Passenger information system

A passenger information system or passenger information display system is an automated system for supplying users of public transport with information about the nature and state of a public transport service, through visual, voice or other media. They are also known as Customer Information Systems and Operational Information Systems.[1] Among the information provided by such systems, a distinction can be drawn between:

  • Static or schedule information, which changes only occasionally and is typically used for journey planning prior to departure.
  • Real time information, derived from automatic vehicle location systems, which changes continuously as a result of real-world events and is typically used during the course of a journey (primarily how close the service is running to time and when it is due at a stop, but also incidents that affect service operations, platform changes etc.).
Not to be confused with Passenger service system.
Central Train Indicator at Hilversum railway station announcing the Intercity towards Deventer which, probably due to a disruption, today ends at Amersfoort.

Static information has traditionally been made available in printed form though route network maps and timetable booklets at transit stations. However most transit operators now also use integrated passenger information systems providing either schedule-based information through a journey planner application or schedule-based information in combination with real-time information.

Real time information is an advance on schedule-only information, which recognises the fact that public transport services do not always operate exactly according to the published timetable. By providing real time information to travellers, they are better able to conduct their journey confidently, including taking any necessary steps in the event of delays.[2] This helps to encourage greater use of public transport,[3][4] which for many countries is a political goal.

Real-time information is provided to passengers in a number of different ways, including mobile phone applications, platform-level signage, and automated public address systems.[5] It may include both predictions about arrival and departure times, as well as information about the nature and causes of disruptions.

Issues with passenger information provision

There are four principal considerations for the provision of passenger information (static or real time):

  • Data availability. Information can only be provided where it is available, and collecting information can be resource intensive. Also, there may be difficulties with coordinating data sharing between multiple organisations.
  • Data accuracy. Collecting information is error-prone. Also, prediction algorithms are not perfect, and real-time announcements may be in error for this reason.
  • Getting information to the passenger. A variety of dissemination mechanisms may be used, but it is not always easy to ensure that the correct information reaches the passenger when it is most needed. Information overload must be avoided.
  • Latency or Response time. Information provision must react quickly to a passenger request or a real-world update. There is little point in announcing a service three minutes after it has departed.

Real-time arrival prediction systems
Bilingual real-time information is provided on every platform in the MTR passenger railway system in Hong Kong
LED information display at Joanic station on the Barcelona Metro. These LED displays count down to the last second the time needed for a train to arrive at a station
LCD information display used on the Kaohsiung MRT

Current operational information on service running is collected from automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems and from control systems, including incident capture systems. This information can be compared algorithmically with the published service timetable to generate a prediction of how services will run in the next few minutes to hours. This may be informed by additional information: for instance, bus services will be affected by congestion on the road network, while all services may be affected by adverse weather conditions.

Economic rationale

The capital and revenue costs for traveller information systems can be calculated with reasonable accuracy. However, the derivation of tangible financial benefits is far more difficult to establish and as a consequence, there is very little research. This directs the business model for information systems towards the "softer" merits such as traveller confidence etc. It is worth noting that there must be an actual value as individuals are willing to pay for systems that give them access to real time data relating to their journey. The difficulty is establishing what this is for each individual person and perhaps each individual piece of roadside hardware. Even less is known about the long-term effects of access to these types of services. The only long-term study is from 2012.[6]

Communication channels

Information may be delivered via any electronic media, including:

Additional considerations include:

  • How the system will present information for disabled travellers
  • Whether the system will be able to provide information in multiple languages

Information
Information display in a shelter at a TriMet bus stop in downtown Portland, Oregon

The information provided by a passenger information system depends on its location, and the technical scope (e.g. how big the display screen is)

At a station or stop, it is normal to provide up to date predictions of:

  • Which service is operated by the next vehicle to arrive, including its route and destination.
  • When this vehicle will arrive
  • How closely it is running to timetable.
  • Similar information for the following few services.
  • General advice on current travel disruptions that may be useful to the passenger in understanding the implications for their travel plans.

On a vehicle, it is normal to provide up to date predictions of:

  • When the vehicle will arrive at the next station or stop (express or long-distance services)
  • Advice on connecting services.

Personalised channels (web, mobile device, or kiosk) will normally be set up to mimic the view from a station or stop but may in addition be linked to journey planners. Using such systems a passenger may (re)plan their journey to take into account current circumstances (such as cancelled services or excessive delays).

Examples

France

In Paris, France, SIEL indicator systems (abbreviated from Système d’information en ligne) are installed in the RER, the Paris Métro and on 250 bus routes on the RATP bus system.

