Star (keelboat)
The Star is a 6.9 metres (23 ft) one-design racing keelboat for two people designed by Francis Sweisguth in 1910. The Star was an Olympic keelboat class from 1932 through to 2012, the last year keelboats appeared at the Summer Olympics.
 Class symbol | |
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| Development | |
|---|---|
| Designer | Francis Sweisguth |
| Year | 1910 |
| Boat | |
| Crew | 2 (Skipper + Crew) S + 1.5 C ≤ 250 kg (550 lb)[1] |
| Draft | 1.016 m (3 ft 4 in) |
| Hull | |
| Type | keelboat |
| Hull weight | ≥ 671 kg (1,479 lb) (including keel)[2] |
| LOA | 6.922 m (22 ft 9 in)[2] |
| LWL | 4.724 m (15 ft 6 in) |
| Beam | 1.734 m (5 ft 8 in) at deck 1.372 m (4 ft 6 in) at chine |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | bulb keel 401.5 ± 7 kg (885 ± 15 lb)[2] |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | sloop |
| Mast length | 9.652 m (31 ft 8 in) |
| Sails | |
| Mainsail area | 20.5 m2 (221 sq ft) |
| Jib/genoa area | 6.0 m2 (65 sq ft) |
| Upwind sail area | ≤ 26.5 m2 (285 sq ft) |
| Former Olympic class | |
It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length. Unlike most modern racing boats, it does not use a spinnaker when sailing downwind. Instead, when running downwind a whisker pole is used to hold the jib out to windward for correct wind flow. Early Stars were built from wood, but modern boats are generally made of fiberglass. The boat must weigh at least 671 kg (1,479 lb) with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m2 (285 sq ft).[3][2][1] The Star class pioneered an unusual circular boom vang track, which allows the vang to effectively hold the boom down even when the boom is turned far outboard on a downwind run. Another notable aspect of Star sailing is the extreme hiking position adopted by the crew and at times the helmsman, who normally use a harness to help hang low off the windward side of the boat with only their lower legs inside.
History
Original sail plan (pre-1922)
The Star was designed in 1910 by Francis Sweisguth, a draftsman at the William Gardner Marine Architect office. Over the course of his career Sweisguth designed a variety of yachts. A more traditional example of his work is Silent Maid, a Barnegat Bay B-class catboat designed shortly after the Star. The first 22 stars were built in Port Washington, New York by Ike Smith during the winter of 1910–11. Since that time, over 8,400 boats have been built, with more than 2,000 actively racing in 170 fleets.[4]
The hull is a hard chine design with a slight curve to the bottom section, and a bulb keel. The Star was originally rigged with a large, low-aspect-ratio gunter mainsail and jib, which was replaced by a short bermuda rig in 1921, before the current tall bermuda sail plan was adopted in 1930. In 1965, fiberglass replaced wood as the primary hull material. Other changes to the strict design rules for the Star class, include adding flexible spars, an innovative circular-track boom vang, and self-bailers.[4]
Events
Star Boats North American Championships June 2013
Star Boats NHYC North American Championships June 2013
Olympics
The Star was added to the Olympic roster for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Due to World War II, there were no Olympic games held in 1940 or 1944, and for 1976, the Star was replaced by the Tempest for keelboat competition. In 2011 keelboats were removed from sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The last keelboat Olympics competition was at the 2012 London Summer Olympics.[5]
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World Championships
The Star World Championships has been held annually since 1923. Most titles has American sailor Lowell North won, with five titles between 1945 and 1973 and another seven podiums. The most crowned skipper-crew combination is Italian duo Agostino Straulino and Nicolò Rode and Brazilian duo Robert Scheidt and Bruno Prada with three titles each. Also, American Mark Reynolds has three titles, but with different crew.
