Phenyldichloroarsine

Phenyldichloroarsine, NATO abbreviation PD, is an organic arsenical vesicant and vomiting agent developed by Germany and France for use as a chemical warfare agent during World War I. The agent is known by multiple synonyms and is technically classified as a vesicant, or blister agent.

Phenyldichloroarsine
Skeletal formula of phenyldichloroarsine
Ball-and-stick model of the phenyldichloroarsine molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Phenylarsonous dichloride
Other names
Dichlorophenylarsane
Dichloro(phenyl)arsine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Abbreviations PD (NATO)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.010.721
EC Number
  • 211-791-9
RTECS number
  • CH5425000
UNII
Properties
C6H5AsCl2
Molar mass 222.9315 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas or liquid
Density 1.65 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)
Melting point −20 °C (−4 °F; 253 K)
Boiling point 252 to 255 °C (486 to 491 °F; 525 to 528 K)
Reacts
Solubility acetone, ether, benzene
log P 3.060
Vapor pressure 0.033
3.00E-05 atm·m3/mole
Atmospheric OH rate constant
 1.95E-12 cm3/molecule·s
Hazards
Main hazards Flammability, incapacitation, blistering
Safety data sheet See: data page
New Jersey MSDS
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
4
0
Flash point 16 °C (61 °F; 289 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
2,500 mg·min/m3
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 0.5 mg/m2
Supplementary data page
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
data
 Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

History

PD was prepared during 1917-18 in Germany and France, during World War II it was prepared in Germany.

Chemical characteristics

General

Phenyldichloroarsine is an odorless, colorless substance that can form hydrochloric acid upon contact with water.[1] The reaction with water is very slow, the substance sinks, and the reaction is considered non-hazardous.[2] Another product of hydrolysis is phenylarsenious acid, which is a severe irritant to the mucous membranes and skin.[1] [1] In an impure state, phenyldichloroarsine may have a slight brown color, in its purest form though there is no color and the substance has an oily texture.[3] An impure solution of PD also emits a characteristically unpleasant horseradish or garlic-like odor, which is detectable at 0.1 ppm.[4]

Phenyldichloroarsine is one of four organic arsenicals, the other three are lewisite (L), methyldichloroarsine (MD), and ethyldichloroarsine (ED).[5] PD is considered an analog of lewisite.[6] At its freezing point, -20 °C, PD becomes a microcrystalline solid mass.[7] The compound has a C-metalloid bond between the phenyl group and the arsenic and two covalent bonds between the arsenic and the chlorine.[8]

Synthesis

Phenyldichloroarsine is produced by reacting benzene with arsenic trichloride. Anhydrous aluminum chloride acts as a catalyst in this reaction.[3]

Uses

Phenyldichloroarsine is an obsolete chemical warfare agent and is classified as a vesicant or a vomiting/incapacitating agent.[9] It was used as a weapon during World War I, where it showed itself as less effective than other vomiting agents.[9] Phenyldichloroarsine is an arsenical vesicant which can be mixed with mustard agents for use in chemical warfare.[10] PD was developed for use in wet environments, because of its tendency to persist in cool and shaded areas.[11] Phenyldichloroarsine can have a persistence lasting anywhere from 2 to 7 days under usual environmental conditions.[3] In open areas, it is more useful as a vomiting agent but in closed-in areas, such as basements, trenches and caves, it is highly effective because of its "extreme" vapor density.[11] Phenyldichloroarsine has also been used by banks and other high-security facilities to defend against security breaches.[3]

Biological effects

PD damages the eyes, lungs, throat and nasal membranes.[11] PD immediately affects the eyes and blindness can result, though it requires high doses.[3] It also induces nausea and vomiting, an inhalation of as little as 5-50 milligrams can induce severe vomiting.[3] Long-term exposure to PD can cause systemic damage by replacing calcium with arsenic, extensive bone marrow damage can also result.[11] Due to PD being easily recognized in the field and a relatively fast rate for decontamination procedures to become effective, the chemical is not as useful as other blister agents.[3] The blistering resultant from PD exposure may also be delayed, for as little as 30 minutes,[6] or as long as 32 hours depending upon the concentration of the dose.[3]

The molecular toxicology of PD is not well understood,[6] but a 1986 U.S. Army-sponsored report did shed some light on that area. The Army report showed that PD penetrated the red blood cell membrane and interacted with something inside the cell. The study also found that hemoglobin was not responsible for "holding" the PD in its bond with the erythrocytes (red blood cells), instead glutathione was found to be a more likely interacting with PD inside the cell .[6][11]

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See also

References
  1. Leikin, Jarrold B. and McFee, Robin B. Handbook of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Agent Exposures, (Google Books), Informa Health Care, 2007, pp. 356-57, (ISBN 142004477X).
  2. Pohanish, Richard P. HazMat Data, (Google Books), Wiley-IEEE, 2005, pp. 895-96, (ISBN 0471726109).
  3. Ledgard, Jared. A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents, (Google Books), Lulu.com, 2006, pp. 127-29, (ISBN 1411694325).
  4. Ellison, Hank D. Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, (Google Books), CRC Press, 2007, p. 156, (ISBN 0849314348).
  5. Fitzgerald, Geoffrey M. and Vollmer, Timothy. "CBRNE - Vesicants, Organic Arsenicals: L, ED, MD, PD, HL", emedicine via WebMD, June 19, 2006, accessed December 22, 2008.
  6. O'Connor,, Richard J., McGown, Evelyn L., Dill, Kilian. "Interaction of Phenyldicholoroarsine with Biological Molecules", Department of Chemistry - Clemson University for U.S. Army, Letterman Army Institute of Research, August 1986, accessed December 22, 2008.
  7. Hills, Terry. The Illustrated Dictionary of Organic Chemistry, (Google Books), Lotus Press, Tokyo: 2007, p. 149, (ISBN 8189093517).
  8. Manahan, Stanley E. Industrial Ecology: Environmental Chemistry and Hazardous Waste, (Google Books), CRC Press, 1999, p. 189, (ISBN 1566703816).
  9. Cashman, John R. Emergency Response Handbook for Chemical and Biological Agents and Weapons, (Google Books), CRC Press, 2008, pp. 215-19, (ISBN 1420052659).
  10. Dire, Daniel J. "CBRNE - Vesicants, Mustard: Hd, Hn1-3, H", emedicine via WebMD, December 21, 2007, accessed December 22, 2008.
  11. Byrnes, Mark E. et al. Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism: Emergency Response and Public Protection, (Google Books), CRC Press, 2003, p. 57, (ISBN 1566706513).

[[Category:Arsenic(+3) compounds

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