Triphenylphosphine oxide

Triphenylphosphine oxide (often abbreviated TPPO) is the organophosphorus compound with the formula OP(C6H5)3, also written as Ph3PO or PPh3O (Ph = C6H5). This colourless crystalline compound is a common but potentially useful waste product in reactions involving triphenylphosphine. It is a popular reagent to induce the crystallizing of chemical compounds.

Triphenylphosphine oxide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Triphenyl-λ5-phosphanone
Other names
Triphenylphosphine oxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.011.217
RTECS number
  • SZ1676000
UNII
Properties
C18H15OP
Molar mass 278.29 g/mol
Appearance white crystals
Density 1.212g/cm^3
Melting point 154 to 158 °C (309 to 316 °F; 427 to 431 K)
Boiling point 360 °C (680 °F; 633 K)
low
Solubility in other solvents polar organic solvents
Structure
tetrahedral
Hazards
Main hazards slight
R-phrases (outdated) 22-36/37/38
S-phrases (outdated) 26
Related compounds
Related compounds
 P(C6H5)3S;

P(C6H5)3; POCl3; PCl5

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Structure and properties

Ph3PO is a tetrahedral molecule related to POCl3.[1] The oxygen center is relatively basic. The rigidity of the backbone and the basicity of the oxygen center make this species a popular agent to crystallize otherwise difficult to crystallize molecules. This trick is applicable to molecules that have acidic hydrogen atoms, e.g. phenols.[2]

Up to now, several modifications of Ph3PO have been found: For example, a monoclinic form crystalizes in the space group P21/c with Z = 4 and a = 15.066(1) Å, b = 9.037(2) Å, c = 11.296(3) Å, and β = 98.47(1)°.[3] The orthorhombic modification crystallizes in the space group Pbca with Z = 4 and 29.089(3) Å, b = 9.1347(9), c = 11.261(1) Å.[4]

As a byproduct of organic synthesis

Ph3PO is a byproduct of many useful reactions in organic synthesis including the Wittig, Staudinger, and Mitsunobu reactions. It is also formed when PPh3Cl2 is employed to convert alcohols into alkyl chlorides:

Ph3PCl2 + ROH → Ph3PO + HCl + RCl

Triphenylphosphine can be regenerated from the oxide by treatment with a variety of deoxygenation agents, such as phosgene or trichlorosilane/triethylamine:[5]

Ph3PO + SiHCl3 → PPh3 + 1/n (OSiCl2)n + HCl

Triphenylphosphine oxide can be difficult to remove from reaction mixtures by means of chromatography. It is poorly soluble in hexane and cold diethyl ether. Trituration or chromatography of crude products with these solvents often leads to a good separation of triphenylphosphine oxide. Its removal is facilitated by conversion to its Mg(II) complex, which is poorly soluble in toluene or dichloromethane and can be filtered off.[6] An alternative filtration method where ZnCl2(TPPO)2 is formed upon addition of ZnCl2 may be used with more polar solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran.[7]

Coordination chemistry
NiCl2(OPPh3)2

Ph3PO is a ligand for "hard" metal centers. A representative complex is the tetrahedral species NiCl2(OPPh3)2.[8]

Ph3PO is a common impurity in PPh3. The oxidation of PPh3 by oxygen, including air, is catalyzed by many metal ions:

2 PPh3 + O2 → 2 Ph3PO
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References
  1. D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.
  2. M. C. Etter and P. W. Baures (1988). "Triphenylphosphine oxide as a crystallization aid". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (2): 639–640. doi:10.1021/ja00210a076.
  3. Spek, Anthony L. (1987). "Structure of a second monoclinic polymorph of triphenylphosphine oxide". Acta Crystallographica. C43: 1233–1235. doi:10.1107/S0108270187092345.
  4. Al-Farhan, Khalid A. (1992). "Crystal structure of triphenylphosphine oxide". Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research. 22 (6): 687–689. doi:10.1007/BF01160986.
  5. van Kalkeren, H. A.; van Delft, F. L.; Rutjes, F. P. J. T. (2013). "Organophosphorus Catalysis to Bypass Phosphine Oxide Waste". ChemSusChem. 6: 1615-1624. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300368.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. Patent WO 1998007724. "Process for the preparation of 7-alkoxyalkyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives"
  7. Batesky, Donald C.; Goldfogel, Matthew J.; Weix, Daniel J. (2017). "Removal of Triphenylphosphine Oxide by Precipitation with Zinc Chloride in Polar Solvents". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 82 (19): 9931–9936. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.7b00459.
  8. D. M. L. Goodgame and M. Goodgame (1965). "Near-Infrared Spectra of Some Pseudotetrahedral Complexes of Cobalt (II) and Nickel(II)". Inorg. Chem. 4 (2): 139–143. doi:10.1021/ic50024a002.
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