Year |
Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 Western Long Island Sound |
.svg.png){kind=small} William Inslee Robert Nelson |
H. Wylie Ernest Ratsey |
R. Walton L. Carey |
| 1924 Western Long Island Sound |
Jack Robinson Arthur Knapp, Jr. |
Ben Comstock William Gidley |
B. Weston R. Schauer |
| 1925 Western Long Island Sound |
Adrian Iselin Ed Willis |
.svg.png){kind=small} G. H. C. Phillips C. G. Davis |
B. Rey Schauer Ed. Gillett |
| 1926 Western Long Island Sound |
Ben Comstock William Gidley |
D. Starring F. Bedford |
H. Fisher H. Denhie |
| 1927 Narragansett Bay |
Walt Hubbard, Jr. Richard Edwards |
F. Bedford B. Cunningham |
H. Smith W. Henderson |
| 1928 Newport Harbor |
Prentice Edrington Gilbert Gray |
Joseph Watkins Arthur Knapp, Jr. |
J. Jessop J. Sykes |
| 1929 New Orleans |
Graham Johnson Lawdens Johnson |
Gilbert Gray Prentice Edrington |
Joseph Watkins William McHugh |
| 1930 Chesapeake Bay |
Arthur Knapp, Jr. Newell Weed |
W. Hubbard T. Dittmar |
Joseph Watkins William McHugh |
| 1931 Western Long Island Sound |
William McHugh Joseph Watkins |
 Colin Ratsey S. Elsbree |
Edward Fink A. McCrate |
| 1932 Central Long Island Sound |
Edward Fink Edwin Thorne |
C. Pflug J. Pflug |
R. Bradley P. Singer |
| 1933 Long Beach Harbour |
William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf |
Edwin Thorne L. Thorne |
H. Dowsett, Jr. H. White |
| 1934 San Francisco |
Hook Beardslee Myron Lehmann |
J. Arms J. Abberley |
Adrian Iselin W. White |
| 1935 Newport Harbour |
Hook Beardslee Myron Lehmann |
Adrian Iselin Ed Willis |
William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf |
| 1936 Lake Ontario |
Adrian Iselin Garrett Horder |
Hook Beardslee Myron Lehmann |
H. Halsted W. Halsey |
| 1937 Western Long Island Sound |
 Milton Wegeforth G. K. C. Phillips |
.svg.png){kind=small} Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise |
H. Halsted W. Halsey |
| 1938 San Diego |
Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise |
Harry Nye, Jr. L. Lehmann |
J. McAleese F. Graham |
| 1939 Kiel |
Walter von Hütschler Edgar Beyn |
.svg.png){kind=small} Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
Peter Hansohm Christian Blankenburg |
| 1940 San Diego |
James Cowie Gordon Cowie |
Robert White R. Holcomb |
Lockwood Pirie R. Miller |
| 1941 Los Angeles |
George Fleitz William Severence |
Harry Nye, Jr. J. Michael |
Myron Lehmann P. McKibben |
| 1942 Lake Michigan |
Harry Nye, Jr. Stanley Fahlström |
S. Potter B. Douglass |
T. Scripps M. Watson |
| 1943 Great South Bay |
Arthur Deacon Perry Roehm |
W. Picken, Jr. J. Forrington |
 Carlos de Cárdenas G. Carricaburu |
| 1944 Lake Michigan |
Gerald Driscoll Malin Burnham |
Robert Lippincott E. Shivelhood |
Herbert Williams A. Nye |
| 1945 Central Long Island Sound |
Malin Burnham Lowell North |
J. Cowie Walter Krug |
E. W. Etchells Mary Etchelles |
| 1946 Havana |
George Fleitz Walter Krug |
Robert White Gordon Holcombe |
.svg.png){kind=small} Durward Knowles Robert Levin |
| 1947 Los Angeles |
Durward Knowles Robert Levin |
Hilary Smart Stan Ogilvy |
Richard Stearns Robert Rodgers |
| 1948 Cascais |
Lockwood Pirie Harry Rugeroni |
 Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
Hilary Smart Paul Smart |
| 1949 Chicago |
Harry Nye, Jr. Stanley Fahlstrom |
Robert Lippincott Robert Levin |
Stan Ogilvy Owen Torrey |
| 1950 Chicago |
Robert Lippincott Robert Levin |
Lockwood Pirie Charles Turtle |
E. W. Etchells Mary Etchelles |
| 1951 Gibson Island |
E. W. Etchells Mary Etchelles |
Richard Stearns Robert Rodgers |
Stan Ogilvy Whitney Stueck |
| 1952 Cascais |
Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
Robert Lippincott Dan Hubers |
 Duarte Bello Fernando Bello |
| 1953 Naples |
Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
Duarte Bello João Miguel Tito |
Tito Nordio Livio Sangulin |
| 1954 Cascais |
Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr. |
.svg.png){kind=small} Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington |
Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
| 1955 Havana |
Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr. |
Jorge de Cárdenas Alberto Garcia Tunon |
William Gentzlinger Clair L. Farrand |
| 1956 Naples |
Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
Lowell North James B. Hill |
Álvaro de Cárdenas Jorge de Cárdenas |
| 1957 Havana |
Lowell North James B. Hill |
 Albert Debarge Paul Bert Elvstrøm |
Joseph Duplin Peter Wilhauser |
| 1958 San Diego |
William P. Ficker Mark Yorston |
Chick Rollins William Pickford |
Ding Schoonmaker Malin Burnham |
| 1959 Newport Harbour |
.svg.png){kind=small} Lowell North Mort Carlile |
