List of state leaders in the 15th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 15th century (1401–1500) AD, except for the many leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

See also: List of governors of dependent territories in the 15th century

See also: List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

State leaders in the 14th century – State leaders in the 16th century – State leaders by year

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 15th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo: Kilukeni (complete list) –

• Nanga, Manikongo (1410s)
• Nlaza, Manikongo (1430s)
• Nkuwu a Ntinu, Manikongo (1450s–1470)
• João I, Manikongo (1470–1509)

Cameroon

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Nchare Yen, Mfon (1394–1418)
• Ngoupou, Mfon (1418–1461)
• Monjou, Mfon (1461–1498)
• Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Cyilima Rugwe, Mwami (?–c.1378)
• Kigeli I Mukobanya, Mwami (1378–1418)
• Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi, Mwami (15th century)
• Yuhi wa II Gahima II, Mwami (15th century)
• Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Mwami (1477–1510)

Uganda

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Kimera, Kabaka (c.1374–c.1404)
• Ttembo, Kabaka (c.1404–c.1434)
• Kiggala, Kabaka (c.1434–c.1464, c.1484–c.1494)
• Kiyimba, Kabaka (c.1464–c.1484)
• Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)

Horn of Africa area

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –

• Dawit I, Emperor (1382–1413)
• Tewodros I, Emperor (1413–1414)
• Yeshaq I, Emperor (1414–1429)
• Andreyas, Emperor (1429–1430)
• Takla Maryam, Emperor (1430–1433)
• Sarwe Iyasus, Emperor (1433)
• Amda Iyasus, Emperor (1433–1434)
• Zara Yaqob, Emperor (1434–1468)
• Baeda Maryam I, Emperor (1468–1478)
• Eskender, Emperor (1478–1494)
• Amda Seyon II, Emperor (1494)
• Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[1] –

• Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
• Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
• Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[2] –

• Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
• Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
• Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)

• Ennarea (complete list)[3] –

• Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)

Somalia

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Siciid, King (1392–1409)
• Garaad Ahmed, King (1409–1430)
• Garaad Siciid II, King (1430–1450)
• Garaad Mohamud II, King (1450–1479)
• Garaad Ciise II, King (1479–1487)
• Garaad Omar, King (1487–1495)
• Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo (complete list) –

• al-Musta'in, Caliph (1406–1414)
• al-Mu'tadid II, Caliph (1414–1441)
• al-Mustakfi II, Caliph (1441–1451)
• al-Qa'im, Caliph (1451–1455)
• al-Mustanjid, Caliph (1455–1479)
• al-Mutawakkil II, Caliph (1479–1497)
• al-Mustamsik, Caliph (1497–1508, 1516–1517)

Africa: Northcentral

Ifriqiya

• Hafsid dynasty (complete list) –

• Abd al-Aziz II, Khalif (1394–1434)
• Muhammad III, Khalif (1434–1436)
• Uthman, Khalif (1436–1488)
• Abu Zakariya Yahya, Khalif (1488–1489)
• Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid), Khalif (1489–1490)
• Abu Yahya Zakariya, Khalif (1490–1494)
• Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)

Africa: Northwest

Morocco

• Morocco (complete list) –

Marinid dynasty

• Abu Said Uthman III, Sultan (1398–1420)
• Abd al-Haqq II, Sultan (1420–1465)

Idrisid interlude

• Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, Sultan (1465–1471)

Wattasid dynasty

• Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)

Africa: South

Mozambique

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: West

Benin

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Orobiru, Oba (1397–1434)[4]
• Uwaifiokun, Oba (1434–1440)
• Ezoti, Oba (1473–1474) [5]
• Ewuare I, Oba (1440–1473)
• Olua, Oba (1475–1480)
• Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Tenin, Nunbado (1395–1425)
• Tokurma, Nunbado (1425–1470)
• Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Guinea-Bissau

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Nigeria

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu)[6] (complete list) –

• Bir III, Mai (1383–1415)
• Uthman III Kaliwama, Mai (1415–1415)
• Dunama III, Mai (1415–1417)
• Abdallah III Dakumuni, Mai (1417–1425)
• Ibrahim II, Mai (1425–1433)
• Kaday III, Mai (1433–1434)
• Ahmad Dunama IV, Mai (1434–1438)
• Muhammad II, Mai (1438)
• Amr, Mai (1438–1439)
• Muhammad III, Mai (1439)
• Ghazi, Mai (1439–1444)
• Uthman IV, Mai (1444–1449)
• Umar II, Mai (1449–1450)
• Muhammad IV, Mai (1450–1455)
• Ali Gazi, Mai (1455–1487)
• Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Kori, Alaafin (c.1400–?)
• Oluaso, Alaafin (?–c.1500)

