Richard Pipes

Richard Edgar Pipes (Polish: Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American academic who specialized in Russian history, particularly with respect to the Soviet Union, who espoused a strong anti-communist point of view throughout his career. In 1976, he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes was the father of American historian Daniel Pipes.

Richard Pipes
Richard Pipes in October 2004
Born(1923-07-11)July 11, 1923
Cieszyn, Poland
DiedMay 17, 2018(2018-05-17) (aged 94)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityPolish American
CitizenshipPoland (1923–1943)
United States (1943–2018)
Alma materCornell University
Harvard University
Spouse(s)Irene Eugenia Roth
ChildrenDaniel Pipes, Steven Pipes
AwardsNational Humanities Medal
Scientific career
FieldsModern history
Doctoral advisorMichael Karpovich
Doctoral studentsFiona Hill, Arthur Waldron, Anna Geifman, Peter Kenez, Abbott Gleason, Richard Stites

Pipes was born to a Jewish family in Cieszyn, Poland, which fled the country as refugees after it was invaded by Nazi Germany. Settling in the United States in 1940, he became a naturalized citizen in 1943 while serving in the United States Army Air Corps. From 1958 to 1996, Pipes worked at Harvard University.

Early life

Richard Pipes was born in Cieszyn, Poland to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name had originally been spelled "Piepes").[1] His father Marek was a businessman and a Polish legionnaire.[2] By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German. When he was age 16, Pipes laid eyes upon Adolf Hitler at Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw when Hitler made a victory tour after the Invasion of Poland.[3] The Pipes family fled occupied Poland in October 1939 and arrived in the United States in July 1940, after seven months passing through Italy.[4][5] Pipes became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943 while serving in the United States Army Air Corps. He was educated at Muskingum College, Cornell University, and Harvard University.

Career

Pipes taught at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1996. He was the director of Harvard's Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and later Baird Professor Emeritus of History at Harvard University. In 1962 he delivered a series of lectures on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. He acted as senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978. During the 1970s, he was an advisor to Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. In 1981 and 1982 he served as a member of the National Security Council, holding the post of Director of East European and Soviet Affairs under President Ronald Reagan.[6] He also became head of the Nationalities Working Group.[7] Pipes was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 until 1992 and belonged to the Council of Foreign Relations.[8] He also attended two Bilderberg Meetings, at both of which he lectured.[8] In the 1970s, Pipes was a leading critic of détente, which he described as "inspired by intellectual indolence and based on ignorance of one's antagonist and therefore inherently inept".[9]

Team B
Further information: Team B

Pipes was head of the 1976 Team B, composed of civilian experts and retired military officers and agreed to by then-CIA director George H.W. Bush at the urging of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) as a competitive analysis exercise.[6] Team B was created at the instigation of then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as an antagonist force to a group of CIA intelligence officials known as Team A. His hope was that it would produce a much more aggressive assessment of Soviet Union military capabilities. Unsurprisingly, it argued that the National Intelligence Estimate on the Soviet Union, generated yearly by the CIA, underestimated both Soviet military strategy and ambition[10] and misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions.

Team B faced criticism. The international relations journalist Fred Kaplan writes that Team B "turns out to have been wrong on nearly every point."[11] Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, as of 1976, maintained "a large and expanding Gross National Product,"[12] and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos hindered the USSR's defenses was a ruse on the part of the USSR. One CIA employee called Team B "a kangaroo court".[13]

Pipes called Team B's evidence "soft."[6] Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed several new weapons, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine fleet that used a system that did not depend on active sonar, and was thus undetectable by existing technology.[14]

According to Pipes, "Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours, i.e. the strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally that it was".[15] In 1986, Pipes maintained that Team B contributed to creating more realistic defense estimates.[16]

Writings on Russian history

Pipes wrote many books on Russian history, including Russia under the Old Regime (1974), The Russian Revolution (1990), and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement. At Harvard, he taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs.

Pipes is known for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th-century Muscovy, in a Russian version of the Sonderweg thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every other State in Europe in that it had no concept of private property, and that everything was regarded as the property of the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of Imperial Russia started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. In Pipes's opinion, this separate course undertaken by Russia over the centuries made Russia uniquely open to revolution in 1917. Pipes strongly criticized the values of the radical intelligentsia of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. The Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn denounced Pipes' work as "the Polish version of Russian history". Pipes, in turn, accused Solzhenitsyn of being an anti-Semitic Russian ultra-nationalist, who sought to blame the ills of Communism on the Jews rather than to admit to the Russian roots of the Soviet Union. Writing of Solzhenitsyn's novel, August 1914 in The New York Times on November 13, 1985, Pipes commented: "Every culture has its own brand of anti-Semitism. In Solzhenitsyn's case, it's not racial. It has nothing to do with blood. He's certainly not a racist; the question is fundamentally religious and cultural. He bears some resemblance to Dostoevsky, who was a fervent Christian and patriot and a rabid anti-Semite. Solzhenitsyn is unquestionably in the grip of the Russian extreme right's view of the Revolution, which is that it was the doing of the Jews".[17] Pipes explained Solzhenitsyn's view of Soviet communism: "[Solzhenitsyn] said it was because Marxism was a Western idea imported into Russia. Whereas my argument is that it has deep roots in Russian history."[18]

