Shades of purple

There are numerous variations of the color purple, a sampling of which are shown below.

This article is about shades of the color. For the M2M Album, see Shades of Purple.

Purple
Common connotations
royalty, nobility, Lent, Easter, Mardi Gras
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#800080
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(128, 0, 128)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 100, 0, 50)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 50%)
Source	HTML
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

In common English usage, purple is a range of hues of color occurring between red and blue.[1]

In color theory, purple colors are any colors on the line of purples on the CIE chromaticity diagram (or colors that can be derived from colors on the line of purples), i.e., any color between red and violet, not including either red or violet themselves.[2][3]

The first recorded use of purple as a color name in English was in 975 AD.[4]

Historical development of purple

Tyrian purple: Classical antiquity

Main article: Tyrian purple

See also under Purple#In_art, history and fashion the section "In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple"

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple; 6th-century mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale

Tyrian Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#66023C
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(102, 2, 60)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(45, 100, 47, 42)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(325°, 98%, 40[5]%)
Source	Green-Lion.net
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Very deep red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

"Tyrian purple" is the contemporary English name of the color that in Latin is denominated "purpura". Other contemporary English names for purpura are "imperial purple" and "royal purple". The English name "purple" itself originally denominated the specific color purpura. Purpura is the color of a dye extracted from a mollusk found on the shores of the city of Tyre in ancient Phoenicia (contemporarily in Lebanon), which color in classical antiquity was a symbol of royalty and political authority because only the very wealthy could afford it, including the Roman Emperors. Therefore, Tyrian purple was also denominated "imperial purple".

Tyrian purple may have been discovered as early as during the Minoan civilization. Alexander the Great, when giving imperial audiences as the Emperor of Macedonia; the Emperor of the Seleucid Empire; and the Kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple. The imperial robes of Roman emperors were of Tyrian purple trimmed in metallic gold thread. The badge of office of a Roman Senator was a stripe of Tyrian purple on his white toga.[6] Tyrian purple was continued in use by the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire until its final collapse in 1453.

The tone of Tyrian purple displayed above is that tone of Tyrian purple which was the color of "clotted blood", which was considered the tone having the most prestige in ancient Greece and Rome, as recorded by Pliny the Elder. However, the actual tone varied depending on how the dye was formulated. Lesser royal houses that wanted to economize could mix Tyrian purple dye with the much less expensive indigo to create a color closer to violet.

Han purple: Ancient China

Main article: Han purple and Han blue

Han purple and Han blue were synthetic colors made by artisans in China during the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD) or even earlier.

Han purple is a type of artificial pigment found in China between 500 BC and AD 220. It was used in the decoration of the Terracotta Army.

Royal purple: 17th century

Royal Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#7851A9
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(120, 81, 169)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(29, 52, 0, 34)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(267°, 52%, 66[7]%)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color royal purple is shown at right. This tone of purple is bluer than the ancient Tyrian purple.

The first recorded use of royal purple as a color name in English was in 1661.[8]

In 1990, royal purple was formulated as one of the Crayola crayon colors.

Mauveine: 1860s–1890s

Main article: Mauveine

Professor Charles Rees—wearing bow tie dyed with original sample of mauveine—holding RSC journal named after Perkin

Mauveine was first named in 1856. Chemist Sir William Henry Perkin, then eighteen, was attempting to create artificial quinine. An unexpected residue caught his eye, which turned out to be the first aniline dye—specifically, Perkin's mauve or mauveine is sometimes called aniline purple. Perkin was so successful in recommending his discovery to the dyestuffs industry that his biography by Simon Garfield is titled Mauve.[9] As mauveine faded easily, our contemporary understanding of mauve is as a lighter, less saturated color than it was originally known.[10]

"Mauveine" was named after the mauve colored mallow flower, even though it is a much deeper tone of purple than mauve. The term "Mauve" in the late 19th century could refer to either the deep, rich color of the dye or the light color of the flower. Mauve (meaning Mauveine) came into great vogue when in 1862 Queen Victoria appeared at the Royal Exhibition in a mauve silk gown—dyed with mauveine. By 1890, this color had become so pervasive in fashion that author Thomas Beer used it in the title of his book about the 1890s, The Mauve Decade.[11]

