Paul Jennings (slave)

Paul Jennings (1799–1874) was an American personal servant, as a young slave, to President James Madison during and after his White House years. After buying his freedom in 1845 from Daniel Webster, Jennings is noted for publishing in 1865 the first White House memoir.[1] His book was A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison, described as "a singular document in the history of slavery and the early American republic."[2]

Paul Jennings
Paul Jennings
Born1799
Orange County, Virginia
Died1874 (1875) (aged 75)
Washington, D.C.
OccupationAmerican slave abolitionist
Author

Living in Washington, DC from 1837 on, Jennings made many useful connections and was aided by the northern Republican Senator Daniel Webster in gaining freedom. In the 1850s, Jennings traveled to Virginia, where he tracked down his children, who had grown up on a neighboring plantation with his late wife Fanny, also a slave. His relatives on his mother's side were sold by the widow Dolley Madison with Montpelier in 1844. His three sons joined the Union cause during the American Civil War.

In 2009 his descendants were honored at Montpelier following a lecture on Jennings. They were also invited to a private viewing at the White House of the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington, which Jennings helped save during the War of 1812 and the British burning of the Capitol.

Early life and education

Jennings was born into slavery at Montpelier in 1799; his mother, who was African-Native American, was owned by the Madisons.[3] She told the boy his father was Benjamin Jennings, an English trader.[3] The mixed-race slave as a child was a companion to Dolley's son Payne Todd.[4] He began to serve James Madison as his footman and later was trained as his "body servant".[3] At the age of 10, Jennings accompanied Madison and his family to the White House after the statesman's election as president.[5] In his 1865 memoir, he noted that the East Room was yet unfinished from the first construction, most of the Washington streets were unpaved, and the city was "a dreary place" in those years.[3]

In 1814 during the Burning of Washington, as British troops were approaching the White House, Jennings at age 15, with two other men, reportedly helped save the noted Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington known as the Lansdowne portrait. Other White House slaves helped save such valuables as silver. (The portrait was returned to the White House, where it is the only surviving item from before the War of 1812.) Legend has it that he assisted First Lady Dolley Madison in this effort. In his memoir, Jennings wrote that a French cook and one other person did the physical work of taking down the painting.[3]:12–13[6]

Post-White House years

After the president ended his second term, the Madisons returned to Montpelier in 1817, bringing Jennings with them.[7] He was 18 years old and continued to serve Madison as his valet for the rest of the president's life. Jennings married Fanny, a slave held on another plantation, and they had five children, who lived with their mother.[8] Jennings was with Madison when he died in 1836.[3]:18–19

In 1837, the widow Dolley Madison took Jennings with her when she returned to Washington, DC to live in the winter seasons.[7][8] He was forced to leave his family behind but was permitted to visit them occasionally. In 1841, she wrote her will, which would free Jennings after her death, the only slave whom she freed in her will.[8] In Washington as an adult, Jennings saw a much broader community. Among its many free blacks at the time were descendants of slaves of the former presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Madison.[9]

Struggling financially, in 1844 Dolley Madison sold Montpelier and all its property, including its slaves, to raise money to live on.[7] That year Fanny, Jennings' wife, died in Virginia. The following year, Dolley Madison hired out Jennings to President James Polk in Washington. Often slaves who were hired out got to keep a portion of their earnings, but she kept it all, as she was impoverished.[8]

Freedom

Fearing for his future, Jennings tried to arrange a purchase price with Madison, but she sold him to an insurance agent for $200 in 1846. Six months later, Senator Daniel Webster intervened to buy him from the new owner for $120 and gave Jennings his freedom, for which he paid the senator in work.[8][10] He entered the large free black community of Washington, which outnumbered slaves by three to one at the time.[11]

In 1848, Jennings helped plan a mass escape of 77 slaves from Washington, DC on the schooner Pearl. It was the largest slave escape attempt in US history.[6][8][10] In an effort funded by white abolitionists William L. Chaplin and Gerrit Smith, the free black community of Washington enlarged the escape, gathering tens of slaves willing to risk the 225-mile sailing journey to freedom in the North.

