Opel

Opel Automobile GmbH (German pronunciation: [ˈoːpl̩]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of French automaker Groupe PSA since August 2017. From 1929 until 2017, Opel was owned by American automaker General Motors. Opel vehicles are sold in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands under the Vauxhall brand. Some Opel vehicles were badge-engineered in Australia under the Holden brand until 2020 and in North America and China under the Buick, Saturn, and Cadillac brands.

This article is about the German automobile manufacturer. For other uses, see Opel (disambiguation).

Opel Automobile GmbH
Subsidiary
IndustryAutomotive
Founded21 January 1862 (1862-01-21)[1]
FounderAdam Opel
Headquarters
Rüsselsheim am Main, Hesse
,
Germany
Number of locations
10 manufacturing facilities
Area served
Europe (except UK (as Vauxhall Motors)[2](pp. 40, 41)
Key people
  • Michael Lohscheller (CEO)
ProductsAutomobiles
Electric vehicles
Commercial vehicle
Production output
 1.2 million vehicles (2016)[3]
Revenue $18.7 billion (2016)[4]
Number of employees
37,000 (2017)[3]
ParentGeneral Motors (1929–2017)
Groupe PSA (2017–present)[1]
Stellantis (2021)
DivisionsOpel Performance Center[5]
SubsidiariesOpel Eisenach
Opel Special Vehicles[6](Exhibit 21)
Vauxhall
Websiteopel.com

Opel traces its roots to a sewing machine manufacturer founded by Adam Opel in 1862 in Rüsselsheim am Main. The company began manufacturing bicycles in 1886 and produced its first automobile in 1899. After listing on the stock market in 1929, General Motors took a majority stake in Opel and then full control in 1931, establishing an American ownership of the German automaker for nearly 90 years.[1]

In March 2017, Groupe PSA agreed to acquire Opel from General Motors for €2.2 billion, making the French automaker the second biggest in Europe, after Volkswagen.[7]

Opel is headquartered in Rüsselsheim am Main, Hesse, Germany. The company designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes Opel-branded passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, and vehicle parts and together with its English sister marque Vauxhall they are present in over 60 countries around the world.[8]

History
Advertisement for the Opel Perfecta sewing machines (1901)
Opel safety bicycle

1862–1898

The company was founded in Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany, on 21 January 1862, by Adam Opel. In the beginning, Opel produced sewing machines. In 1888, production was relocated from a cowshed to a more spacious building in Rüsselsheim. Opel[9] launched a new product in 1886: he began to sell high-wheel bicycles, also known as penny-farthings. Opel's two sons participated in high-wheel bicycle races, thus promoting this means of transportation. The production of high-wheel bicycles soon exceeded the production of sewing machines.[10] At the time of Opel's death in 1895, he was the leader in both markets.

1898–1920

The first cars were designed in 1898 after Opel's widow Sophie and their two eldest sons entered into a partnership with Friedrich Lutzmann, a locksmith at the court in Dessau in Saxony-Anhalt, who had been working on automobile designs for some time.[11][12] The first Opel production Patent Motor Car was built in Rüsselsheim early 1899, although these cars were not very successful (A total of 65 motor cars were delivered: [15] 11 in 1899, 24 copies in 1900 and 30 in 1901) and the partnership was dissolved after two years, following which Opel signed a licensing agreement in 1901 with the French Automobiles Darracq France to manufacture vehicles under the brand name Opel Darracq. These cars consisted of Opel bodies mounted on Darracq chassis, powered by two-cylinder engines.

The company first showed cars of its own design at the 1902 Hamburg Motor Show, and started manufacturing them in 1906, with Opel Darracq production being discontinued in 1907.[13][14]

In 1909, the Opel 4/8 PS model, known as the Doktorwagen ("Doctor's Car") was produced. Its reliability and robustness were appreciated by physicians, who drove long distances to see their patients back when hard-surfaced roads were still rare. The Doktorwagen sold for only 3,950 marks, about half as much as the luxury models of its day.

In 1911, the company's factory was virtually destroyed by fire and a new one was built with more up-to-date machinery.