Gary Comer Bill Hackel |
William P. Ficker Tom Skahill |
| 1960 Rio de Janeiro |
Lowell North Tom Skahill |
Donald K. Edler Kent Edler |
Robert Lippincott Frank Hogg |
| 1961 San Diego Bay |
Bill Buchan Douglas Knight |
John Bennett John McKeague |
Lowell North Tom Skahill |
| 1962 Cascais |
Richard Stearns Lynn Williams |
Duarte Bello Fernando Bello |
E. W. Etchells R. M. Allan III |
| 1963 Chicago |
Joseph Duplin Francis Dolan |
Lowell North Tom Skahill |
Blair Fletcher Asa L. Colson |
| 1964 Boston Harbour |
Donald K. Edler Kent Edler |
Joseph Duplin Francis Dolan |
Malin Burnham Charles Lewsadder |
| 1965 Newport Harbour |
Donald Bever Charles Lewsadder |
Malin Burnham James Reynolds |
Bill Buchan Douglas Knight |
| 1966 Kiel |
 Paul Bert Elvstrøm John Albrechtson |
Lowell North Peter Barrett |
Richard Stearns Lynn Williams |
| 1967 Copenhagen |
Paul Bert Elvstrøm Poul Mik-Meyer |
Lowell North Peter Barrett |
Donald Trask William Kreysler |
| 1968 | not held because of the 1968 Summer Olympics | ||
| 1969 San Diego |
 Pelle Pettersson Ulf Schröder |
Tom Blackaller Gary Mull |
Lowell North Peter Barrett |
| 1970 Marstrand |
Bill Buchan Carl F. Sutter |
Ding Schoonmaker Arne Akerson |
Stig Wennerström Sture Christiansen |
| 1971 Puget Sound |
Dennis Conner James Reynolds |
Lowell North Peter Barrett |
John Albrechtson Göran Tell |
| 1972 Caracas |
 Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer |
 Joerg Bruder Claudio Biekarch |
Ding Schoonmaker Thomas Dudinsky |
| 1973 San Diego |
Lowell North Peter Barrett |
Bill Buchan Craig Thomas |
Tom Blackaller Ron Anderson |
| 1974 Laredo |
Tom Blackaller Ron Anderson |
Pelle Pettersson Ingvar Hansson |
 Durward Knowles Gerald Ford |
| 1975 Lake Michigan |
Ding Schoonmaker Jerry Ford |
Tom Blackaller Ron Anderson |
Peter Wright Bill Wright |
| 1976 Nassau |
James Allsopp Michael Guhin |
Bill Buchan Earl Lasher |
Barton Beek William Munster |
| 1977 Kiel |
Dennis Conner Ron Anderson |
Sune Carlsson Leif Carlsson |
Uwe von Below Franz Wehofsich |
| 1978 San Francisco |
Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans |
Dennis Conner Ron Anderson |
Tom Blackaller Ed Bennett |
| 1979 Marstrand |
Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans |
Bill Buchan Douglas Knight |
Peter Wright Todd Cozzens |
| 1980 Rio de Janeiro |
Tom Blackaller David Shaw |
Albino Fravezzi Oscar Dalvit |
Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
| 1981 Marblehead |
Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch |
Peter Wright Todd Cozzens |
Bill Buchan Ron Anderson |
| 1982 Medemblik |
 Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste |
Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch |
Bill Buchan Steve Erickson |
| 1983 Marina del Rey |
Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste |
Joachim Griese Michael Marcour |
Bill Buchan Carl Buchan |
| 1984 Vilamoura |
Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
Andrew Menkart James Kavle |
Paul Cayard Ken Keefe |
| 1985 Nassau |
Bill Buchan Steve Erickson |
 Steven Bakker Ko van den Berg |
Paul Cayard Ken Keefe |
| 1986 Isle of Capri |
Vince Brun Hugo Schreiner |
Giuseppe Milone Roberto Mottola |
Ed Adams Tom Olsen |
| 1987 Chicago |
Ed Adams Tom Olsen |
Alexander Hagen Fritz Girr |
Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
| 1988 Buenos Aires |
Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
Ed Adams Tom Olsen |
| 1989 Porto Cervo |
Alan Adler Nelson Falcão |
Werner Fritz Ulrich Seeberger |
.svg.png){kind=small} Ross MacDonald Bruce MacDonald |
| 1990 Cleveland |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Benny Andersen Mogens Just |
Mats Johansson Stefan Hemlin |
| 1991 Cannes |
Roberto Benamati Mario Salani |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
| 1992 San Francisco |
Carl Buchan Hugo Schreiner |
Joe Londrigan Phil Trinter |
Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
| 1993 Kiel |
Joe Londrigan Phil Trinter |
Hans Wallén Bobby Lohse |
Alexander Hagen Kai Falkenthal |
| 1994 San Diego |
Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen |
Alan Adler Rodrigo Meirelles |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
| 1995 Laredo |
Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Chris Rasmusten Kasper Harsberg |
| 1996 Rio de Janeiro |
Enrico Chieffi Roberto Sinibaldi |
Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
| 1997 Marblehead |
Alexander Hagen Marcelo Ferreira |
Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
.svg.png){kind=small} Peter Bromby Michael Marcel |
| 1998 Portorož |
