Giovanni da Verrazzano

Giovanni da Verrazzano or Verrazano[1] (US: /ˌvɛrəˈzɑːnoʊ, -ətˈsɑː-/ VERR-ə-ZAH-noh, -⁠ət-SAH-,[2][3][4][5] Italian: [dʒoˈvanni da verratˈtsaːno]; 1485–1528) was a Florentine explorer[6][7] of North America, in the service of King Francis I of France.

Giovanni da Verrazzano
Born1485
Val di Greve, Republic of Florence (now Italy)
Died1528 (aged 42–43)
Guadeloupe
NationalityItalian
Other namesJanus Verrazanus, Jehan de Verrazane
OccupationExplorer

He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524, including New York Bay and Narragansett Bay.[8]

Life and career

Origins and voyages to America

The consensus of scholars is that Giovanni da Verrazzano was born in Val di Greve, south of Florence, the capital and the main city of the Republic of Florence,[9][10][11][12][13] the son of Piero Andrea di Bernardo da Verrazzano and Fiammetta Cappelli. It is generally claimed that he was born in the Castello di Verrazzano, hence its birth indicator (similar to Leonardo da Vinci). Some alternative theories have been elaborated; for example, certain French scholarship assumes that Verrazzano was born in Lyon, France, the son of Alessandro di Bartolommeo da Verrazano and Giovanna Guadagni.[14][15] "Whatever the case," writes Ronald S. Love, "Verrazzano always considered himself to be Florentine,"[16] and he was considered a Florentine by his contemporaries as well.[17] He signed documents employing a Latin version of his name, "Janus Verrazanus", and he called himself "Jehan de Verrazane" in his will dated 11 May 1526 in Rouen, France (preserved at the Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime).[18]

Verrazzano left a detailed account of his voyages to North America, but little is known about his personal life. After 1506, he settled in the port of Dieppe, Kingdom of France, where he began his career as a navigator. He embarked for the American coast probably in 1508 in the company of captain Thomas Aubert, on the ship La Pensée, equipped by the owner, Jean Ango.[19] He explored the region of Newfoundland, possibly during a fishing trip, and possibly the St. Lawrence River in Canada; on other occasions, he made numerous voyages to the eastern Mediterranean.[20][21]

In September 1522, the surviving members of Ferdinand Magellan's crew returned to Spain, having circumnavigated the globe. Competition in trade was becoming urgent, especially with Portugal. King Francis I of France was impelled by French merchants and financiers from Lyon and Rouen who were seeking new trade routes and so he asked Verrazzano in 1523 to make plans to explore on France's behalf an area between Florida and Terranova, the "New Found Land", with the goal of finding a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. Within months, four ships set sail due west for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, but a violent storm and rough seas caused the loss of two ships. The remaining two damaged ships, La Dauphine and La Normande, were forced to return to Brittany.[22]

Repairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and the ships set sail again. This time, the ships headed south toward calmer waters, which were under the dangerous Spanish and Portuguese control. After a stop in Madeira, complications forced La Normande back to home port, but Verrazzano's ship La Dauphine departed on January 17, 1524, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, and headed once more for the North American continent.[23] It neared the area of Cape Fear on about March 1 and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina. In a letter to Francis I described by historians as the Cèllere Codex, Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced that the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean from which access could be gained to China.[24][25]

Verrazzano's voyage in 1524

Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, Verrazzano and his crew came into contact with Native Americans living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to the Chesapeake Bay or the mouth of the Delaware River. In New York Bay, he encountered the Lenape and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, really the entrance to the Hudson River. He then sailed along Long Island and entered Narragansett Bay, where he received a delegation of Wampanoag and Narragansett people. The words "Norman villa" are found on the 1527 map by Visconte Maggiolo identifying the site. The historian Samuel Eliot Morison writes that "this occurs at Angouleme (New York) rather than Refugio (Newport). It was probably intended to compliment one of Verrazzano's noble friends. There are several places called 'Normanville' in Normandy, France. The main one is located near Fécamp and another important one near Evreux, which would naturally be it. West of it, conjecturally on the Delaware or New Jersey coast, is a Longa Villa, which Verrazzano certainly named after François d'Orleans, duc de Longueville."[26]

He stayed there for two weeks and then moved northwards. He discovered Cape Cod Bay, his claim being proved by a map of 1529 that clearly outlined Cape Cod.[27]