Artists' pigment purple (red-violet): 1930s

Main article: Red-violet

Red-Violet
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#C71585
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(199, 21, 133)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 89, 33, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(322°, 89%, 78%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

'Royal purple' (shown above) or the dark violet color known as generic purple is the common layman's idea of purple, but professional artists, following Munsell color system (introduced in 1905 and widely accepted by 1930), regard purple as being synonymous with the red-violet color shown at right, represented by the web color medium violet red, in order to clearly distinguish purple from violet and thus have access to a larger palette of colors. This red-violet color, called artist's purple by artists, is the pigment color that would be on a pigment color color wheel between pigment violet and pigment (process) magenta. In the Munsell color system, this color at its maximum chroma of 12 is called Red-Purple, or more specifically Munsell 5RP.

Artists' pigments and colored pencils labeled as purple are typically colored the red-violet color shown at right. On an RYB color wheel, red-violet is the color between red and violet.

Electric purple: 2000s

Electric Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#BF00FF
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(191, 0, 255)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(285°, 100%, 100%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This color, electric purple, is precisely halfway between violet and magenta and thus fits the artistic definition of purple.[12]

Using additive colors such as those on computer screens, it is possible to create a much brighter purple than with pigments where the mixing subtracts frequencies from the component primary colors. The equivalent color on a computer to the pigment color red-violet shown above would be this electric purple, i.e. the much brighter purple you can see reproduced on the screen of a computer. This color is pure purple conceived as computer artists conceive it, as the color on the color wheel halfway between color wheel violet and electric magenta. Thus, electric purple is the purest and brightest purple that it is possible to display on a computer screen. Its RGB code is (191, 0, 255).

An old name for this color, used by Robert Ridgway in his 1912 book on color nomenclature, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, is true purple.[13]

Computer web color purples

Purple (HTML/CSS color) (patriarch)

Purple (HTML/CSS color)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#800080
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(128, 0, 128)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 50.2%)
Source	HTML/CSS[14]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This purple used in HTML and CSS actually is deeper and has a more reddish hue (#800080) than the X11 color purple shown below as purple (X11 color) (#A020F0), which is bluer and brighter.

This color may be called HTML/CSS purple. It seems likely that this color was chosen as the web color purple because its hue is exactly halfway between red and blue and its value is exactly halfway between white and black.

A traditional name sometimes used for this tone of purple is patriarch. The first recorded use of patriarch as a color name in English was in 1925.[15]

Purple (X11 color) (veronica)

Purple (X11 color)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#A020F0
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(160, 32, 240)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(9, 94, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(277°, 86.67%, 94.12%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is displayed the color purple, as defined in the X11 color, which is a lot brighter and bluer than the HTML purple shown above.

See the chart Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML and X11.

This color can be called X11 purple.

Veronica prostrata, for which the color veronica is named

The traditional name for this tone of purple is veronica. The first recorded use of veronica as a color name in English was in 1919.[16]

Medium purple (X11)

Medium Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#9370DB
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(147, 112, 219)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(56, 58, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(270°, 68%, 72%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Displayed at right is the web color medium purple.

This color is a medium shade of the bright X11 purple shown above.

Rebecca purple

Rebecca purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#663399
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(102, 51, 153)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(0.75°, 0.5%, 0.4%)
Source	CSS 4.1
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Rebecca purple was named after the daughter of CSS pioneer Eric A. Meyer and added to CSS 4.1.

Additional definition of purple

Purple (Munsell)

Purple (Munsell)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#9F00C5
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(159, 0, 197)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(19, 100, 0, 23)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(288°, 100%, 77[17]%)
Source	Munsell Color Wheel
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The hues of the Munsell color system, at varying values, and maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut.

a similar shade to the cloth.

The color defined as purple in the Munsell color system (Munsell 5P) is shown at right. The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), spaced uniformly in three dimensions in the elongated oval at an angle shaped Munsell color solid according to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors—red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

The Munsell colors displayed are only approximate as they have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut.