.svg.png){kind=small} Colin Beashel David Giles |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Alexander Hagen Thorsten Helmert |
| 1999 Punta Ala |
Eric Doyle Tom Olsen |
Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn |
Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
| 2000 Annapolis |
Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn |
 Mark Mansfield David O'Brien |
| 2001 Medemblik |
Fredrik Lööf Christian Finnsgård |
 Gavin Brady George Iverson |
Vince Brun Mike Dorgan |
| 2002 Marina del Rey |
Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Xavier Rohart Yannick Adde |
| 2003 Cadiz |
Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
| 2004 Gaeta |
Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
 Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria |
Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
| 2005 Buenos Aires |
Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
| 2006 San Francisco |
Hamish Pepper Carl Williams |
Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
| 2007 Cascais |
Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
| 2008 Miami |
 Mateusz Kusznierewicz Dominik Zycki |
Diego Negri Luigi Viale |
Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
| 2009 Varberg |
George Szabo Rick Peters |
Hamish Pepper Craig Monk |
Lars Grael Ronald Seifert |
| 2010 Rio de Janeiro |
Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria |
Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
| 2011 Perth |
Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen |
Mark Mendelblatt Brian Fatih |
| 2012 Hyères |
Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
Michael Hestbæk Claus Olesen |
| 2013 San Diego |
John MacCausland Phil Trinter |
Andrew Campbell John von Schwarz |
Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
| 2014 Malcesine[6] |
Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen |
Diego Negri Sergio Lambertenghi |
 Eivind Melleby Bruno Prada |
| 2015 Buenos Aires |
Lars Grael Samuel Gonçalves |
Marcelo Fuchs Ronald Seifert |
Diego Negri Sergio Lambertenghi |
| 2016 Miami |
|
Diego Negri Sergio Lambertenghi |
Brian Ledbetter Joshua Revkin |
| 2017 Troense[7] |
|
Lars Grael Samuel Gonçalves |
Reinhard Schmidt Paul Sradnick |
| 2018 Oxford USA [8] |
|
|
|
| 2019 Porto Cervo [9] |
|
|
|
Star Sailors League
The Star Sailors League was created in 2013 by athletes to establish a sustainable sailing circuit.
Famous Star sailors
- Duarte Bello (Championship competitor, 1947–1970s. Invented auto-bailers and circular boom-vang track)
- John F. Kennedy (Nantucket Sound Star Class Championship: 1936)[4]
- Agostino Straulino (Olympic Champion: 1952; World Champion: 1952, 1953, 1956; Olympic Silver: 1956)
- Robert Halperin (Olympic Bronze: 1960; Pan American Games Gold: 1963)
- Paul Elvstrøm (World Champion: 1966, 1967)
- Dennis Conner (World Champion: 1971, 1977)
- Buddy Melges (World Champion: 1978, 1979)
- Iain Percy (Olympic Champion: 2008; World Champion: 2010; Olympic Silver: 2012)
- Robert Scheidt (Olympic Silver: 2008; Olympic Bronze: 2012; World Champion: 2008, 2011, 2012; SSL Finals: 2013)
- Fredrik Lööf (World Champion: 2001, 2004; Olympic Champion: 2012)
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gollark: It just doesn't have a dedicated emergency shutdown thing now, since the interface for remote debugging got actual parallelism ages back.
gollark: It isn't.
gollark: There were issues a while back, so it got an emergency shutdown system.
gollark: PotatOS had that!
References
- "Star Class Association Rules" (PDF). Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- "2015 Specifications" (PDF). Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- "Rules of the ISCYRA". Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- Bird, Vanessa (March 22, 2011). "International Star Class". Classic Boat. Classic Classes. Chelsea Magazines Ltd. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- http://www.sailing.org/35891.php
- https://site-isaf.soticcloud.net/regattainfo.php?view=eventoa&rgtaid=17434®attaid=17434&evntid=33373#results__17434
-
http://www.starworlds2017.com/images/LarsB_Div/Resultater/R1R2R3R4R5R6_Final.pdf - https://2018worlds.starchampionships.org/
- https://2019worlds.starchampionships.org/results
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star (keelboat). |
- International Star Class Yacht Racing Association (ISCYRA)
- International Star Class at the International Sailing Federation (ISAF)
- International Star Class in "Classic Classes" at Classic Boat magazine
- THe Star 45 Class at the American Model Yachting Association (AMYA)
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