Pipes stressed that the Soviet Union was an expansionist, totalitarian state bent on world conquest. He is also known for the thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the Soviet Union at the time, the October Revolution was, rather than a popular general uprising, a coup foisted upon the majority of the Russian population by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of intellectuals who subsequently established a one-party dictatorship that was intolerant and repressive from the start. In Pipes's view, the Revolution was a total disaster, as it allowed a small section of the fanatical intelligentsia to carry out policies that were completely unrealistic.

In what was meant to be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipes told Reuters in March 1981 that "Soviet leaders would have to choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the direction followed by the West or going to war. There is no other alternative and it could go either way – Détente is dead." Pipes also stated in the interview that Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher of West Germany was susceptible to pressure from the Soviets. It was learned independently that Pipes was the official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' job. The White House and the "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' statements.[19]

In 1992, Pipes served as an expert witness in the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[20]

Criticism of Pipes' approach

The writings of Richard Pipes have provoked criticism in the academic community, for example in The Russian Review.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

Criticism of Pipes's interpretation of the events of 1917 has come mostly from revisionist Soviet historians, who under the influence of the French Annales school, have tended since the 1970s to center their interpretation of the Russian Revolution on social movements from below in preference to parties and their leaders and interpreted political movements as responding to pressures from below rather than directing them.[27] Among members of this school, Lynne Viola and Sheila Fitzpatrick write that Pipes focused too narrowly on intellectuals as causal agents. Peter Kenez (a former PhD student of Pipes') argued that Pipes approached Soviet History as a prosecutor, intent solely on proving the criminal intent of the defendant, to the exclusion of anything else.[28] Pipes' critics argued that his historical writings perpetuated the Soviet Union as evil empire narrative in an attempt "to put the clock back a few decades to the times when Cold War demonology was the norm."[29][30]

Other critics have written that Pipes wrote at length about what Pipes described as Vladimir Lenin's unspoken assumptions and conclusions while neglecting what Lenin actually said.[31] Alexander Rabinowitch writes that whenever a document can serve Pipes' long-standing crusade to demonize Lenin, Pipes commented on it at length; if the document allows Lenin to be seen in a less negative light, Pipes passed over it without comment.[24]

Pipes, in his turn – following the demise of the USSR – charged the revisionists with skewing their research, by means of statistics, to support their preconceived ideological interpretation of events, which made the results of their research "as unreadable as they were irrelevant for the understanding of the subject"[32] to provide intellectual cover for Soviet terror and acting as simpletons and/or Communist dupes.[33] He also stated that their attempt at "history from below" only obfuscated the fact that "Soviet citizens were the helpless victims of a totalitarian regime driven primarily by a lust for power."[34]

Honors

Pipes had an extensive list of honors, including: Honorary Consul of the Republic of Georgia, Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU), Commander's Cross of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Honorary DHL at Adelphi College, Honorary LLD at Muskingum College, Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Silesia, Szczecin University, and the University of Warsaw. Honorary Doctor of Political Science from the Tbilisi (Georgia) School of Political Studies. Annual Spring Lecturer of the Norwegian Nobel Peace Institute, Walter Channing Cabot Fellow of Harvard University, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Guggenheim Fellow (twice), Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies and recipient of the George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association.[35] He was a member of the Board of Advisors of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. He served on a number of editorial boards including that of the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. He received one of the 2007 National Humanities Medals[36][37] and in 2009 he was awarded both the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation [38] and the Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Prize by the William & Mary Law School.[39] In 2010, Pipes received the medal "Bene Merito" awarded by the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs. Since 2010 he belonged to the Russian Valdai Discussion Club.