1920–1939
Opel Admiral convertible (1937–1939)
Opel Kapitän (1938-1940)

In the early 1920s, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to incorporate a mass-production assembly line in the building of their automobiles. In 1924, they used their assembly line to produce a new open two-seater called the Laubfrosch (Tree frog). The Laubfrosch was finished exclusively in green lacquer. The car sold for an expensive 3,900 marks (expensive considering the less expensive manufacturing process), but by the 1930s, this type of vehicle would cost a mere 1,930 marks – due in part to the assembly line, but also due to the skyrocketing demand for cars. Adam Opel led the way for motorised transportation to become not just a means for the rich, but also a reliable way for people of all classes to travel.

Opel had a 37.5% market share in Germany and was also the country's largest automobile exporter in 1928. The "Regent" – Opel's first eight-cylinder car – was offered. The RAK 1 and RAK 2 rocket-propelled cars made sensational record-breaking runs.

In March 1929, General Motors (GM), impressed by Opel's modern production facilities, bought 80% of the company, increasing this to 100% in 1931. The Opel family gained $33.3 million from the transaction. Subsequently, during 1935, a second factory was built at Brandenburg for the production of "Blitz" light trucks. In 1929 Opel licensed design of the radical Neander motorcycle, and produced it as the Opel Motoclub in 1929 and 1930, using Küchen, J.A.P., and Motosacoche engines. Fritz von Opel famously attached solid-fuel rockets to his Motoclub in a publicity stunt, riding the rocket-boosted motorcycle at the Avus racetrack.[15]

In 1935, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to produce over 100,000 vehicles a year. This was based on the popular Opel P4 model. The selling price was a mere 1,650 marks and the car had a 23 PS (17 kW) 1.1 L four-cylinder engine and a top speed of 85 km/h (53 mph).

Opel also produced the first mass-production vehicle in Germany with a self-supporting ("unibody") all-steel body, closely following the 1934 Citroën Traction Avant. This was one of the most important innovations in automotive history.[16] They called the car, launched in 1935, the Olympia. With its small weight and aerodynamics came an improvement in both performance and fuel consumption. Opel received a patent on this technology.

The 1930s was a decade of growth, and by 1937, with 130,267 cars produced, Opel's Rüsselsheim plant was Europe's top car plant in terms of output, while ranking seventh worldwide.[17]

1938 saw the presentation of the highly successful Kapitän. With a 2.5 L six-cylinder engine, all-steel body, front independent suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers, hot-water heating (with electric blower), and central speedometer. 25,374 Kapitäns left the factory before the intensification of World War II brought automotive manufacturing to a temporary stop in the Autumn of 1940, by order of the government.

World War II
Assembly of the Opel Blitz at Opelwerk Brandenburg (1936)
Military version of Opel Blitz in Italy (1944)

Opel automobile production ended in October 1940, after the company's American leadership had rejected an "invitation" to switch to munitions manufacture a few months earlier.[18] In 1942 Opel switched to wartime production, making aircraft parts and tanks. They kept manufacturing trucks at the Brandenburg plant, where the 3.6-liter Opel Blitz truck had been built since 1938. These 3 short tons (2.7 t) trucks were also built under license by Daimler-Benz in Mannheim.[18]

1945–1970
One of the administration buildings in Rüsselsheim.
Opel product of the 1940s:
"Frigidaire" refrigerator
Opel Rekord P1 (1957–1960)
Recognition Award Platter from German Auto Industry to Gaston de Wolff

After the end of the war, with the Brandenburg plant dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union, and 47% of the buildings in Rüsselsheim destroyed,[19] former Opel employees began to rebuild the Rüsselsheim plant. The first postwar Opel Blitz truck was completed on 15 July 1946 in the presence of United States Army General Geoffrey Keyes and other local leaders and press reporters.[19] Opel's Rüsselsheim plant also made Frigidaire refrigerators in the early post-war years.[20]

1970–present

During the 1970s and 1980s, the Vauxhall and Opel ranges were rationalised into one consistent range across Europe.

By the 1970s, Opel had emerged as the stronger of GM's two European brands; Vauxhall was the third-best selling brand in Great Britain after the British Motor Corporation (later British Leyland) but made only a modest impact elsewhere. The two companies were direct competitors outside of each other's respective home markets, but mirroring US automaker Ford's decision to merge its English and German subsidiaries in the late 1960s, GM followed the same precedent. Opel and Vauxhall had loosely collaborated before, but serious efforts to merge the two companies' operations and product families into one did not start until the 1970s - which had Vauxhall's complete product line replaced by vehicles built on Opel-based platforms - the only exception to the rule being the Bedford CF panel van, the only solely Vauxhall design which was marketed as an Opel on the Continent. By the turn of the 1980s, the two brands were in effect, one and the same.