He then followed the coast up to modern Maine, southeastern Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and he then returned to France by 8 July 1524. Verrazzano named the region that he explored Francesca in honor of the French king, but his brother's map labeled it Nova Gallia (New France).[28]

Verrazzano arranged a second voyage, with financial support from Jean Ango and Philippe de Chabot, which departed from Dieppe with four ships early in 1527. One ship was separated from the others in a gale near the Cape Verde Islands, but Verrazzano reached the coast of Brazil with two ships and harvested a cargo of brazilwood before returning to Dieppe in September. The third ship returned later, also with a cargo of brazilwood.[29]

The partial success did not find the desired passage to the Pacific Ocean, but it inspired Verrazzano's final voyage, which left Dieppe in early 1528.[30]

Death

There are conflicting accounts of Verrazzano's demise. In one version, during his third voyage to North America in 1528, after he had explored Florida, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles, Verrazzano anchored out to sea and rowed ashore, probably on the island of Guadeloupe. He was allegedly killed and eaten by the native Caribs.[31] The fleet of two or three ships was anchored out of gunshot range, and no one could respond in time.[32]

However, older historical accounts suggest that Verrazzano was the same person as the corsair Jean Fleury, who was executed for piracy by the Spanish at Puerto del Pico, Spain.[33][34]

1527 map by Visconte Maggiolo showing the east coast of North America with "Tera Florida" at top right and "Lavoradore" (Labrador) at bottom left. The information supposedly[35] came from Giovanni da Verrazzano's voyage in 1524.(Biblioteca Ambrosiana Milan.)

Reputation

Despite his discoveries, Verrazzano's reputation did not proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. For example, Verrazzano gave the European name Francesca to the new land that he had seen, in accordance with contemporary practices, after the French king in whose name he sailed. That and other names that he bestowed on features that he discovered have not survived. He had the misfortune of making major discoveries in the same three years (1519 to 1521) that the dramatic Conquest of Mexico and Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world occurred. Magellan himself did not complete his voyage, but his publicist Antonio Pigafetta did so, and Spanish publicity outweighed the news of the French voyage.

In the 19th and the early 20th centuries, there was a great debate in the United States about the authenticity of the letters that he wrote to Francis I to describe the geography, flora, fauna, and native population of the east coast of North America.[36] Others thought that they were authentic, almost universally the current opinion,[37] particularly after the discovery of a letter signed by Francis I, which referred to Verrazzano's letter.[38]

Verrazzano's reputation was particularly obscure in New York City, where the 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch Republic came to be regarded as the de facto start of European exploration of New York. It was only by a great effort in the 1950s and 1960s that Verrazzano's name and reputation were re-established as the European discoverer of the harbor, during an effort to name the newly built Narrows bridge after him.[39]

South face of Verrazzano's monument in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

Commemorations
Statue in Battery Park, Manhattan by Ettore Ximenes (1909)
Verrazzano's statue in the town of Greve in Chianti, Italy

In Commemoration of
Verrazzano's
Voyage to
America
erected by the
Delaware Commission on
Italian Heritage and Culture
2008[47]

The monument further states on its east face:

A native of Val Di Greve in the Tuscany region of Italy, he studied navigation as a young man and became a master mariner. He was engaged by the King of France to lead a voyage to North America in 1524. The purpose of Verrazzano's journey was to learn more about the continent. Traveling in a small ship known as the Dauphine, he explored coastal areas from the present-day State of North Carolina to Canada, observing the natural abundance of the land and the vibrant culture of its native peoples. His voyage is the earliest documented European exploration of this part of the Atlantic Coast.

This monument rests upon stone from Castello di Verrazzano, the explorer's ancestral home.[47]