Additional variations

Pale purple

Pale Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FAE6FA
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(250, 230, 250)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 8, 0, 2)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(300°, 8%, 98%)
Source	Pantone TPX
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale purplish pink
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Pale purple is the pale tint of purple.

Mauve

Main article: Mauve

Mallow wildflower

Mauve (Mallow)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#E0B0FF
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(224, 176, 255)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(12, 31, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(276°, 31%, 100%)
Source	Maerz and Paul[18]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Brilliant purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Mauve /ˈmoʊv/ (listen)[19] (rhymes with "grove"; from the French form of Malva "mallow") is a pale purple. Mauve is named after the mallow flower. Another name for the color is mallow[20] with the first recorded use of mallow as a color name in English in 1611.[21]

Thistle

Milk thistle flowerhead

Thistle
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#D8BFD8
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(216, 191, 216)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(18, 27, 2, 1)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(300°, 12%, 85%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Very pale purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Thistle is a light purple resembling the thistle plant.

The first recorded use of Thistle as a color name in English was in 1892.[22]

The color thistle is associated with Scotland because the thistle is the national flower of Scotland and Scotland's highest state decoration is the Order of the Thistle.

Orchid

Main article: Orchid (color)

Cattleya labiata

Orchid
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#DA70D6
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(218, 112, 214)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 49, 2, 15)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(302°, 49%, 85%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color orchid is a bright rich purple. The name 'orchid' originates from the flowers of some species of the vast orchid flower family, such as Laelia furfuracea and Ascocentrum pusillum, which have petals of this color.

The first recorded use of orchid as a color name in English was in 1915.[23]

Heliotrope

Main article: Heliotrope (color)

Heliotropium peruvianum

Heliotrope
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#DF73FF
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(223, 115, 255)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(286°, 55%, 100%)
Source	Maerz and Paul[24]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color heliotrope is a brilliant tone of purple; it is a pink-purple tint that is a representation of the color of the heliotrope flower.

The first recorded use of heliotrope as a color name in English was in 1882.[25]

Psychedelic purple (phlox)

Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata)

Phlox
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#DF00FF
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(223, 0, 255)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(292°, 100%, 100[26]%)
Source	Maerz and Paul[27]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The pure essence of purple was approximated in pigment in the late 1960s by mixing fluorescent magenta and fluorescent blue pigments together to make fluorescent purple to use in psychedelic black light paintings. This tone of purple was very popular among hippies and was the favorite color of Jimi Hendrix. Thus it is called psychedelic purple. Psychedelic purple is the color halfway between electric purple and magenta.

In the 1980s, there was a Jimi Hendrix Museum in a Victorian house on the east side of Central Avenue one half block south of Haight Street in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco which was painted this color.

Another name for this color is phlox, as it is the color of the phlox flower. The first recorded use of phlox as a color name in English was in 1918.[28]

Purple pizzazz

Main article: Shades of magenta § Purple pizzazz

Purple Pizzazz
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FE4EDA
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(254, 78, 218)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(312°, 69%, 100[29]%)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color purple pizzazz.

This color was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Liseran purple

Liseran Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#DE6FA1
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(223, 111, 161)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 50, 28, 13)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(333°, 50%, 87%)
Source	ISCC-NBS [30]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purplish pink
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Displayed at right is the color liseran purple.

The first recorded use of liseran purple as a color name in English was in 1912.[31]

Mulberry

Main article: Mulberry (color)

Mulberry
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#C54B8C
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(197, 75, 140)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 62, 29, 23)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(285°, 67%, 70%)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Mulberry fruits

The color mulberry is displayed at right. This color is a representation of the color of mulberry jam or pie. This was a Crayola crayon color from 1958 to 2003.

The first recorded use of mulberry as a color name in English was in 1776.[32]

Pearly purple

Pearly Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#B768A2
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(183, 104, 162)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 43, 12, 28)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(316°, 43%, 72[33]%)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is displayed the color pearly purple.