The slaves were captured and returned to Washington after having been delayed by poor winds. Their owners quickly sold them to traders, and most were sold again in the Deep South. The freedom of some slaves, including the two Edmonson sisters, was purchased by families and friends. The Edmonsons were sponsored to go to school in New York State and later spoke at abolitionist lectures. The two white captains, Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres, owner and pilot of the schooner Pearl, were convicted on multiple counts of aiding a slave escape and illegally transporting slaves. They served four years in jail before being pardoned by President Millard Fillmore.[10]

The following year, Jennings married again, to Desdemona Brooks, a free mulatto whose mother was white (according to slave law, children took the status of their mother). She lived in Alexandria, Virginia.[8]

Jennings returned to Virginia in the 1850s as a free-man, and was able to reunite with family he had been forced to leave years before. His three sons joined the Union cause during the American Civil War after escaping and joining Union lines.[5] John, Franklin, William and daughter Mary later joined him in Washington and the area.[5]

After the war, Jennings worked at the newly established Pension Bureau, part of the Department of the Interior, to handle claims of veterans and soldiers' families. He made the acquaintance of John Brooks Russell, an antiquarian. Fascinated by Jennings' story of his years with Madison, Russell wrote it down and published it for him in January 1863 in The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America, where Russell had been a contributor.[8] He helped Jennings gain publication of his memoir as a book in 1865.[8] It is considered the first White House memoir.[1]

A free man, Jennings bought a lot and built a house at 1804 L Street, NW.[10] He had reunited with his children, and his son John lived with him. His daughter Mary lived next door with her two children. His sons Franklin and William also lived in the area.[8]

After Desdemona's death, Jennings married a third time in 1870, to Amelia Dorsey.[8] He died in northwest Washington, D.C. at the age of 75 in 1874. He was buried at Columbian Harmony Cemetery in D.C. When that cemetery closed in 1959, Jennings' remains (along with others unclaimed by family members) were reinterred in a mass grave at National Harmony Memorial Park in Landover, Maryland.[12] In his will, Jennings left his family his house and property in northwest Washington.

Works

Legacy and honors
  • He is primarily remembered for having published in 1865 the first memoir about life inside the White House, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
  • In 2009, Montpelier staff gave a lecture about Jennings, "Paul Jennings: Enamoured with Freedom," and had a reception for his descendants at the estate.[13]
  • Also in 2009, the Montpelier Foundation arranged a private visit for Jennings' descendants to the White House to see the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and celebrate Jennings for his efforts during the War of 1812.[5][10]
  • Dolley Madison Directing the Rescue of George Washington's Portrait, August 24, 1814 (2009) is a mural by the artist William Woodward, which was commissioned by the Montpelier Foundation.[13][14]
  • One of his descendants lives in a rowhouse in Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) which his family has owned in Washington, DC since the 19th century.[10]
  • James Madison University honored Jennings on February 8, 2019, by naming a new residence hall after him.
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See also
  • List of slaves

References
  1. Swarns, Rachel L. (August 15, 2009), "Madison and the White House, Through the Memoir of a Slave", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-08-24
  2. Annette Gordon-Reed, "Foreword", to Elizabeth Dowling Talyor, A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
  3. Jennings, Paul (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison. Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle.
  4. Gordon-Reed (2012), "Foreword"
  5. Robert Siegel and Melissa Block. "Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy". NPR. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  6. Gura, David (August 24, 2009), "Descendants Of A Slave See The Painting He Saved", The Two-Way: NPR's News Blog, retrieved 2010-09-11
  7. "Chronology and Dolley Madison", The Dolley Madison Project. Virginia Center of Digital History. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
  8. "Paul Jennings—Enamoured with Freedom". www.montepelier.org. The Montpelier Foundation. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved 2015-01-06.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  9. Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madison, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, Chapter 1
  10. Montgomery, David (25 August 2009), "A Washingtonian Discovers an Ancestor Who Was a Slave in Madison's White House", The Washington Post, retrieved 2010-09-11
  11. Mary Beth Corrigan, "The Legacy and Significance of a Failed Mass Slave Escape", H-Net Reviews: Josephine Pacheco, The Pearl: A Failed Slave Escape on the Potomac, April 2006, accessed 2009-01-12.
  12. Taylor 2012, p. 224.
  13. "Montpelier to Present Lecture on First White House Memoirist" (PDF). www.montepelier.org. The Montpelier Foundation. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-06.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  14. "Summer 1814: Dolley Madison Saves Washington's Portrait, With Some Help". National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior.

Bibliography
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