Opel's first turbocharged car was the Opel Rekord 2.3 TD, first shown at Geneva in March 1984.[21]

In the 1990s, Opel was considered to be GM's cash cow, with profit margins similar to that of Toyota. Opel's profit helped to offset GM's losses in North America and to fund GM's expansion into Asia.[22] 1999 was the last time when Opel was profitable for the full year for almost 20 years.[23]

Following the 2008 global financial crisis, on 10 September 2009, GM agreed to sell a 55% stake in Opel to the Magna group with the approval of the German government. The deal was later called off.[24]

With ongoing restructuring plans, Opel announced the closure of its Antwerp plant in Belgium by the end of 2010.[25]

In 2010, Opel announced that it would invest around €11 billion in the next five years.[26] €1 billion of that was designated solely for the development of innovative and fuel-saving engines and transmissions.[27]

On 29 February 2012, Opel announced the creation of a major alliance with PSA Peugeot Citroen resulting in GM taking a 7% share of PSA, becoming PSA's second-largest shareholder after the Peugeot family. The alliance was intended to enable $2 billion per year of cost savings through platform sharing, common purchasing, and other economies of scale.[28] In December 2013, GM sold its 7% interest in PSA for £250 million, after plans of cost savings were not as successful.[29] Opel was said to be among Europe's most aggressive discounters in mass-market.[30] GM reported a 2016 loss of US$257 million from its European operations.[29] It is reported that GM has lost about US$20 billion in Europe since 1999.[31]

Opel's plant in Bochum closed in December 2014, after 52 years of activity, due to overcapacity.[32]

Opel withdrew from China, where it had a network of 22 dealers, in early 2015[33] after General Motors decided to withdraw its Chevrolet brand from Europe starting in 2016.[34]

Sale to Groupe PSA

In March 2017, Groupe PSA agreed to buy Opel, its English sister brand Vauxhall and their European auto lending business from General Motors for US$2.2 billion.[35][36] In return, General Motors will pay PSA US$3.2 billion for future European pension obligations and keep managing US$9.8 billion worth of plans for existing retirees. Furthermore, GM is responsible for paying about US$400 million annually for 15 years to fund the existing Great Britain and Germany pension plans.[35]

In June 2017, Michael Lohscheller, Opel's chief financial officer replaced Karl-Thomas Neumann as CEO.[37]

In the 2018 financial year, Opel achieved an operating income of 859 € million. It was the first positive income since 1999.[38][39]

Company
Assembly plant in Eisenach
The Opel Vectra C, in production from 2002 to 2008

Opel operates 10 vehicle, powertrain, and component plants and four development and test centres in six countries, and employs around 30,000 people in Europe. The brand sells vehicles in more than 60 markets worldwide. Other plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern, Germany; Szentgotthárd, Hungary; Figueruelas, Spain; Gliwice, and Tychy, Poland; Aspern, Austria; Ellesmere Port, and Luton, Great Britain.[40] The Dudenhofen Test Center is located near the company's headquarters and is responsible for all technical testing and vehicle validations.

Around 6,250 people are responsible for the engineering and design of Opel/Vauxhall vehicles at the International Technical Development Center and European Design Center in Rüsselsheim.[41] All in all, Opel plays an important role in Groupe PSA's global R&D footprint.

Leadership
Dr. Karl-Thomas Neumann
CEO of the Opel Group from March 2013 to June 2017
Chairman/CEO of Adam Opel AG/GmbH since 1948
NameFromTo
Edward W. Zdunek (Gaston de Wolff, acting Chairman)November 1948February 1961
Nelson J. StorkFebruary 1961March 1966
L. Ralph MasonMarch 19661970
Alexander Cunningham1970January 1974
John P. McCormackFebruary 1974February 1976
James F. WatersMarch 1976August 1980
Robert C. StempelSeptember 1980February 1982
Ferdinand BeicklerFebruary 1982February 1986
Horst W. HerkeFebruary 1986March 1989
Louis HughesApril 1989June 1992
David HermanJuly 1992June 1998
Gary CowgerJune 1998October 1998
Robert HendryOctober 1998March 2001
Carl-Peter ForsterApril 2001June 2004
Hans DemantJune 2004January 2010
Nick ReillyJanuary 2010March 2011
Karl-Friedrich Stracke[42]April 2011July 2012
Thomas Sedran (interim chairman)[43]July 2012February 2013
Dr. Karl-Thomas Neumann[44]March 2013June 2017
Michael LohschellerSince June 2017