Pearly purple is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Purpureus

Purpureus
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#9A4EAE
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(154, 78, 174)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(12, 55, 0, 32)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(288°, 55%, 68%)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color purpureus is displayed at right. Another name for this color is purpura.

The first recorded use of purpura as a color name in English was in 1382.[4]

Northwestern Purple

Northwestern Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#4E2A84
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(78, 48, 132)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(84, 100, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(261°, 64%, 52%)
Source	Brand Guide
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Northwestern Purple is the official color of Northwestern University, as shown at the right. Additionally, there are shades and tints that are variations of the base color. Northwestern Purple is a custom ink color and can no longer be referenced by a Pantone number.

KSU Purple

KSU Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#512888
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(81, 40, 136)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(82, 100, 0, 12)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(266°, 71%, 53%)
Source	Brand Guide
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

For printed material, purple (Pantone #268+)[34] is the official school color of Kansas State University, as shown at the right. Traditionally, the school has referred to this darker and bluer shade as Royal Purple.[35] [compare with Royal purple: 17th century]

For the web, #512888 is the official color, even though that hex triplet is not a direct conversion from Pantone 268+.[34]

Pomp and Power

Pomp and Power
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#86608E
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(134, 96, 142)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(56, 32, 0, 44)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(290°, 32%, 56%)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color pomp and power is displayed at right.

The color pomp and power is not found in the 1930 first edition of the Dictionary of Color by Maerz and Paul, but it is found in the second edition of 1950.[36]

Mardi Gras

Mardi Gras
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#880085
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(136, 0, 133)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 100, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(301°, 100%, 53[37]%)
Source	Xona.com Color List[38]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color Mardi Gras is displayed at right.

The color name Mardi Gras has been in use since 2001 when the Xona.com Color List was first promulgated.

Eminence

Eminence
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#6C3082
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(108, 48, 130)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(17, 63, 0, 49)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(284°, 63%, 51[39]%)
Source	Xona.com Color List
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color eminence is displayed at right.

The color name eminence, used since the 1800s,[40] has been in modern use for this color since 2001 when the Xona.com Color List was first promulgated.

Byzantium

Main article: Byzantium (color)

Byzantium
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#702963
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(112, 41, 99)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 63, 12, 56)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(311°, 63%, 44%)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color Byzantium, a dark tone of purple, is displayed at right.

The first recorded use of byzantium as a color name in English was in 1926.[41]

Pansy purple

Pansy Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#78184A
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(120, 24, 74)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 80, 38, 53)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(287°, 36%, 27%)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Purple Pansy

The pansy flower has varieties that exhibit three different colors: pansy (a color between indigo and violet), pansy pink, and pansy purple.

The first recorded use of pansy purple as a color name in English was in 1814.[42]

Palatinate

Main article: Palatinate (colour)

Palatinate Purple #72246C (as associated with the University of Durham)
#72246C

Palatinate
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#72246C
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(114, 36, 108)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 68, 5, 55)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(305°, 68%, 45%)
Source	Durham University[43][44]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Palatinate is a color (a pale shade of violet) associated with the University of Durham (and with Newcastle University Medical School, this being the former medical school of Durham University.) A separate color, 'Palatinate Blue', is derived from the Coat of Arms of the County of Durham. The name 'Palatinate' in both instances alludes to the historic status of Durham as a County Palatine.

Dark purple

Main article: Dark purple

Dark Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#301934
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(48, 25, 52)
CMYK^H   (c, m, y, k)	(8, 52, 0, 80)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(291°, 51%, 20%)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Very dark purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Dark purple is the dark tone of purple.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel

If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, purple appears midway between magenta and violet:

Visible spectrum wrapped to join violet and magenta in an additive mixture of purple

See also

• Crimson (color)
• Indigo
• Lists of colors
• Magenta
• Rose (color)
• Ultramarine
• Violet (color)
• Shades of violet