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Kanejeji, Sultan (1390–1410)
• Umaru, Sultan (1410–1421)
• Daud, Sultan (1421–1438)
• Abdullah Burja, Sultan (1438–1452)
• Dakauta, Sultan (1452)
• Atuma, Sultan (1452)
• Yaquled (1452–1463)
• Muhammad Rumfa, Sultan (1463–1499)
• Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Eze Nri Ọmalonyeso, King (1391–1464)
• Eze Nri Anyamata, King (1465–1511)

Senegal

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• N'Diklam Sare, Buur-ba (1390–1420)
• Tyukuli N'Diklam, Buur-ba (1420–1440)
• Leeyti Tyukuli, Buur-ba (1440–1450)
• N'Dyelen Mbey Leeyti, Buur-ba (1450–1465)
• Birayma N'dyeme Eter, Buur-ba (1465–1481)
• Tase Daagulen, Buur-ba (1481–1488)
• Birayma Kuran Kan, Buur-ba (1488–1492)
• Bukaar Biye-Sungule, Buur-ba (1492–1527)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Mbegan Ndour, Maad Saloum (c.1493)[7]

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

• Western Chagatai Khanate (complete list) –

From 1370 on, the Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur

• Mahmud, Khan (1384–1402)

• Moghulistan, Eastern Chagatai Khanate (complete list) –

• Shams-i-Jahan, Khan (1399–1408)
• Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan), Khan (1408–1415)
• Naqsh-i-Jahan, Khan (1415–1418)
• Awais Khan, Khan (1418–1421)
• Sher Muhammad, Khan (1421–1425)
• Awais Khan, Khan (1425–1429)
• Satuq Khan, Khan (1429–1434)
• Esen Buqa II, Khan (1429–1462)

• Moghulistan, (complete list) –

• Yunus, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1462–1469)
• Dost Muhammad, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1462–1468)
• Kebek Oghlan, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1469)
• Yunus, Khan of All Moghulistan (1469–1487)
• Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
• Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Kerei, Khan (1456–1473)
• Janibek, Khan (1473–1480)
• Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)

• Kara Del

• Engke Temür, Khan (1393–1405)

Vassal of China, 1404–1430s

• Toqto, Khan (1405–1411)
• Mengli Temür, Khan (1411–1425)

Vassal of the Northern Yuan dynasty, 1430s–1455

• Budaširi, Khan (1425–1439)
• Khalīl sulṭān, Khan (1439–1457)

Vassal of China, 1455–1457

• Bürege, Khan (1457–1460)
• Nugandaširi, Khan (1460–1472)
• Baγ Temür, Rival Khan (1466–1472)
• Qanšin, Khan (1472–1488)
• Engke Bolad, Khan (1488–1492, 1493–1497)
• Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)

Russia

• Golden Horde (complete list) –

• Shadi Beg, Khan (1399–1407), actual ruler was Edigu
• Pulad, Khan (1407–1410), actual ruler was Edigu
• Temür, Khan (1410–1412)
• Jalal ad-Din khan, Khan (1411–1412)
• Karim Berdi ibn Tokhtamysh, Khan (1412–1414)
• Kebek ibn Tokhtamysh, Khan (1414)
• Chokra ibn Akmyl, Khan (1414–1417)
• Jabbar Berdi, Khan (1417–1419)
• Olugh Mokhammad, Khan (1419–1421, 1428–1433)
• Dawlat Berdi, Khan (1419–1421, 1427–1432)
• Baraq, Khan (1422–1427)
• Seyid Akhmed, Khan (1433–1435)
• Küchük Muhammad, Khan (1435–1459)

• Great Horde (complete list) –

• Mahmud, Khan (1459–1465)
• Ahmed, Khan (1465–1481)
• Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)
• Murtada, Khan (1498–1499)

• White Horde (complete list) –

• Baraq, Khan (1423–1428)
• Muhammed, Khan (1428–1431)
• Mustafa, Khan (1431–1446)

Tibet

• Guge[8]

• rNam rgyal lde, King (1396?–1424)
• Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde, King (1424–1449)
• rNam ri Sang rgyas lde, King (1449–?)
• bLo bzang Rab brtan, King (?–c.1485)
• sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post–1499)

• Phagmodrupa dynasty[9] (complete list) –

• Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1385–1432)
• Drakpa Jungne, Monarch (1432–1445)
• Kunga Lekpa, Monarch (1448–1481)
• Ngagi Wangpo, Monarch (1481–1491)
• Tsokye Dorje, Monarch (1491–1499)
• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1499–1554)

• Rinpungpa[10] (complete list) –

• Norzang, Monarch (1435–1466)
• Kunzang, Monarch (1466–c.1479)
• Donyo Dorje, Monarch (c.1479–1512)

Uzbekistan

• Khanate of Bukhara: Shaybanid dynasty –

• Abu'l-Khayr, Khan (1428–1468)
• Abul-Khayr, Khan (1428–1468)
• Shah Budagh, Khan (1468)
• Muhammad Shayabak, Khan (1500–1510)

