Neoptera

Neoptera is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Neopterans
Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Present
Honeybee (order Hymenoptera)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Branch: Metapterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1]

Pterygota

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.

Later, a number of other classifications had been proposed. According to various points of view, Neoptera is subordinated either directly to Pterygota (as in the Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

1. Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
1.1. Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
1.2. Metapterygota Börner 1909
1.2.1. Odonata Fabricius 1793
1.2.2. Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown, not yet fully resolved, in the cladogram:[2]

Neoptera
Idioprothoraca
 

Embioptera (webspinners)

 
 

Notoptera (grylloblattids)

 
 
Rhipineoptera
 

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

 
 

Pandictyoptera (cockroaches, termites, mantises)

 
 

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)

 
 

Phasmatodea (stick insects)

 
 

Dermaptera (earwigs)

 
 
Eumetabola
Parametabola
 

Zoraptera (angel insects)

 
Paraneoptera
 

Thysanoptera (thrips)

 
 

Hemiptera (bugs)

 
 

Psocoptera (bark lice)

 
 

Phthiraptera (lice)

 
 
 
Endopterygota
 
 
 

Coleoptera (beetles)

 
 

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

 
 
Neuropteroidea
 

Birostrata

 
 

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

 
 

Meganeuroptera

 
 
 
 
 
Antliophora
 

Diptera (true flies)

 
 
 

Mecoptera (scorpionflies)

 
 
 

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)

 
 

Siphonaptera (fleas)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

 
 

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

 
 
 
 

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

 
 
 
 
 
gollark: Technological solutions are required. Technological development probably scales with population.
gollark: LITERAL endofunctor.
gollark: There are commutative/abelian monoids, Homestuck monoids, integral monoids, sort of thing.
gollark: It's a type of monoid.
gollark: The bees do not say anything about this "homestuck adaptation".

References
  1. 1923 and 1924)
  2. (Kluge 2005, Kluge 2010, Kluge 2012):
  • Media related to Neoptera at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Neoptera at Wikispecies
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