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References

Notes

  1. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (June 14, 2016), "Some See the Verrazano Bridge. Others See a Big Typo.", The New York Times
  2. "Verrazano". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  3. "Verrazano". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  4. {{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Verrazano, Giovanni da|us|accessdate=28 August 2019}}
  5. "Verrazano". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  6. Editors, The (2016-01-29). "Giovanni da Verrazzano | Italian navigator". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  7. di Sergio Parmentola. "Verrazzano, Giovanni da in "Enciclopedia dei ragazzi"". Treccani.it. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  8. Greene, George Washington (1837). The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano. Cambridge University: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston. p. 13. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via Internet Archive. He made several excursions up Narragansett Bay, and examined it with considerable attention.
  9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 0-19-215941-0.
  10. Giovanni Da Verrazzano, "Life" – Centro Studi Da Verrazzano. Archived 2012-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Henry C. Murphy, The Voyage of The Verrazzano, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 90. – Google Books
  12. Dale Anderson et al., Explorers and Exploration, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2005, p. 765: "Giovanni da Verrazzano was born into a wealthy family in the Castle of Verrazzano, on a hilltop overlooking the Greve valley, a wine-producing area thirty miles south of Florence, in central Italy." – Google Books
  13. "Verrazano, Giovanni da" entry in David Buisseret, The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 332: "Thirty miles south of Florence, in the Tuscan town of Greve, explorer Giovanni da Verrazano (sometimes spelled Verrazzano) was born." – Google Books
  14. Habert, Jacques (1964). La vie et les voyages de Jean de Verrazane. Montréal & Ottawa: Cercle du livre de France. p. 182.
  15. Boucher, Alain (2006). Jean de Verrazane : un lyonnais découvre le site de New-York. Lyon: University Claude Bernard Lyon-1.
  16. Ronald S. Love, [Maritime exploration in the age of discovery, 1415–1800, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 133: "Giovanni da Verrazano was probably born to an aristocratic family from Greve in Tuscany, Italy, though he might also have been born to Italian parents living in Lyon, France. Whatever the case, Verrazano always considered himself to be Florentine". – Google Books
  17. Richard Di Giacomo, The New Man and the New World: The Influence of Renaissance Humanism on the Explorers of the Italian Era of Discovery [Perfect Paperback], Magnifico Publications, 2002: "he was considered a Florentine by his contemporaries, and his association with the Florentine colony of merchants and bankers living in Lyons proved to be of great benefit to his career as an explorer." – Google Books
  18. Ballesteros-Gaibrois, Manuel (1968). La Découverte de l'Amérique. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin. p. 51. ISBN 978-2-7116-0172-1.
  19. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 260–261.
  20. "Carolana Explorers - Giovanni Da Verrazzano". www.carolana.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  21. "French Explorers | History of Western Civilization II". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  22. Marcel Trudel, The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1973), p. 4.
  23. Shaw, Edward Richard (1900). Discoverers and Explorers. American Book Company. p. 103. ISBN 1-4353-8990-5. Verrazzano january 17.
  24. "Verrazano Expedition | NCpedia". www.ncpedia.org. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  25. Knecht 1984, p. 331.
  26. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 490. ISBN 0-19-215941-0.
  27. History of Barnstable County, Massachusetts. p. 950. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  28. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 323. ISBN 0-19-215941-0.
  29. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 0-19-215941-0.
  30. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (January 1, 2019). "Giovanni da Verrazzano, Italian navigator". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved January 18, 2019. His final voyage began in the spring of 1528, when he sailed with his brother, Girolamo, from Dieppe with two or three ships.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  31. Wroth, Lawrence C. (1970). The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-300-01207-1.
  32. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 0-19-215941-0.
  33. Murphy, Henry Cruse (1875). The Voyage of Verrazzano: A Chapter in the Early History of Maritime Discovery in America. New York: Press of J. Munsell. p. 149.
  34. Chester, Alden (1925). Courts and lawyers of New York: a history, 1609–1925, Volume 3. New York: The American Historical Society Inc. p. 23.
  35. "16th Century Pennsylvania Maps". www.mapsofpa.com.
  36. Thrower, Norman (2003) "Verrazzano, Giovanni Da", in: Speake, Jennifer (ed.) Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, New York; London : Fitzroy Dearborn, ISBN 1-57958-247-8
  37. Wroth, Lawrence (1970) The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–2003', New Haven : Pierpont Morgan Library by Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01207-1
  38. Thrower, Norman (1979). "New Light on the 1524 Voyage of Verrazzano". Terrae Incognitae (11): 59–65.
  39. Adler, Jerry. "The History of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, 50 Years After Its Construction". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  40. "The Battery – Giovanni da Verrazzano". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
  41. Campanile, Carl. "Cuomo Finally Fixes a 50-Year-Old Typo". Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  42. Rivoli, Dan (October 1, 2018). "Verrazzano Bridge finally gets name corrected, decades later". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  43. Wang, Vivian (2018-06-07). "How Do You Solve a Problem Like the Verrazano? With an Extra Z". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  44. "Verrazano Babe Ruth League". New York Sports Connection. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  45. July 07, ohtadmin | on; 2016. "Jamestown Bridge aces spelling bee | Jamestown Press". www.jamestownpress.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. "Greve in Chianti". www.caftours.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  47. "Giovanni Da Verrazzano Historical Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
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