Asia: East

China: Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty (complete list) –

• Jianwen, Emperor (1398–1402)
• Yongle, Emperor (1402–1424)
• Hongxi, Emperor (1424–1425)
• Xuande, Emperor (1425–1435)
• Yingzong, Emperor (1435–1449, 1457–1464)
• Jingtai, Emperor (1449–1457)
• Yingzong, Emperor (1435–1449, 1457–1464)
• Chenghua, Emperor (1464–1487)
• Hongzhi, Emperor (1487–1505)

Japan: Main

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Go-Komatsu, Emperor (1392–1412)
• Shōkō, Emperor (1412–1428)
• Go-Hanazono, Emperor (1428–1464)
• Go-Tsuchimikado, Emperor (1464–1500)

• Shōguns –

• Yoshimochi, Shōgun (1395–1423)
• Yoshikazu, Shōgun (1423–1425)
• Yoshinori, Shōgun (1428–1441)
• Yoshikatsu, Shōgun (1442–1443)
• Yoshimasa, Shōgun (1449–1474)
• Yoshihisa, Shōgun (1474–1489)
• Yoshitane, Shōgun (1490–1493)
• Yoshizumi, Shōgun (1493–1508)

Japan: Ryukyu

• Chūzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Bunei, Chief (1398–1406)

• Nanzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Oueishi, Chief (1388–1402)
• Ououso, Chief (1403–1413)
• Tafuchi, Chief (1413–1414)
• Taromai, Chief (1415–1429)

• Hokuzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Hananchi, Chief (1401–1416)

• Ryukyu Kingdom –

First Shō Dynasty

• Shō Shishō, Chief (1406–1421)
• Shō Hashi, Chief (1422–1429), King (1429–1439)

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

• Shō Chū, King (1439–1444)
• Shō Shitatsu, King (1444–1449)
• Shō Kinpuku, King (1449–1453)
• Shō Taikyū, King (1454–1460)
• Shō Toku, King (1460–1469)

Second Shō Dynasty

• Shō En, King (1469–1476)
• Shō Sen'i, King (1477)
• Shō Shin, King (1477–1526)

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Taejong, King (1400–1418)
• Sejong the Great, King (1418–1450)
• Munjong, King (1450–1452)
• Danjong, King (1452–1455)
• Sejo, King (1455–1468)
• Yejong, King (1468–1469)
• Seongjong, King (1469–1494)
• Yeonsangun, King (1494–1506)

Mongolia

• Alliance of the Four Oirat (complete list) –

• Batula, leader (1399–1408)
• Togoon Taishi, leader (1408–1438)
• Esen, leader (1438–1454)
• Amasanj, leader (1454–1455)
• Ishtömör (Ush-Temür), leader (1455–1469)

• Northern Yuan dynasty (complete list) –

• Gün Temür, Khan (1400–1402)
• Örüg Temür, Khan (1402–1408)
• Öljei Temür, Khan (1408–1412)
• Delbeg, Khan (1412–1415)
• Oyiradai, Khan (1415–1425)
• Adai, Khan (1425–1438)
• Tayisung Toghtoa Bukha, Khan (1433–1452)
• Agbarjin, Khan (1453)
• Esen taishi, Khan (1453–1454)
• Markörgis, Khan (1454–1465)
• Molon, Khan (1465–1466)
• Manduul, Khan (1475–1478)
• Dayan, Khan (1478–1516)

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1368–1402)
• Abdul Majid Hassan, Sultan (1402–1408)
• Ahmad, Sultan (1408–1425)
• Sharif Ali, Sultan (1425–1432)
• Sulaiman, Sultan (1432–1485)
• Bolkiah, Sultan (1485–1524)

Cambodia

• Khmer Empire (complete list) –

• In Reachea, King (1394–c.1421)
• Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)
• Noreay Ramathipatei, King (1463–1469)
• Reachea Ramathipatei, King (1469–1475)
• Srei Soriyotei II, King (1472–1475)
• Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Prabu Raja Wastu, Maharaja (1371–1475)
• Prabu Susuk tunggal, Maharaja (1475–1482)
• Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)

• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –

• Wikramawardhana,[11]^:241 King (1389–1429)
• Suhita, Queen (1429–1447)[11]^:242
• Kritavijaya, King (1447–1451)[11]^:242
• Rajasavardhana,[11]^:242 King (1451–1453)
• Bhre Wengker, Purvavisesha,[11]^:242 King (1456–1466)
• Singhavikramavardhana,[11]^:242 King (1466–1468/78[12]^(p18))
• Bhre Kertabhumi, King (1468–1478)
• Girindrawardhana, King (1478–1489)
• Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)

