Neoptera

Neoptera is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Neopterans Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Honeybee (order Hymenoptera)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Branch:	Metapterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1]

Pterygota

• division Palaeoptera
  • order Odonata
  • order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera)
  • †order Dictyoneuridea
  • †order Megasecoptera
  • †order Protodonata
  • †order Protephemeroidea
• division Neoptera
  • subdivision Polyneoptera
    • superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
      • order Orthoptera
      • order Plecoptera
      • order Dermaptera
      • order Embioptera
      • order Phasmatodea
    • superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
      • order Blattodea
      • order Mantodea
  • subdivision Paraneoptera
    • order Hemiptera (correct name: Arthroidignatha)
      • suborder Phytophtires (correct name: Plantisuga)
      • suborder Auchenorrhyncha
      • suborder Heteroptera
    • subdivision Oligoneoptera

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.

Later, a number of other classifications had been proposed. According to various points of view, Neoptera is subordinated either directly to Pterygota (as in the Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

1. Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
1.1. Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
1.2. Metapterygota Börner 1909
1.2.1. Odonata Fabricius 1793
1.2.2. Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown, not yet fully resolved, in the cladogram:[2]

Neoptera

Idioprothoraca   Embioptera (webspinners)     Notoptera (grylloblattids)     Rhipineoptera   Plecoptera (stoneflies)     Pandictyoptera (cockroaches, termites, mantises)     Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)     Phasmatodea (stick insects)     Dermaptera (earwigs)     Eumetabola Parametabola   Zoraptera (angel insects)   Paraneoptera   Thysanoptera (thrips)     Hemiptera (bugs)     Psocoptera (bark lice)     Phthiraptera (lice)       Endopterygota       Coleoptera (beetles)     Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)     Neuropteroidea   Birostrata     Raphidioptera (snakeflies)     Meganeuroptera           Antliophora   Diptera (true flies)       Mecoptera (scorpionflies)       Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)     Siphonaptera (fleas)             Trichoptera (caddisflies)     Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)         Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

References

1. 1923 and 1924)
2. (Kluge 2005, Kluge 2010, Kluge 2012):

External links

• Media related to Neoptera at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Neoptera at Wikispecies