (1551–1558), King (1558–1564)
• Wisutthithewi, King (1565–1578)
• Nawrahta Minsaw, King (1579–1607/08)

• Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –

Suphannaphum dynasty

• Ramathibodi II, King (1491–1529)
• Borommarachathirat IV, King (1529–1533)
• Ratsadathirat, King (1533/34)
• Chairachathirat, King (1534–1546)
• Yotfa, King (1546–1548)
• Worawongsathirat, King (1548)
• Maha Chakkraphat, King (1548–1564, 1568–1564)
• Mahinthrathirat, Vassal King (1564–1568), King (1569)

Sukhothai dynasty

• Mahathammarachathirat, King of Sukhothai (1548–1569), King of Ayutthaya (1569–1590)
• Naresuan, King of Sukhothai (1570–1590), King of Ayutthaya (1590–1605)

Vietnam

• Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor (1497–1504)
• Lê Túc Tông, Emperor (1504–1504)
• Lê Uy Mục, Emperor (1505–1509)
• Lê Tương Dực, Emperor (1510–1516)
• Lê Quang Trị, Emperor (1516–1516)
• Lê Chiêu Tông, Emperor (1516–1522)
• Lê Bảng, Emperor (1518–1519)
• Lê Do, Emperor (1519–1519)
• Lê Cung Hoàng, Emperor (1522–1527)

• Mạc dynasty (complete list) –

• Mạc Thái Tổ, Emperor (1527–1529)
• Mạc Thái Tông, Emperor (1530–1540)
• Mạc Hiến Tông, Emperor (1541–1546)
• Mạc Chính Trung, Emperor (1546–1547)
• Mạc Tuyên Tông, Emperor (1546–1561)
• Mạc Mậu Hợp, Emperor (1562–1592)
• Mạc Toàn, Emperor (1592)
• Mạc Kính Chỉ, Emperor (1592–1593)
• Mạc Kính Cung, Emperor (1593–1625)

• Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Trang Tông, Emperor (1533–1548)
• Lê Trung Tông, Emperor (1548–1556)
• Lê Anh Tông, Emperor (1556–1573)
• Lê Thế Tông, Emperor (1573–1599)
• Lê Kính Tông, Emperor (1600–1619)

• Nguyễn lords (complete list) –

• Nguyễn Hoàng, Lord (1558–1613)

• Trịnh lords (complete list) –

• Trịnh Kiểm, Lord (1545–1570)
• Trịnh Tùng, Lord (1570–1623)

Asia: South

Bengal

• Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Husain Shah, Sultan (1494–1519)
• Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah, Sultan (1519–1533)
• Alauddin Firuz Shah II, Sultan (1533)
• Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1533–1538)

• Muhammad Shah dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Khan Sur, Sultan (1554–1555
• Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II, Sultan (1555–1561
• Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah, Sultan (1561–1563
• Ghiyasuddin Shah III, Sultan (1563–1564)[26]

• Karrani dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Taj Khan Karrani, Sultan (1564–1566)
• Sulaiman Khan Karrani, Sultan (1566–1572)
• Bayazid Khan Karrani, Sultan (1572)
• Daud Khan Karrani, Sultan (1572–1576)

• Bhurshut (complete list) –

• Maharaja Rudranarayan, Maharaja (16th century)
• Bhavashankari, Maharaja (16th century)

• Jaintia Kingdom

• Prabhat Roy, King (1500–1516)
• Majha Gosain, King (1516–1532)
• Burha Parbat Ray, King (1532–1548)
• Bar Gosain, King (1548–1564)
• Bijay Manik, King (1564–1580)
• Pratap Ray, King (1580–1596)
• Dhan Manik, King (1596–1612)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Chandra Malla, King (1460–1501)
• Bir Malla, King (1501–1554)
• Dhari Malla, King (1554–1565)
• Bir Hambir, King (1565–1620)

• Twipra Kingdom

• Dhanya Manikya, King (1463-1515)

Maldives

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Hilaaly dynasty (complete list) –

• Hassan VII, Sultan (1510–1511)
• Sharif Ahmed, Sultan (1511–1513)
• Ali III, Sultan (1513)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1513–1529)
• Hassan VIII, Sultan (1529–1549)
• Mohamed III, Sultan (1549–1551)
• Hassan IX, Sultan (1551–1552)
• Aboobakuru II, Sultan (1554–1557)
• Ali IV, Sultan (1557–1558)
• Dom Manoel, King (1558–1573)
• Dom Manoel, King (1573–1583)
• Dom João, King (1583–1603)