• Tuban –

• Sira Lena, King (14th/15th century)
• Raden Arya Dikara, King (15th century)
• Arya Teja, King (15th century)

• Sultanate of Cirebon (complete list) –

• Cakrabuana, Prince (1445–1479)
• Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (complete list) –

• Zainal Abidin I, Sultan (1349–1406)
• Nahrasyiyah, Queen (1406–1428)
• Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1428–1438)
• Shalahuddin, Sultan (1438–1462)
• Ahmad II, Sultan (1462–1464)
• Abu Zaid Ahmad III, Sultan (1464–1466)
• Ahmad IV, Sultan (1466–1466)
• Mahmud, Sultan (1466–1468)
• Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1468–1474)
• Muhammad Syah II, Sultan (1474–1495)
• Al-Kamil, Sultan (1495–1495)
• Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Negara Daha –

• Sari Kaburangan, Maharaja (15th century)
• Sukarama, Maharaja (15th century)
• Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Gowa-Tallo –

• I Puang Lowe Lembang, King (14th/15th century)
• I Tuniatabanri, King (15th century)
• Karampang ri Gowa, King (15th century)
• Tunatangka Lopi, King (15th century)
• Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)

• Luwu –

• Tanra Balusu, Datu (1365–1402)
• Toampanangi, Datu (1402–1426)
• Batara Guru II, Datu (1426–1458)
• La Mariawa, Datu (1458–1465)
• Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali Kingdom: Samprangan (complete list) –

• Dalem Samprangan, King (14th/15th century)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

• Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[13]

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

• Matagena, King (1372–1405)[14]
• Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

• Komala Pulu/ Bessi Muhammad Hassan, King (1377–1432)
• Marhum/ Gapi Baguna II, King (1432–1486)
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1486–1500)
• Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)

Laos

• Lan Xang (complete list) –

• Samsenethai, King (1373–1416)
• Lan Kham Deng, King (1416–1428)
• Phommathat, King (1428–1429)
• Yukhon, King (1429–1430)
• Khon Kham, King (1430–1432)
• Kham Tam Sa, King (1432)
• Lusai, King (1432–1433)
• Khai Bua Ban, King (1433–1436)
• Kham Keut, King (1436–1438)
• Nang Keo Phimpha, Queen (1438)
• Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo, King (1442–1480)
• Souvanna Banlang, King (1479–1486)
• La Sen Thai, King (1485–1496)
• Somphou, King (1496–1501)

Malaysia: Peninsular

• Old Pahang Kingdom –

• Parameswara Teluk Chini, Maharaja (c.1411)
• Dewa Sura, Maharaja (?–1454)

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Sulaiman Shah I, Sultan (1373–1423)
• Ataullah Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1423–1473)
• Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan (1473–1506)

• Kelantan Sultanate: Jambi dynasty (complete list) –

• Baki Shah, Sultan (1362–1418)
• Sadik Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1418–1429)
• Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1429–1467)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)

• Malacca Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Parameswara, Raja of Singapura (1389–1398), Sultan of Malacca (1400–1414)
• Megat Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1414–1424)
• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1424–1444)
• Abu Syahid Shah, Sultan (1444–1446)
• Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1445–1459)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1459–1477)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1477–1488)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1488–1511, 1513–1528)

• Bendaharas –

• Tun Perpatih Permuka Berjajar, Bendahara (1400–1412)
• Tun Perpatih Sedang, Bendahara (?–1445)
• Tun Ali, Bendahara (1445–1456)
• Tun Perak, Bendahara (1456–1498)
• Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)

• Pahang Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1470–1475)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1475–1495)
• Abdul Jamil Shah, Sultan (1495–1512)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1495–1519)

Myanmar / Burma

• Kingdom of Ava (complete list) –

• Minkhaung I, King (1400–1421)
• Thihathu, King (1421–1425)
• Min Hla, King (1425)
• Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, King (1425–1426)
• Mohnyin Thado, King (1426–1439)
• Minye Kyawswa I, King (1439–1442)
• Narapati I, King (1442–1468)
• Thihathura, King (1468–1480)
• Minkhaung II, King (1480–1501)
• Thihathura II, Co-King (1485–1501)

• Mongyang State –

• Sawlon the Elder,[note 1] Saopha (c.1482–?)

• Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

• Razadarit, King (1384–1421)
• Binnya Dhammaraza, King (1421–1424)
• Binnya Ran I, King (1424–1446)
• Binnya Waru, King (1446–1451)
• Binnya Kyan, King (1451–1453)
• Leik Munhtaw, King (1453–1454)
• Shin Sawbu, Queen (1454–1471)
• Dhammazedi, King (1471–1492)
• Binnya Ran II, King (c.1492–1526)

• Prome Kingdom (complete list) –

• Thado Minsaw, King (1482–1526)

• Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

• Saw Mon, King (1429–1433)
• Khayi, King (1433–1459)
• Ba Saw Phyu, King (1459–1482)
• Dawlya, King (1482–1492)
• Ba Saw Nyo, King (1492–1494)
• Ran Aung, King (1494)
• Salingathu, King (1494–1502)

Philippines

• Tondo (complete list) –

• Gambang, Rajah (c.1390–1417)
• Suko, Rajah (1417–1430)
• Lontok, Rajah (1430–1450)
• Dayang Kalangitan, Queen (1450–c.1515)

• Madja-as (complete list) –

• Kalantiaw, Datu (1365–1437)
• Manduyog, Datu (1437–?)
• Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)

• Rajahnate of Cebu –

• Bantug, Rajah (c.15th century)
• Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)

• Caboloan (complete list) –

• Kamayin, King (1406–1408)
• Taymey, King (1408–1409)
• Liyu, King (1409–?)

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Sharif ul-Hāshim, Sultan (1405–?)
• Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)

Thailand

• Lan Na: Mangrai dynasty (complete list) –

• Saenmueangma, King (1385–1401)
• Samfangkaen, King (1402–1441)
• Tilokkarat, King (1441–1487)
• Yotchiangrai, King (1487–1495)
• Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)

• Sukhothai Kingdom (complete list) –

• Maha Thammaracha III, King (1400–1419)
• Maha Thammaracha IV, King (1419–1438)

• Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –

Uthong dynasty

• Ramrachathirat, King (1395–1409)

Suphannaphum dynasty

• Intharacha, King (1409–1424)
• Borommarachathirat II, King (1424–1448)
• Borommatrailokkanat, King (1448–1488)
• Borommaracha III, King (1488–1491)
• Ramathibodi II, King (1491–1529)

Vietnam

• Champa (complete list) –

• Jaya Simhavarman V, King (1400–1441)
• Maija Vijaya, King (1441–1446)
• Moho Kouei-Lai, King (1446–1449)
• Moho Kouei-Yeou, King (1449–1458)
• Moho P'an-Lo-Yue, King (1458–1460)
• P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan, King (1460–1471)

• Hồ dynasty (complete list) –

• Hồ Quý Ly, Emperor (1400–1401)
• Hồ Hán Thương, Emperor (1401–1407)

• Later Trần dynasty (complete list) –

• Giản Định Đế, Emperor (1407–1409)
• Trùng Quang Đế, Emperor (1409–1414)
• Trần Cảo, (puppet) Emperor (1426–1428)

• Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Lợi, Emperor (1428–1433)
• Lê Thái Tông, Emperor (1433–1442)
• Lê Nhân Tông, Emperor (1442–1459)
• Lê Nghi Dân, Emperor (1459–1460)
• Lê Thánh Tông, Emperor (1460–1497)
• Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor (1497–1504)

Asia: South

Bengal

• Ilyas Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Sultan (1390–1411)
• Saifuddin Hamza Shah, Sultan (1411–1412)
• Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah, Sultan (1412–1414)
• Raja Ganesha, Sultan (1414–1415)
• Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1415–1416)
• Raja Ganesha, Sultan (1416–1418)
• Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1418–1433)
• Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1433–1435)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1435–1459)
• Rukunuddin Barbak Shah, Sultan (1459–1474)
• Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah, Sultan (1474–1481)
• Sikandar Shah II, Sultan (1481)
• Jalaaluddin Fateh Shah, Sultan (1481–1487)

• Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Husain Shah, Sultan (1494–1519)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Shiv Singh Malla, King (1370–1407)
• Madan Malla, King (1407–1420)
• Chandra Malla, King (1460–1501)

• Twipra Kingdom

• Dhanya Manikya, King (1463–1515)

Maldives

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Hilaaly Dynasty (complete list) –

• Nasiruddine, Sultan (1409–1411)
• Hassan II, Sultan (1411)
• Isa, Sultan (1411)
• Ibrahim I, Sultan (1411–1421)
• Osman II, Sultan (1421)
• Danna Mohamed, Sultan (1421)
• Yoosuf II, Sultan (1421–1443)
• Aboobakuru I, Sultan (1443)
• Hasan III, Sultan (1443–1467)
• Sayyid Mohamed, Sultan (1467)
• Hasan III, Sultan (1467–1468)
• Mohamed II, Sultan (1468–1480)
• Hassan IV, Sultan (1480)
• Omar II, Sultan (1480–1484)
• Hassan V, Sultan (1484–1485)
• Hassan IV, Sultan (1485–1491)
• Hassan VI, Sultan (1491–1492)
• Ibrahim II, Sultan (1492)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1492)
• Yoosuf III, Sultan (1492–1493)
• Ali II, Sultan (1493–1495)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1495–1510)

Sri Lanka

• Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

• Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu, King (1473–1511)