On the RER, there are 2 types of indicators used, the first generation model which only indicates the termini of trains stopping at a station through the use of square lights located beside the words bearing the name of a terminus, and the second generation model which includes an LED display above the square lights indicating the terminus and train service. These displays are only used on the RER line A, RER line B and at Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles station on RER line D, and can be inaccurate at times due to the lack of communication between SNCF and RATP, the two operators of the RER.

On the Paris Métro, there are two types of information display systems; the LED numerical display installed in all Métro lines (except line 14), in use since 1997, and the television display installed on all stations on line 14. These displays show the time needed for a train (and the subsequent train after it) to reach a particular station.

On the bus network in Paris, monochrome LCDs have been used since 1996 to indicate the time needed for a bus on a bus route to arrive at a bus stop, after a two-year trial period on a few bus routes.

  • 1st generation termini indicator on the RER line A
  • 2nd generation termini indicator on the RER line B
  • LED indicator on the Paris Métro
  • A variant of the Métro's LED indicator used on Paris Métro Line 13 utilizing a lighted arrow indicating the terminus of the next train
  • TV screen used on Paris Métro Line 14
  • LCD used on Paris's bus system

Germany
Stadtbahn passenger information display in Düsseldorf’s new station at Heinrich-Heine-Allee with greeting message „welcome to the new network…“

Deutsche Bahn AG offers a Travel Information System (German: Reiseinformationssystem (RIS)). This shows current train times compared to the published timetable, as well as known delays and expected arrival and departure times of the trains. This information is made available to the train conductor (via SMS) as well as to the passenger via loudspeaker in the train station or schedule boards on the internet.[7] The corresponding VRR[8] and VRS[9] information systems also process RIS data. The data can also be queried in real-time via mobile devices like mobile phones.

The RIS was started in 2003 and by 2007 it was planned to have 30,000 trains equipped with the necessary train describer (electronic train number).[10] In an accompanying program the older split-flap displays were replaced by electronic dot-matrix signage. While large stations have platform displays with multiple rows, the Deutsche Bahn network operator developed the Dynamic Font Indicator (German: Dynamischer Schriftanzeiger (DSA)) standard system for smaller stations with single row. In 2011 a federal funding was granted to equip 4500 additional stations with DSA signage, making for a majority of 6500 DSAs by 2015.

DSA passenger information system

The federal grant came along with a Federal Railway Authority (German: Eisenbahn-Bundesamt (EBA)) order in 2010 to have all stations connected to the travel information system to announce delays with electronic signage or loudspeakers. The Deutsche Bahn operator tried to legally prevent that order for stations with very low frequency but lost all lawsuits in 2015.[11] It was given 18 months to equip the remaining stations, which was done with DSAs. The DSA system has a GSM radio module to receive a text message to be displayed in a horizontally moving news ticker style. A loudspeaker may optionally be mounted on top. When there's no delay the current time is shown statically on its 96×8 LED dot-matrix display.

United Kingdom

National Rail stations are equipped with visual platform displays and audio announcements which indicate the next service or services from the platform, and which warn passengers to stand clear of trains which are not scheduled to stop, which are not in use, or which are about to depart. Additionally, concourses and ticket offices have large screen displays which show all of the services available at the station for the next hour or more, and (at major stations) the full route of the service and any restrictions applicable (e.g. ticket types, catering services, bicycle carriage). Many smaller and less well-used railway stations do not have such systems, but rather have "passenger help points" which connect the user by telephone to a control room by pushing an "Information" button.

This information is available online at National Rail[12] and on mobile devices.

Most London Underground stations have “countdown” displays on each platform. These are simpler than the national rail displays as in most cases each platform serves only a single line and there are little to no variations in carriage restrictions and destinations served. Audio announcements are also made regularly.

Local authorities and some transport operators provide electronic versions of the bus timetables to the Traveline[13] information service which covers all public transport modes, and from there to other information services such as Transport Direct,[14] and Google Transit.[15]

The deployment of real-time bus information systems is a gradual process which currently extends to around half of the national fleet and a high proportion of town-centre stops, but relatively few suburban and rural locations. The first use of these systems was in Brighton and Hove. The Traveline NextBuses[16] information service provides the next departures from any bus stop in the UK, and some trams as well. This information is real-time where the real-time feed has been connected in, otherwise the scheduled times are given.

The Government-sponsored Transport Direct project provides journey planning across all transport modes (including private car) and is increasingly linked to real-time information systems.