He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[40]

Personal life

Pipes married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946; the couple had two children, Daniel and Steven. Their son Daniel Pipes is a scholar of Middle Eastern affairs.[41][42]

Pipes died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 17, 2018 at the age of 94.[43][44]

Works
External video
Presentation by Pipes on The Unknown Lenin, November 22, 1996, C-SPAN
Presentation by Pipes on Property and Freedom, December 13, 1999, C-SPAN
Interview with Pipes, conducted by William F. Buckley Jr., on Communism: A History, November 1, 2001, C-SPAN
Booknotes interview with Pipes on Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger, December 7, 2003, C-SPAN

Author

  • The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (1954) Rev. ed. 1964
  • Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885–1897 (1963)
  • Struve, Liberal on the Left (1970)
  • Europe since 1815 (1970)
  • Russia Under the Old Regime (1974)
  • Soviet Strategy in Europe (1976)
  • Struve, Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (1980)
  • U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente: a Tragedy of Errors (1981)
  • Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (1984)
  • Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History (1989)
  • The Russian Revolution (1990)
  • Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919–1924 (1993)
  • Communism, the Vanished Specter (1994)
  • A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1995)
  • The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution (1995)
  • Property and Freedom (1999)
  • Communism: A History (2001)
  • Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (2003)
  • The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia (2003)
  • Russian Conservatism and Its Critics (2006)
  • The Trial of Vera Z. (2010)
  • Scattered Thoughts (2010)
  • Russia's Itinerant Painters (2011)
  • Uvarov: A Life (2013) (In Russian)
  • Alexander Yakovlev: The Man Whose Ideas Delivered Russia from Communism. Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.

Editor

  • The Russian Intelligentsia (1961)
  • The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (1996)

Contributor

  • The Communist System, in: Alexander Dallin/Gail W. Lapidus (eds.) The Soviet System. From Crisis to Collapse, 2nd. revised edition, Boulder/San Francisco/Oxford: Westview Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8133-1876-9

Essays

Filmography
  • War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (documentary mini-series). Episode 12: “Reagan Reagan’s Shield”. WGBH, 1989.
  • History’s Mysteries (documentary series). “Killer Submarine”. History Channel, 2001.[45]
  • Beyond the Movie - The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King. National Geographic, 2003.[46]
  • The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear (documentary mini-series). Episode 1: “Baby It’s Cold Outside”. Written and directed by Adam Curtis. 2004.[47]
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References
  1. Pipes, Richard. Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger. 2006, pp. 14–5
  2. "Uważam Rze Historia". Historia.uwazamrze.pl. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  3. Pipes, Richard (March 7, 2014). "Need To Know with Mona Charen and Jay Nordlinger" (Interview). Interviewed by Jay Nordlinger.
  4. Romano, Sergio (2005). Memorie di un conservatore. TEA. p. 180. ISBN 88-304-2128-6.
  5. "Notes on Professor Richard Pipes". Persiancarpetguide.com. Retrieved January 28, 2006.
  6. Press, Eyal (May 2004). "Neocon man: Daniel Pipes has made his name inveighing against an academy overrun by political extremists but he is nothing if not extreme in his own views". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  7. Kalinovsky, Artemy M. (2015). "Encouraging Resistance: Paul Henze, the Bennigsen school, and the crisis of détente". Reassessing Orientalism: Interlocking Orientologies During the Cold War. doi:10.4324/9781315758619-8. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  8. Pipes, Richard. "Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger". Interview by Brian Lamb. C-SPAN Booknotes, December 7, 2003. Full transcript available.
    "Well, because I attended — I am a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. I attended two Bilderberg meetings. The Council on Foreign Relations is scholarly institute, and you know, it has a reputation of being very liberal, but I am — here I am, I am a conservative, and I lecture to it, and I wrote for the Foreign Affairs, its official organ, and so on. And secondly, Bilderberg — well, those are very exclusive meetings, they take place once a year in different locations. Some 100 people attend. And again, I attended these two meetings, and I have lectures, people speaking about this, and people speaking about that. And nobody tried to make policy, and nobody conspired about anything."
  9. Bogle, Lori Lyn "Pipes, Richard" p. 922.
  10. Betts, Richard K. and Mahnken, Thomas G. Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence: Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel. 2003, p. 68.
  11. Kaplan, Fred (September 7, 2004). "Can the CIA be saved?". Slate.com. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  12. Archived February 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  13. Tanenhaus, Sam (February 11, 2003). "The Hard Liner: Harvard historian Richard Pipes shaped the Reagan administration's aggressive approach to the Soviet Union". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  14. "Anatomy of a Neo-Conservative White House". Canadian Dimension. 39 (3): 46. May 1, 2005.
  15. Tanenhaus, Sam (February 11, 2003). "The hard-liner". The Boston Globe.
  16. "Team B: The Reality Behind the Myth". Commentary Magazine. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  17. Thomas, D.M. Alexander Solzhenitsyn St. Martin's Press, New York City, United States of America, 1998 ISBN 0-312-18036-5 p. 490.
  18. Nancy deWolf Smith (August 20, 2011). "A Cold Warrior At Peace". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  19. Author Unknown (March 19, 1981). "U.S. Repudiates a Hard-Line Aide". New York Times: A8.; Shribman, David (October 21, 1981). "Security Adviser Ousted for a Talk Hinting at War". New York Times: A1.; Author Unknown (November 2, 1981). "The Rogue General". Newsweek.
  20. Richard Pipes (August 16, 1992). "THE PAST ON TRIAL: RUSSIA, ONE YEAR LATER". Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  21. David C. Engerman, Know your enemy. The rise and fall of America's Soviet experts, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.305.
  22. Richard Pipes; Walter C. Clemens, Jr. (1983). "U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente". Slavic Review. Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 42 (1): 117–18. JSTOR 2497460.
  23. Raymond L. Garthoff, Foreign Affairs, May 1995, pg. 197
  24. Rabinowitch, Alexander (1998). "Richard Pipes's Lenin". Russian Review. 57 (1): 110–13. doi:10.1111/0036-0341.00011. JSTOR 131696.
  25. Richard Pipes; Diane P. Koenker (1993). "The Russian Revolution". The Journal of Modern History. The University of Chicago Press. 65 (2): 432–35. doi:10.1086/244669. JSTOR 2124477.
  26. Richard Pipes; Ronald Grigor Suny (1991). "The Russian Revolution". The American Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 96 (5): 1581–83. doi:10.2307/2165391. JSTOR 2165391.
  27. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Revisionism in Soviet History, History and Theory, Vol. 46, Issue 4, December 2007
  28. Peter Kenez (1995). "The Prosecution of Soviet History, Volume 2". The Russian Review. Wiley. 54 (2): 265–69. doi:10.2307/130919. JSTOR 130919.
  29. https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193532/http://www.revolutionaryhistory.co.uk/revs/richard-pipes-the-unknown-lenin.html. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. Alexander Rabinowitch, "Richard Pipes' Lenin", The Russian Review 57, January 1998.
  31. Lenin rediscovered: what is to be done? in context, Volume 2005. Lars T. Lih, Vladimir Ilʹich Lenin 2006. pp. 23–4
  32. Pipes, apud Ronald I. Kowalski, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921. London: Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-12438-7, p. 8.
  33. Richard Pipes (2003). "Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger". Fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  34. "Richard Pipes on Siegelbaum". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  35. "Twelve FAS Faculty Members to Retire". Harvard Gazette Archives. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  36. Breslow, Jason M. (November 16, 2007). "6 Academics Receive National Honors in Arts and Humanities - Faculty - The Chronicle of Higher Education". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Chronicle.com. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  37. "Humanities Medals Awarded by President Bush. Recipients honored for outstanding cultural contributions"
  38. Archived June 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  39. "News Archive | National Endowment for the Humanities". Neh.gov. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  40. "National Advisory Council". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  41. Norton, Anne. Leo Strauss and the politics of American empire. 2005, p. 93
  42. Steven M. Chermak, Frankie Y. Bailey, Michelle Brown. Media representations of September 11. 2003, p. 22
  43. "Nie żyje prof. Richard Pipes" (in Polish). Gremi Media. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  44. Grimes, William (May 17, 2018). "Richard Pipes, Historian of Russia and Reagan Aide, Dies at 94". The New York Times.
  45. “Full Cast & Crew”. IMDb
  46. ”Full Cast & Crew”. IMDb
  47. “Full Cast & Crew”. IMDb