Nepal

• Gorkha Kingdom –

• Dravya Shah, King (1559–1570)
• Purna Shah, King (1570–1605)
• Ganesh Pande, Kaji(Minister) (1559-1606)

Sri Lanka

• Kingdom of Sitawaka (complete list) –

• Mayadunne, King (1521-1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581-1593)

• Portuguese Ceylon (complete list) –

Colony, 1505–1658

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

• Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

• Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu, King (1473–1511)
• Jayaweera Astana, King (1511–1551)
• Karaliyadde Bandara, King (1551–1581)
• Dona Catherina, Queen (1581–1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581–1591)
• Vimaladharmasuriya I, King (1590–1604)

• Kingdom of Kotte (complete list) –

• Parakramabahu VIII, King (1484-1518)
• Dharma Parakramabahu IX, King (1509-1528)
• Vijayabahu VII, King (1509-1521)
• Bhuvanekabahu VII, King (1521-1551)
• Dharmapala, King (1551-1597)

• Kingdom of Sitawaka (complete list) –

• Mayadunne, King (1521-1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581-1593)

• Jaffna Kingdom (complete list) –

• Singai Pararasasegaram, King (1478–1519)
• Cankili I, King (1519–1561)
• Puviraja Pandaram, King (1561–1565)
• Periyapillai, King (1565–1582)
• Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran, King (1565-1570)
• Puviraja Pandaram, King (1582–1591)
• Ethirimana Cinkam, King (1591–1616)

Asia: West

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Bayezid II, Sultan (1481–1512)
• Selim I, Sultan (1512–1520)
• Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (1520–1566)
• Selim II, Sultan (1566–1574)
• Murad III, Sultan (1574–1595)
• Mehmed III, Sultan (1595–1603)

• Grand Viziers –

• Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)
• Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501–1503)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1503–1506)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1509–1511)
• Koca Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1511–1512)
• Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1512–1515)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1515–1516)
• Hadım Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1516–1517)
• Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517)
• Piri Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517–1523)
• Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1523–1536)
• Ayas Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1536–1539)
• Lütfi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1539–1541)
• Hadım Suleiman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1541–1544)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1544–1553)
• Kara Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1553–1555)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1555–1561)
• Semiz Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1561–1565)
• Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1565–1579)
• Şemsi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1579–1580)
• Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580–1582)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1582–1584)
• Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1584–1585)
• Hadim Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1585–1586)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1586–1589)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1589–1591)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1591–1592)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1592–1593)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1593–1595)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Lala Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595–1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596–1597)
• Hadım Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1597–1598)
• Cerrah Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1598–1599)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1599–1601)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Badr ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1516–c.1565)

• Yemeni Zaidi State –

• al-Mansur al-Qasim, Imam (1597-1620)

Europe

Europe: British Isles

Scotland

• Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

• James IV, King (1488–1513)
• James V, King (1513–1542)
• Mary I, Queen (1542–1567)
• James VI, King (1567–1625)

Ireland

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
• Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1512–1517)
• Gerald mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1517–1523)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Muircheartach mac Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1547)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Murchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1557)
• Criomthann mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1557–1582)
• Domhnall Spáinneach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1582–1603)

Europe: Central

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany

• Emperors Elect, Kings –

• Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1530–1556), King (1519–1556)
• Ferdinand I, Emperor Elect (1558–1564), King (1531–1564)
• Maximilian II, Emperor Elect (1564–1576), King (1562–1576)
• Rudolph II, Emperor Elect (1576–1612), King (1575–1612)

• Reichsvizekanzlers: Vice Chancellors –

• Balthasar Merklin, Vice Chancellor (1527–1531)
• Matthias von Held, Vice Chancellor (1531–1541)
• Johann von Naves, Vice Chancellor (1541–1547)
• Jakob von Jonas, Vice Chancellor (1547–1558)
• Georg Sigmund Seld, Vice Chancellor (1559–1563)
• Johann Ulrich Zasius, Vice Chancellor (1566–1570)
• Siegmund Vieheuser, Vice Chancellor (1577–1587)
• Jacob Kurz von Senftenau, Vice Chancellor (1587–1594)
• Johann Wolfgang Freymann, Vice Chancellor (1594–1597)
• Rudolf Coraduz von und zu Nußdorf, Vice Chancellor (1597–1606)

Poland

• Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• John I Albert, King (1492–1501)
• Alexander, King (1501–1506), Grand Duke (1492–1506)
• Sigismund I the Old, King (1506–1548), Grand Duke (1506–1548)
• Sigismund II Augustus, King (1530–1572), Grand Duke (1530–1572)

