Pleurodira

The Pleurodira are one of the two living suborders of turtles, the other being the Cryptodira. The division between these two suborders represents a very deep evolutionary divide between two very different types of turtles. The physical differences between them, although anatomical and largely internal, are nonetheless significant, and the zoogeographic implications of them are substantial. The Pleurodira are known more commonly as the side-necked turtles and the name Pleurodira quite literally translates to side neck, whereas the Cryptodira are known as hidden-necked turtles.[6] The Pleurodira turtles are currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, largely to Australia, South America, and Africa. Within the Pleurodira, three living families are represented: Chelidae, also known as the Austro-South American side-necked turtles, the Pelomedusidae, also known as the African mud terrapins, and the Podocnemididae, also known as the American side-neck river turtles.[6][7] However, they are a cosmopolitan clade across the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, and even occurred in marine environments across the world.[8][9]

Pleurodira
Temporal range: Late Jurassic to present 163–present Ma
Eastern long-necked turtle
Chelodina longicollis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Pleurodira
Cope, 1865[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Pleuroderes - Duméril and Bibron 1834:354[3]
  • Pleurodera - Lichtenstein 1856:2[4]
  • Pleurodera - Cope 1864:181[5]
  • Pleurodira - Cope 1865:186[1]

Definition and description

The Pleurodira are identified by the method with which they withdraw their heads into their shells. In these turtles, the neck is bent in the horizontal plane, drawing the head into a space in front of one of the front legs. A larger overhang of the carapace helps to protect the neck, which remains partially exposed after retraction. This differs from the method employed by a cryptodiran, which tucks its head and neck between its forelegs, within the shell.

The different methods of bending the neck require completely different anatomies of the cervical vertebrae. All extant turtles studied so far have eight vertebrae in the neck.[10] In the Pleurodira, these vertebrae are narrow in cross-section and spool-shaped with biconvex centra on one or more of the cervicals.[10] These centra act as a double joint, allowing a large degree of sideways movement and providing a means of folding the neck onto itself in the lateral plane. Conversely, in the Cryptodira, the neck bones are wide and flat. The biconvex centra in some of the cryptodiran cervicals allow the neck to fold onto itself in the vertical plane.[10]

Pleurodirans also differ from cryptodirans in the emarginations of their skulls. Skull emargination provides room and anchorage for the jaw muscles. The connection points and the position of the emarginations relate to different bones of the skull.

Another difference is in the arrangement of the bones of the shell and the scutes overlaying them. Pleurodiran turtles have 13 scutes on the plastron of the shell, whereas cryptodiran turtles have only 12. The extra scute is called the intergular and is at the front of the plastron between the gular scutes. Pelomedusid turtles also possess mesoplastra, further differentiating this group.

Family: Chelidae

One of the three families that still lives in this suborder is the family Chelidae. This family contains 14 genera with a total of 61 species, and they are distributed among Australia, New Guinea, and South America.[7] This group of Testudines characteristically have dorsoventrally flattened skulls and shells and are known for long snake like necks.[7]

This family is unique for having a specially adapted strategy for catching prey. While the majority of the family Chelidae are omnivores there are 17 species that are carnivores.[7] Those carnivores are Chelus fimbratus and species of the Chelodina genus.[7] This special strategy is referred to as a gape-suck mechanism.[7][11] This mechanism is when the turtle first opens its mouth little by little at first. Then, when the turtle is within striking range of the prey, it will open its mouth completely sucking in water at such a rate that the current into its mouth is too strong for prey to escape and engulf the prey within 0.004 seconds.[11] This strategy also circumvents issues to quick capture of underwater prey. These issues include: resistance to rapid movement in water, pressure-waves due to rapid strike, and rapid water intake when feeding.[11]

Taxonomy

[12]

gollark: All the parser implementations around should accept that as valid, and you can use a fixed amount of size.
gollark: Okay, very hacky but technically workable: have an XTMF metadata block of a fixed size, and after the actual JSON data, instead of just ending it with a `}`, have enough spaces to fill up the remaining space then a `}`.
gollark: XTMF was not really designed for this use case, so it'll be quite hacky. What you can do is leave a space at the start of the tape of a fixed size, and stick the metadata at the start of that fixed-size region; the main problem is that start/end locations are relative to the end of the metadata, not the start of the tape, so you'll have to recalculate the offsets each time the metadata changes size. Unfortunately, I just realized now that the size of the metadata can be affected by what the offset is.
gollark: The advantage of XTMF is that your tapes would be playable by any compliant program for playback, and your thing would be able to read tapes from another program.
gollark: Tape Shuffler would be okay with it, Tape Jockey doesn't have the same old-format parsing fallbacks and its JSON handling likely won't like trailing nuls, no idea what tako's program thinks.

References
  1. Cope, E. D. (1865). "Third Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 17 (4): 185–198. JSTOR 4624040.
  2. Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Bour, Roger; Rhodin, Anders (2012). "Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status". Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012. ISBN 978-0965354097.
  3. Duméril, C.; Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Bibron, Gabriel; Duméril, Auguste Henri André (1834). "Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles / Par A.M.C. Duméril et par G. Bibron". doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45973. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Lichtenstein, Heinrich. (1856). "Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum musei zoologici Berolinensis : Namenverzeichnis der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Koeniglichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen / (Mit Vorrede von H. Lichtenstein)". doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45245. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Cope, E. D. (1864). "On the Limits and Relations of the Raniformes". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 16 (4): 181–183. JSTOR 4623931.
  6. Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard; Trebbau, Pedro (1984). The Turtles of Venezuela. p. 403. ISBN 9780916984113.
  7. Vitt, L. and Caldwell, J. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press. pp. 523–543.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Gaffney, Eugene S.; Tong, Haiyan; Meylan, Peter A. (2006). "Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 300: 1–698. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
  9. Pérez-García, Adán (2016). "A new turtle confirms the presence of Bothremydidae (Pleurodira) in the Cenozoic of Europe and expands the biostratigraphic range of Foxemydina". The Science of Nature. 103 (7–8): 50. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...50P. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1375-y. PMID 27262289.
  10. Romer, Alfred (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 772.
  11. Lemell, P., Lemell, C., Snelderwaard, P., Gumpenberger, M., Wocheslander, R., and Weisgram, J. "Feeding patterns of Chelus fimbriatus (Pleurodira: Childae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 205: 1495–1506. PMID 11976360.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. "The Paleobiology Database". Paleodb.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
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