Plants

As of 2014 Opel Group GmbH Is the contracted original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of Opel/Vauxhall. Adam Opel AG is the main supplier (tier 1) for the OEM; all subsidiaries are tier 2 suppliers. Opel Group and Adam Opel are both first-tier subsidiaries of General Motors Holdings, LLC and second-tier subsidiaries of General Motors Corporation (GMC).[45]

Production site Image Production since Products Comments Employees
Rüsselsheim, Germany 1898 12.990
Kaiserslautern, Germany 1966 2.150
Kikinda, Serbia(*Ex-Yugoslavia) 1977 -1992 ?
Opel Eisenach GmbH
Eisenach, Germany		 1990 1.420
Figueruelas, near Zaragoza, Spain 1982 5.120
Gliwice, Poland 1998 2.920
Opel Manufacturing Poland[52]
Tychy, Poland		 1996
  • Diesel engines
 480
St. Gotthard, Hungary 1990
  • Engines
  • Transmissions
 810
Vauxhall Ellesmere Port
Ellesmere Port, Great Britain		 1962
  • Astra K Sports Tourer (estate/wagon)
 1.630
IBC Vehicles Ltd
Luton, Great Britain		 1907
  • Vivaro B
 1.140
GM Auto LLC
Saint Petersburg, Russia		 2008 880

Plant controlled as first-tier subsidiary of General Motors Europe Limited, second-tier subsidiary of GM CME Holdings CV and third-tier subsidiary of General Motors Corporation (GMC):[40]

Production
site		 Image Production since Products Comments Employees
Opel Wien GmbH[40]
Aspern, Austria		 1982 Opel Wien in Austria also well known as its first name General Motors Austria[53] 1.480

Marketing
1862: Adam Opel's initials

The first Opel logo contained the letters "A" and "O" – the initials of the company's founder, Adam Opel. The A was in bronze, the O kept in red.

In 1866, Opel expanded and started to produce bicycles. Around 1890, the logo was completely redesigned. The new logo also contained the words "Victoria Blitz" (referring to Lady Victory; they were certain of the triumph of their bicycles). The word "Blitz" (English: lightning) first appeared back then, but without a depiction.

1910: the blue eye

Another redesign was commissioned in 1909. The new logo was much more spirited and contained only the company name Opel. It was placed on the motorcycles that they had started to produce in 1902, and on the first cars which were produced in 1909.

In 1910, the logo was the shape of an eye, and it was surrounded by laurels, with the text "Opel" in the centre.

From the mid-1930s to the 1960s, passenger cars carried a ring which was crossed by some kind of a flying thing pointing to the left, which in some form could be interpreted as a zeppelin, the same flying object being used also as a forward-pointing hood ornament. In some versions, it looked like an arrow; in others, like an aeroplane or a bird.

Besides the hood ornament flying through the ring, Opel also used a coat of arms in various forms, which mostly had a combination of white and yellow colours in it, a shade of yellow which is typical for Opel until today. One was oval, half white and half yellow. The Opel writing was black and in the middle of the oval symbol.

The origin of the lightning in the 2012 Opel logo lies in the truck Opel Blitz (German Blitz = English "lightning"), which had been a commercial success, widely used also within the Wehrmacht, Nazi Germany's military. Originally, the logo for this truck consisted of two stripes arranged loosely like a lightning symbol with the words "Opel" and "Blitz" in them, in later, 1950s models simplified to the horizontal form of lightning which appears in the current Opel logo. The jag in the lightning always follows the original from the "Opel Blitz" text stripes, in the form of a horizontally stretched letter "Z".

By the end of the 1960s, the two forms merged, and the horizontal lightning replaced the flying thing in the ring, giving way to the basic design which is used since then with variations. Through all its variations, this logo is simple and unique, and both easily recognisable and reproducible with just two strokes of a pen.