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

• State of the Teutonic Order (complete list) –

• Frederick, Duke of Saxony, Grand Master (1497–1510)
• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)

• Duchy of Prussia (complete list) –

• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)
• Albert Frederick, Duke (1568–1618)

Europe: East

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

• Grand Duchy of Moscow (complete list) –

• Ivan III the Great, Grand prince (1462–1505)
• Vasily III, Grand prince (1505–1533)
• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)

• Tsardom of Russia (complete list) –

• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)
• Feodor I, Tsar (1584–1598)
• Boris Godunov, Tsar (1598–1605)

Europe: Nordic

• Kalmar Union (complete list / complete list) –

• John, King (1483–1513)
• Christian II, King (1513–1523)

• Denmark–Norway (complete list / complete list) –

• Frederick I, King (1523–1533)
• Olav Engelbrektsson, Regent (1533–1537)
• Christian III, King (1533–1559)
• Frederick II, King (1559–1588)
• Christian IV, King (1588–1648)

Europe: Southcentral

States of Italy in 1494.

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503)
• Pius III, Pope (1503)
• Julius II, Pope (1503–1513)
• Leo X, Pope (1513–1521)
• Adrian VI, Pope (1522–1523)
• Clement VII, Pope (1523–1534)
• Paul III, Pope (1534–1549)
• Julius III, Pope (1550–1555)
• Marcellus II, Pope (1555)
• Paul IV, Pope (1555–1559)
• Pius IV, Pope (1559–1565)
• Pius V, Pope (1566–1572)
• Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–1585)
• Sixtus V, Pope (1585–1590)
• Urban VII, Pope (1590)
• Gregory XIV, Pope (1590–1591)
• Innocent IX, Pope (1591)
• Clement VIII, Pope (1592–1605)

Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Naples (complete list) –

• Frederick, King (1496–1501)

The Kingdom of Naples was ruled in personal union with France from 1501 to 1504 and then with Spain from 1504 to 1713.

Europe: Southwest

Navarre

• Kingdom of Navarre (complete list) –

• Catherine, Queen (1483–1517)
• John III, King (1484–1516)
• Henry II, King (1517–1555)
• Jeanne III, Queen (1555–1572)
• Antoine, King (1555–1562)
• Henry III, King (1572–1610)

• County of Ribagorza (complete list) –

• John, Count (1485–1512)
• Alfonso, Count (1512–1533)
• Martin, Count (1533–1565, 1573–1581)
• John Alfonso, Count (1565–1573)
• Ferdinand, Count (1581–1592)
• Francis, Count (1592–1598)

Portugal

• Kingdom of Portugal (complete list) –

• Manuel I, King (1495–1521)
• John III, King (1521–1557)
• Sebastian I, King (1557–1578)
• Henry I, King (1578–1580)
• Philip I, King (1581–1598)
• Philip II, King (1598–1621)

Spain

• Habsburg Spain

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Charles I, King (1516–1556)
• Philip II, King (1556–1598)
• Philip III, King (1598–1621)

Europe: West

French

• Anjou (complete list) –

• Louise, Duke (1476–1531)
• Henry II, Duke (1566–1576)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• John III, Count of Auvergne, Count (1494–1501)
• Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne, Count (1501–1524)
• Catherine de' Medici, Count (1524–1589)
• Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, Count (1589–1608)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)
• Claude, Duchess (1514–1524)
• Francis III, Duke (1524–1536)
• Henry, Duke (1536–1547)

• County of Maine (complete list) –

• Charles VI of Maine, Count (?–1611)

• Monaco (complete list) –

• Jean II, Lord (1494–1505)
• Lucien, Lord (1505–1523)
• Honoré I, Lord (1523–1581)
• Charles II, Lord (1581–1589)
• Ercole, Lord (1589–1604)

Low Countries

• County of Drenthe (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the County of Drenthe under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• Frederik van den Bergh, in name only, Stadtholder (1595–1618)
• William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, Stadtholder (1595–1620)

• County of Flanders (complete list) –

• Philip IV the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)
• Charles III, Count (1506–1555)
• Philip V, Count (1555–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Countess (1598–1621)

• Lordship of Frisia (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Frisia under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• William I, Stadtholder (1580–1884)
• William Louis, Stadtholder (1584–1620)

• Lordship of Groningen (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Groningen under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• William Louis, Stadtholder (1584–1620)

