Neoptera

Neoptera is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Neopterans
Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Present
Honeybee (order Hymenoptera)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Branch: Metapterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1]

Pterygota

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.

Later, a number of other classifications had been proposed. According to various points of view, Neoptera is subordinated either directly to Pterygota (as in the Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

1. Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
1.1. Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
1.2. Metapterygota Börner 1909
1.2.1. Odonata Fabricius 1793
1.2.2. Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown, not yet fully resolved, in the cladogram:[2]

Neoptera
Idioprothoraca

Embioptera (webspinners)

Notoptera (grylloblattids)

Rhipineoptera

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Pandictyoptera (cockroaches, termites, mantises)

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)

Phasmatodea (stick insects)

Dermaptera (earwigs)

Eumetabola
Parametabola

Zoraptera (angel insects)

Paraneoptera

Thysanoptera (thrips)

Hemiptera (bugs)

Psocoptera (bark lice)

Phthiraptera (lice)

Endopterygota

Coleoptera (beetles)

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Neuropteroidea

Birostrata

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Meganeuroptera

Antliophora

Diptera (true flies)

Mecoptera (scorpionflies)

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)

Siphonaptera (fleas)

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

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References

  • Media related to Neoptera at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Neoptera at Wikispecies
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