United States
A PIDS at the King Street–Old Town station of the Washington Metro
A PIDS at the Lorimer Street station of the New York City Subway

Real time passenger information was brought to riders in the US by NextBus corporation, a small startup, in 1999. The first systems were installed in Emeryville, California, and later in San Francisco, California. As of 2012 both initial systems are still in operation.

The Washington Metro installed a passenger information display system (PIDS) in all of its stations in 2000. The system provides real-time information on next train arrivals, delayed trains, emergency announcements, and related information.[17] Metro also provides current train and related information to customers with conventional web browsers, as well as users of smartphones and other mobile devices.[18] In 2010, Metro began sharing its PIDS data with outside software developers, for use in creating additional real-time applications for mobile devices. Free apps are available to the public on major mobile device software platforms (iPhone/iPad, Android, Windows Phone, Palm).[19][20] The system also began providing real-time train information by phone in 2010.[21]

The New York City Subway began installing its public address/customer information screens, commonly known as "countdown clocks", in its stations in 2007. In 2012, the system began offering SubTime, a website and iPhone app for real-time train arrival estimates for several of its subway services,[22] and the arrival data are shared with outside software developers to support creation of additional apps.[23] There are also PIDS installed on some MTA Regional Bus Operations routes over the years, but mostly, the MTA offers real-time bus tracking through another website/app called MTA Bus Time.[24][25]

Amtrak has deployed PIDS throughout the Northeast Corridor. Boston MBTA and MBCR have also deployed PIDS.

As of 2010, PIDS are being deployed with unified messaging, which can include information streamed to mobile devices, phones and translated directly to voice announcements. Text to Speech products have been designed to convert PIDS data to speech in a choice of over 20 languages.

gollark: 4, actually.
gollark: Also, channels should be arbitrary real numbers instead of foolish 2-byte integers.
gollark: I doubt squid would like it much honestly.
gollark: Why not just remove the channels per modem limit‽!?!?/⸘?!?!?
gollark: GTech operates a number of trilaterators, but they can only listen on known-in-advance channels because of the 128 channel limitation.

See also

References
  1. "Passenger Information Systems at Railway Stations" (PDF). AWS Amazon. November 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  2. Ferris, Brian; Watkins, Kari; Borning, Alan (2010-01-01). "OneBusAway: Results from Providing Real-time Arrival Information for Public Transit". Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '10. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 1807–1816. doi:10.1145/1753326.1753597. ISBN 9781605589299.
  3. Brakewood, Candace; Macfarlane, Gregory S.; Watkins, Kari (2015-04-01). "The impact of real-time information on bus ridership in New York City". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 53: 59–75. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2015.01.021.
  4. Tang, Lei; Thakuriah, Piyushimita (Vonu) (2012-06-01). "Ridership effects of real-time bus information system: A case study in the City of Chicago". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 22: 146–161. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2012.01.001.
  5. Schweiger, Carol L.; Program, Transit Cooperative Research (2003-01-01). Real-time Bus Arrival Information Systems. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 9780309069656.
  6. Skoglund, Tor (2012). Investigating the impacts of ICT - mediated services The case of public transport traveller information (PDF). Department of Product and Production Development Division Design & Human Factors Chalmers University of Technology.
  7. "DB BAHN - Abfahrt und Ankunft". Bahn.de. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  8. "Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr - Fahrten planen". Vrr.de. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-07-05. Retrieved 2006-10-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. "Schneller wissen, was los ist". Der Spiegel. 2003-04-10.
  11. "Deutsche Bahn muss an Haltestellen über Verspätungen informieren". Die Zeit. 2015-09-09.
  12. "nationalrail.co.uk". nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  13. "traveline.info". traveline.info. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  14. "transportdirect.info". transportdirect.info. Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  15. "Transit – Google Maps". Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  16. "Traveline - mobile phone services". Traveline.info. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  17. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) (2004-03-26). "Metro offers enhancements for the passenger information display monitors." Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine News release.
  18. WMATA. "Mobile Services." Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012-11-19.
  19. WMATA (2010-08-06). "Metro invites software developers to discuss new transit data feed." Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine News release.
  20. WMATA. "Developer Resources." Archived 2016-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012-11-19.
  21. WMATA (2010-08-31). "Real-time next train arrival information now available by phone." Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine News release.
  22. http://apps.mta.info/traintime/
  23. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, New York (2014-01-13). "MTA Adds Real-Time Arrival Estimates on L Line." MTA News.
  24. "MTA Real-Time Bus Tracking Arriving in Brooklyn and Queens in March". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 24, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  25. Whitford, Emma (June 5, 2015). "MTA's Bus Tracker Is Now Available As An App". Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
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