• Kingdom of Gampola (complete list) –

• Vira Alakesvara, King (1397–1409)
• Parakrama Bahu Epa, King (1409–1412)

• Kingdom of Kotte (complete list) –

• Parakramabahu VI, King (1412–1467)
• Jayabahu II, King (1467–1472)
• Bhuvanekabahu VI, King (1472–1480)
• Parakramabahu VII, King (1480–1484)
• Parakramabahu VIII, King (1484–1518)

• Jaffna Kingdom (complete list) –

• Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan, King (1380–1410)
• Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan, King (1410–1440)
• Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan, King (1440–1450)
• Bhuvanekabahu VI, King (1450–1467)
• Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan, King (1467–1478)
• Singai Pararasasegaram, King (1478–1519)

Asia: West

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Bayezid I, Sultan (1389–1402)
• Mehmed I, Sultan (1413–1421)
• Murad II, Sultan (1421–1444, 1446–1451)
• Mehmed II, Sultan (1444–1446, 1451–1481)
• Bayezid II, Sultan (1481–1512)

• Grand Viziers –

• Zagan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1453–1456)
• Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1456–1466)
• Rum Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1466–1469)
• Ishak Pasha, Grand Vizier (1469–1472)
• Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1472–1474)
• Gedik Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1474–1477)
• Karamani Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1477–1481)
• Ishak Pasha, Grand Vizier (1481–1482)
• Koca Davud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1482–1497)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1497–1498)
• Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger, Grand Vizier (1498–1499)
• Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Badr as-Sahab ibn al-Habrali Bu Tuwairik, Sultan (1395–1430)
• Muhammad ibn 'Ali, Sultan (c.1430–c.1450)
• Dscha'far ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1493)

Europe

Europe: British Isles

Scotland

• Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

• Robert III, King (1390–1406)
• James I, King (1406–1437)
• James II, King (1437–1460)
• James III, King (1460–1488)
• James IV, King (1488–1513)

Ireland

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1375–1417)
• Donnchadh mac Art mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1417–1478)
• Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478)
• Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)

Europe: Central

See also List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) –

• Rupert, King (1400–1410)
• Jobst of Moravia, contested King (1410–1411)
• Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1433–1437), King (1410–1437)
• Albert II, King (1438–1439)
• Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1452–1493), King (1440–1493)
• Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)

Hungary

• Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) (complete list) –

• Sigismund, King (1387–1437)
• Albert, King (1437–1439)
• Ladislaus V, King (1440–1457)
• Vladislaus I, King (1440–1444)
• Matthias I, King (1458–1490)
• Vladislaus II, King (1490–1516)

Poland

• Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) (complete list) –

• Władysław II Jagiełło, King (1386–1434)
• Władysław III of Varna, King (1434–1444)
• Casimir IV, King (1447–1492)
• John I Albert, King (1492–1501)

• Duchy of Opole (complete list) –

• Władysław II, Duke (1356–1401)
• Bernard, co-Duke (1396–1400)
• Bolko IV, Duke (1396–1437)
• Jan I, co-Duke (1437–1439)
• Nicholas I, Duke (1437–1476)
• Louis, co-Duke (1476)
• Nicholas II, co-Duke (1476)
• Jan II the Good, Duke (1476–1532)

• State of the Teutonic Order (complete list) –

• Konrad von Jungingen, Grand Master (1393–1407)
• Ulrich von Jungingen, Grand Master (1407–1410)
• Heinrich von Plauen, Grand Master (1410–1413)
• Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master (1414–1422)
• Paul von Rusdorf, Grand Master (1422–1441)
• Konrad von Erlichshausen, Grand Master (1441–1449)
• Ludwig von Erlichshausen, Grand Master (1450–1467)
• Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Grand Master (1467–1470)
• Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg, Grand Master (1470–1477)
• Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen, Grand Master (1477–1489)
• Johann von Tiefen, Grand Master (1489–1497)
• Frederick, Duke of Saxony, Grand Master (1497–1510)

Europe: East

• Grand Duchy of Moscow (complete list) –

• Vasily I, Grand prince (1389–1425)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1425–1434)
• Yury of Zvenigorod, Grand prince (1434)
• Vasily Kosoy, Grand prince (1434–1435)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1435–1446)
• Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand prince (1446–1447)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1447–1462)
• Ivan III the Great, Grand prince (1462–1505)

Europe: Nordic

• Kalmar Union (complete list / complete list) –

• Margaret I, Queen (1387–1412)
• Sigurd Jonsson, Regent (1389–1412)
• Eric of Pomerania, King (1389–1442)
• Christopher, King (1442–1448)
• Sigurd Jonsson, Regent (1448–1449)
• Charles I, King (1449–1450)
• Christian I, King (1450–1481)
• Jon Svaleson Smør, Regent (1481–1483)
• John, King (1483–1513)

Europe: Southcentral

States of Italy in 1494.