Further reading
  • Bogle, Lori Lyn, "Pipes, Richard", pp. 922–923, in The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing edited by Kelly Boyd, Vol. 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999. online
  • Daly, Jonathan, “The Pleiade: Five Scholars Who Founded Russian Historical Studies in America,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 18, no. 4 (Fall 2017): 785–826.
  • Daly, Jonathan, ed., Pillars of the Profession: The Correspondence of Richard Pipes and Marc Raeff (Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston, 2019).
  • Firestone, Thomas. "Four Sovietologists: A Primer." National Interest No. 14 (Winter 1988/9), pp. 102-107 on the ideas of Zbigniew Brzezinski, Stephen F. Cohen Jerry F. Hough, and Richard Pipes.
  • Malia, Martin Edward, "The Hunt for the True October", pp. 21–28, from Commentary, Vol. 92, 1991.
  • Pipes, Richard, "Vixi: The Memoirs of a Non-Belonger", 2003.
  • Poe, Marshall, "The Dissident", Azure (Spring 2008).
  • Somin, Ilya, "Riddles, Mysteries, and Enigmas: Unanswered Questions of Communism's Collapse", pp. 84–88, from Policy Review, Vol. 70, 1994.
  • Stent, Angela, "Review of U.S-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente", pp. 91–92, from Russian Review, Vol. 41, 1982.
  • Szeftel, Marc, "Two Negative Appraisals of Russian Pre-Revolutionary Development", pp. 74–87, from Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 1980.
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