• Duchy of Guelders (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Duchy of Guelders under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• William IV of Bergh, Stadtholder (1581–1585)
• Claude de Berlaymont, Stadtholder (1585–1587)
• Florent de Berlaymont, Stadtholder (1587–1626)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Maurice, Stadtholder (1590–1625)

• County of Holland, Lordship of Utrecht, County of Zeeland (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• William I, Stadtholder (1572–1584)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Maurice, Stadtholder (1585–1625)

• Lordship of Overijssel (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Overijssel under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Frederik van den Bergh, Stadtholder (1594–1618)

Eurasia: Caucasus

• Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

• Alexander I, King (1476–1511)
• George II the Bad, King (1511–1513)
• Leon, King (1520–1574)
• Alexander II (Ottoman vassal), King (1574–1602, 1602–1605)

Americas

Americas: North

Moctezuma II, from Historia de la conquista de México by Antonio de Solis

• Tenochtitlan (complete list) —
  • Ahuitzotl, 8th Hueyi Tlatoani (English: "Supreme Leader" or "Emperor") (1486-1502)[27]
  • Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin, 9th Hueyi Tlatoani (1502–1520)[27]
  • Cuitalahuac II, 10th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520)[27]
  • Cuauhtémoc, 11th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520–1521)[27]
  • Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, Cihuacoatl (English: counselor) and first Tlatoani (1525-1526) after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire[28]
  • Andrés de Tapia Motelchiuh, Cuauhtlato (English: Eagle Captain) (1525–1530)[29]
  • Pablo Xochiquentzin, Cuauhtlato (1530–1536)[29]
  1. Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Tlatoani and first governor (Nueva España) (1538-1541)[29]
  • Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, Tlatoani and second governor of Nueva España (New Spain) (1541-1554)[29]

• Tlaxcala Confederacy[30]
  • Tepeticpac
  • Ocotelolco
  • Maxixcatl, Tlatoani (d. 1520)
  • Lorenzo Maxixcatl
  • Tizatlan
  • Xicotencatl I, Tlatoani (1425-1522); Xicotencatl II, Tlacochcalcatl (prince and general), de facto ruler
  • Quiahuiztlan

• Zapotec civilization
  • Cocijoeza, Emperoor of Zaachila (1487-1529)[31]
  • Cosijopii I, King of Tehuantepec (1529-1563)[32]

Americas: South

Incas

• Inca Empire, Sapa Inca [33]

• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1493-1525)
• Huascar, Emperor (1493-1525)
• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1525-1532)
• Atahualpa, Emperor (1532-1533)

• Neo-Inca State

• Manco Inca Yupanqui, Emperor (1535-1544)
• Sayri Túpac, Emperor (1544-1558)
• Titu Cusi, Emperor (1558-1571)
• Túpac Amaru, Emperor (1571-1572)

References

1. Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910 ;page 17–19
2. Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
3. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
4. Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
5. MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC 264942362.
6. Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8.
7. Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
8. The Tarikh al-Sudan states that Askiya Nuh ruled for 7 years.
9. Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 77-94; id., Kingdoms, 552.
10. From now on dates follow Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
11. Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
12. L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
13. Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls. [Rome 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, Deb T'er Dmar Po Gsarma. Rome 1971; Per K. Sørensen & Guntram Hazod, Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Wien 2007; Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet, Vol. I-II. Wien 2013.
14. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, 1971; Olaf Czaja, 2013.
15. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Hugh E. Richardson, A Short History of Tibet. New York 1962.
16. De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 156–68; Truhart (2003), p. 1235.
17. Arifin (1995); De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 192–8.
18. De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.
19. Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9..
20. Sutherland (1973–1974).
21. Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
22. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
23. The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
24. Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
25. de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78–79. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.
26. Encyclopaedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh
27. "Ahuítzotl, "El espinoso del agua" (1486-1502)" [Ahuítzotl, "Thorny Water" (1486-1502)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
28. "Juan Velázquez, 12th Aztec Emperor". Geni.com. February 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
29. "Los gobernantes que siguieron a Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac y Cuahutémoc" [The governors of Mexico who followed Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac, and Cuauhtémoc]. El Bable (in Spanish). December 16, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
30. "Cortes Meets Xicotencatl, Tlaxcala Chief". American Historical Association. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
31. "Zapotecs (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
32. Istmeño Oaxaqueño, Xhuncu (April 24, 2011). "COSIJOEZA Y COSIJOPÍ SICASIBI..REYES ZAPOTECAS!!!" [Cosijoeza and Cosijoi Sicasibi... Zapoteca Kings!]. Zapotecos del Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 7, 2019.
33. "Tawantinsuyu / Emperors of the Incas". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.