See also List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Boniface IX, Pope (1389–1404)
• Innocent VII, Pope (1404–1406)
• Gregory XII, Pope (1406–1415)
• Martin V, Pope (1417–1431)
• Eugene IV, Pope (1431–1447)
• Nicholas V, Pope (1447–1455)
• Callixtus III, Pope (1455–1458)
• Pius II, Pope (1458–1464)
• Paul II, Pope (1464–1471)
• Sixtus IV, Pope (1471–1484)
• Innocent VIII, Pope (1484–1492)
• Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503)

Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Naples (complete list)

• Ladislaus of Naples, King (1386–1389; 1399–1414)
• Joanna II of Naples, Queen (1414–1435)
• René of Anjou, King (1435–1442)
• Alfonso V of Aragon, King (1442–1458)
• Ferdinand I of Naples, King (1458–1494)
• Alfonso II of Naples, King (1494–1495)
• Ferdinand II of Naples, King (1495–1496)
• Frederick of Naples, King (1496–1501)

Europe: Southwest

Iberian Peninsula: Christian

• Principality of Catalonia (complete list) –

• Martin the Humanist, Count (1396–1410)

• Kingdom of Navarre (complete list) –

• Charles III, King (1387–1425)
• Blanche I, Queen (1425–1441)
• John II, King (1425–1441 de jure; 1425–1479 de facto)
• Charles IV, King (1441–1461 de jure)
• Blanche II, Queen (1461–1464 de jure)
• Eleanor, King (1464–1479 de jure; 1479 de facto)
• Francis Phoebus, King (1479–1483)
• Catherine, Queen (1483–1517)

• County of Ribagorza (complete list) –

• Alfonso I, Count (1365–1412)
• Alfonso II, Count (1412–1422)
• Alfonso III, Count (1469–1485)
• John, Count (1485–1512)

• Kingdom of Portugal (complete list) –

• John I, King (1385–1433)
• Edward I, King (1433–1438)
• Afonso V, King (1438–1477, 1477–1481)
• John II, King (1477–1477, 1481–1495)
• Manuel I, King (1495–1521)

Marca Hispanica

• County of Cerdanya (complete list) –

• Isabella, Count (1375–1403)

• County of Urgell (complete list) –

• Peter II of Urgell, Count (1347–1408)
• James II of Urgell, Count (1408–1413)

Europe: West

French

• Anjou (complete list) –

• Louis II, Duke (1377–1417)
• Louis III, Duke (1403–1434)
• René, Duke (1409–1480)
• Louise, Duke (1476–1531)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• Joan II, Countess of Auvergne, Countess (1394–1422)
• John, Duke of Berry, Count (1394–1416)
• Georges de la Tremoille, Count (1416–1422)
• Marie I, Countess of Auvergne, Countess (1422–1437)
• Bertrand V of La Tour, Count (1437–1461)
• Bertrand VI of La Tour, Count (1461–1494)
• John III, Count of Auvergne, Count (1494–1501)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• John V, Duke (1399–1442)
• Francis I, Duke (1442–1450)
• Peter II, Duke (1450–1457)
• Arthur III, Duke (1457–1458)
• Francis II, Duke (1458–1488)
• Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)

• Duchy of Burgundy (complete list) –

• Philip II the Bold, Duke (1363–1404)
• John the Fearless, Duke (1404–1419)
• Philip III the Good, Duke (1419–1467)
• Charles the Bold, Duke (1467–1477)
• Mary, Duchess (1477–1482)

• County of Maine (complete list) –

• Louis II, Count (1384–1417)
• Louis III, Count (1417–1434)
• René I of Naples, Count (1434–1441)
• Charles IV of Maine, Duke of Anjou, Count (1441–1472)
• Charles V of Maine, Duke of Anjou, Count (1480–1481)

• Monaco (complete list) –

• Louis, Lord (1395–1395, 1397–1402)
• Jean I, Lord (1395–1395, 1419–1454)
• Ambroise, Lord (1419–1427)
• Antonie, Lord (1419–1427)
• Catalan, Lord (1454–1457)
• Claudine, Lady (1457–1458)
• Lamberto, Lord (1458–1494)
• Jean II, Lord (1494–1505)

Low Countries

• County of Artois (complete list) –

• Margaret II, Countess (1383–1405)
• John the Fearless, Count (1405–1419)
• Philip the Good, Count (1419–1467)
• Charles the Bold, Count (1467–1477)
• Philip I of Castile, Count (1482–1506)

For the succeeding rulers, see the County of Artois under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• County of Flanders (complete list) –

• Margaret III, Countess (1384–1405)
• John the Fearless, Count (1405–1419)
• Philip III the Good, Count (1419–1467)
• Charles II the Bold, Count (1467–1477)
• Mary the Rich, Countess (1477–1482)
• Philip IV the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)