References

1. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 957
2. Charles A. Poynton (2003). Digital video and HDTV. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-792-7.
3. John Dakin and Robert G. W. Brown (2006). Handbook of Optoelectronics. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7503-0646-7.
4. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 202
5. Forret, Peter. "RGB Color converter – toolstudio". web.forret.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
6. "Tyrian Purple in Ancient Rome:". Mmdtkw.org. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
7. "web.Forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to color #7851A9 (Royal Purple):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
8. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color Sample of Royal Purple: Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample K11
9. Garfield, S. (2000). Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour That Changed the World. Faber and Faber, London, UK. ISBN 978-0-571-20197-6.
10. "History of Dyes from 2600 BC to 20th Century – natural dyes, synthetic". www.straw.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
11. Thomas Beer: The mauve decade --American life at the end of the nineteenth century Archived 2013-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, 1926, at gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca
12. Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California:1976 Shambala Publishing and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place primarily at the De Young Museum but also at other museums) Portfolio of color wheels by famous theoreticians—see Rood color wheel (1879) Page 93 Purple is halfway between magenta and violet
13. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Discussion of the color Purple, Page 175; Color Sample of True Purple: Page 125 Plate 51 Color Sample A12—True Purple is shown on the Purple end of the Purple-Magenta-Rose axis on the bottom and right of the plate.
14. "W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords". W3.org. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
15. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Color Sample of Patriarch: Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample L9
16. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Color Sample of Veronica: Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample H9
17. "Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #9F00C5 (Purple (Munsell)):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
18. The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called mauve in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color "mallow" is displayed on Page 125, Plate 51, Color Sample I3 Note: It is stated in A Dictionary of Color that mallow and mauve are two different names used in English to refer to exactly the same color—the name mallow came into use in 1611 and mauve came into use as its synonym in 1856—see under the entry for each name on page 198 in the Index. See also discussion of the color Mallow (Mauve) on page 166.
19. Brians, Paul. "Mauve". Common Errors in English. Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2000-05-21. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
20. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 198
21. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 198; Color Sample of Mallow: Page 125 Plate 51 Color Sample I3
22. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Thistle: Page 107 Plate 42 Color Sample J7
23. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200; Color Sample of Orchid: Page 105 Plate 41 Color Sample F5
24. The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called heliotrope in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color heliotrope is displayed on page 131, Plate 54, Color Sample C10.
25. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Heliotrope: Page 131 Plate 54 Color Sample C10
26. "Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #DF00FF (Psychedelic Purple (Phlox)):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
27. The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called phlox in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color phlox is displayed on page 131, Plate 54, Color Sample H12.
28. A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill, Page 201; Color Sample of Phlox: Page 131 Plate 54 Color Sample H12—The color Phlox is shown lying halfway between magenta and purple.
29. "Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #FE4EDA (Purple Pizzaz):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
30. The color displayed in the color box above is the color in the array of tones of liseran purple displayed on the ISCC-NBS color list letter L web page that most closely matches the color called liseran purple in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color liseran purple is displayed on page 123, Plate 50, Color Sample B9.
31. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 198; Color Sample of Liseran Purple: Page 123 Plate 50 Color Sample B9
32. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 199; Color Sample of Mulberry: Plate 48 Color Sample E9
33. "web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #B768A2 (Pearly Purple):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
34. "Brand Guide" (PDF). Branding. Kansas State University Division of Communications and Marketing. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
35. "Kansas State Traditions". K-State Athletics. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
36. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1950 (2nd edition) McGraw-Hill
37. "Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #880085 (Mardi Gras):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
38. Note: While for other Xona.com colors that have been entered into Wikipedia, the standard darker version of the two tones provided for each color has always been used, in this case the lighter version is used as this brighter and more saturated version seems more in tune with the spirit of Mardi Gras.
39. "Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #6C3082 (Eminence):". Web.forret.com. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
40. Painting and Decorating: A Journal (1893): The following item from a daily paper is but a sample of the fashion in color naming : "'Eminence,' or 'eminence purple,' as we more frequently call it, is really a bright violet tinge, verging on petunia, with a dash of red in it."
41. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191; Color Sample of Byzantium: Page 111 Plate 44 Color Sample K7
42. Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Color Sample of Pansy Purple: Page 131 Plate 54 Color Sample L8
43. "Durham University – Colour palette". Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
44. "Pantone 255 C". Retrieved 26 May 2019.