Eurasia: Caucasus

• Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

• George I, King (1465–1476)
• Alexander I, King (1476–1511)

Americas

Americas: North

Mexico

• Azcapotzalco
  • Tezozomoc, Tlatoani (English: Ruler or King)(c. 1370–1426)
  • Tayatzin, Tlatoani (1426)
  • Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428 (1431?)
  • Temozomoc II, Tlatoani (1474–1499)
  • Don Carlos Oquiztzin, Tlatoani (1499–1520?)
• Mixtec
  • Mixtecs of Coixtlahuaca
  1. Dzawindanda / Atonal (II), (?–1458)[15]
• Tenochtitlan complete list —
  • Under the Tepanec suzerainty
  • Huitzilihuitl, 2nd Tlatoani (1395-c. 1417)[16]
  • Chimalpopoca, 3rd Tlatoani (1417–1426)[17]
  • Emperors of the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire)
  • Itzcoatl, 4th Hueyi Tlatoani (English: Supreme Leader or Emperor)[18](1427–1440)[19]
  • Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina, 5th Hueyi Tlatoani ()[20]
  • Axayacatl, 6th Hueyi Tlatoani (1469–1481)[21]
  • Tizoc, 7th Hueyi Tlatoani (1481–1486)[22]
  • Ahuitzotl, Hueyi Tlatoani (1486–1502)[23]
• Tepanecapan
  1. Tetzotzomoc, Tlatoani (1367–1426)[24]
  2. Tayauh, Tlatoani (1426)[24]
  3. Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428)[24]
• Tlacopan
  1. Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (c.1400–1430)[25]
  2. Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (1430–1469)[25]
  3. Chimalpopoca, Tlatoani (1469–?)[25]
• Zapotec civilization[26]
  1. Zaachila Yoo / Zachilla I, First king of Zaachila as Zapotec capital? (1386–1415)
  2. Zaachila II, King of Zaachila (1415–1454)
  3. Zaachila III, King of Zaachila (1454–1487)
  4. Cocijoeza / Cosijoeza, King of Zaachila (1487–1521)

Americas: South

Inca

• • Qosqo of the Incas[27]
  1. Yahuar Huacac, Inca (c.1380–1410)
  2. Viracocha, Inca (c.1410–1438)
  • Inca Empire[28]
  • Pachacuti, 9th Sapa Inca (English: "The Only Inca" or Emperor") (1418–1471/1472)
  1. Topa, (1471–1493)
  • Huayna Capac Sapa Inca (1493–1525)

Notes

1. According to (Fernquest 2006: 36) Sawlon became saopha of Mohnyin c. 1482 and died in 1532, meaning he ruled for 50 years. Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47) says Sawlon was born only in 1486. It means the Sawlon who came to power in 1482 was likely Sawlon's father.

References

1. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
2. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
3. Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
4. "Oba Ewuare II Coronation Speech 2016". Retrieved 2017-07-09.
5. Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
6. Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 77-94; id., Kingdoms, 552.
7. Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
9. Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls. [Rome 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, Deb T'er Dmar Po Gsarma. Rome 1971; Per K. Sørensen & Guntram Hazod, Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Wien 2007; Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet, Vol. I-II. Wien 2013.
10. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, 1971; Olaf Czaja, 2013.
11. Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
12. Ricklefs (1991)
13. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
14. Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
15. "Mixtecs of Coixtlahuaca (Mixteca)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
16. "Huitzilíhuitl, "Pluma de colibrí" (1396–1417)" [Huitzilíhuitl, “Hummingbird Feather” (1396–1417)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 3, 2019.
17. "Chimalpopoca, "Escudo humeante (1417–1426)" [Chimalpopoca, "Smoking Shield" (1417–1426)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
18. "Acamapichtli el primer Huey Tlatoani de los Mexicas" [Acamapichtli the first Supreme Leader of the Mexicas)]. Historia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
19. "Itzcóatl, "Serpiente de obsidiana" (1427–1440)" [Itzcóatl, “Obsidian Serpent” (1427–1440)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
20. "Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "El que se muestra enojado, el que flecha al cielo" (1440–1469)" [Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "He who shows anger, He who shoots to heaven)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
21. Castañeda de la Paz, María). "Axayácatl". Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
22. "Tízoc, "El que hace sacrificio" (1481–1486)" [Tízoc, “He who makes sacrifices” (1481–1486)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
23. "Ahuítzotl, "El espinoso del agua" (1486–1502)" [Ahuítzotl, "Thorny Water" (1486–1502)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
24. "Tepanec (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
25. "Tlacopan / Tacuba (Aztecs) (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
26. "Zapotecs (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
27. "Qosqo of the Incas". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
28. "Tawantinsuyu / Emperors of the Incas". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.