In the 1964 version, the lightning with a ring was used in a yellow rectangle, with the Opel writing below. The whole logo was again delimited by a black rectangle. The basic form and proportions of the Blitz logo have remained unchanged since the 1970 version, which made the lightning tails shorter so that the logo could fit proportionately within a yellow square, meaning it could be displayed next to the 'blue square' General Motors logo. In the mid-1970s, the Vauxhall "Griffin" logo was, in turn, resized and displayed within a corresponding red square, so that all three logos could be displayed together, thus signifying the unified GM Europe.

  • Evolution of hood ornament flying through ring
  • Hood ornament of the Opel Olympia (1935–37)
  • 1937: Hood ornament flying through the ring
  • Hood ornament of a 1937 Opel car, typical for many other Opels at the time
  • Logo on spare wheel cover of a 1938 Kapitän
  • Logo on the rear of a 1951 Kapitän
  • 1959 Opel Kapitän
  • The lightning of the Opel Blitz replacing the hood ornament
  • early 1950s Opel Blitz with words in horizontal lightning
  • 1961 Opel Blitz with stylised horizontal lightning
  • Basic form of current logo on a 1968 Opel Blitz
  • Lightning in ring on a 1969 Opel Kapitän
  • The 1970-1987 version, the "Opel" script was dropped in 1981.
  • Opel logo (2002–07)
  • 2009-2017: Opel logo with integrated lettering
  • Since 2017: Opel logo

Clubs

The SC Opel Rüsselsheim is a soccer club with over 450 members. RV 1888 Opel Rüsselsheim is a cycling club.

Slogans

Opel's corporate tagline as of June 2017 is The Future Is Everyone's (German: Die Zukunft gehört allen). New Ideas Coches Mejor (1997-2002) Discover (2006,-2010) Wir Leben Autos (2010-2017) The Future is Everyone's (2017)

Partnerships

Opel currently has partnerships with association football clubs such as Bundesliga clubs Borussia Dortmund and 1. FSV Mainz 05. Opel cooperates with French oil&gas company Total on plans for a battery cell factory.[54]. From 1994 until 2006, Opel has been partnership with Milan and previously with Fiorentina from 1983 until 1986 in Italy, from 1995 until 2002 with Paris Saint-Germain in France and from 1989 until 2002 with Bayern Munchen in Germany.

World presence

The Opel brand is present in most of Europe, in parts of North Africa, in South Africa, the Middle East (EMEA), in Chile and in Singapore.[55] Their models have been rebadged and sold in other countries and continents, such as Vauxhall in Great Britain, Chevrolet in Latin America, Holden in Australia and New Zealand, and previously, Saturn in the United States and Canada. Following the demise of General Motors Corporation's Saturn division in North America, Opel cars are currently rebadged and sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico,[56] and China under the Buick name with models such as the Opel Insignia/Buick Regal, Opel Astra sedan/Buick Verano (both which share underpinnings with the Chevrolet Cruze), and Opel Mokka/Buick Encore.

In 2017, GM confirmed plans of a "hybrid global brand" which includes Vauxhall, Opel and Buick to use more synergies between the brands.[57][58] This plan was overridden by the sale of Opel and Vauxhall to Groupe PSA.

North America

United States

Opel cars appeared under their own name in the US from 1958 to 1975, when they were sold through Buick dealers as captive imports. The best-selling Opel models in the US were the 1964 to 1972 Opel Kadett, the 1971 to 1975 Opel Manta, and the 1968 to 1973 Opel GT.[59][60] (The name "Opel" was also applied from 1976 to 1980 to vehicles manufactured by Isuzu (similar to the "Isuzu I-mark"), but mechanically those were entirely different cars).

Historically, Opel vehicles have also been sold at various times in the North American market as either heavily modified, or "badge-engineered" models under the Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, Saturn, and Cadillac brands - for instance the J-body platform, which was largely developed by Opel - was the basis of North American models such as the Chevrolet Cavalier and Cadillac Cimarron. Below is a list of current or recent Opel models which are sold under GM's North American brands.

Buick Regal (fifth generation, 2009–2017, and sixth generation, 2018–present)

The last two generations of the Buick Regal have been rebadged versions of the Opel Insignia.[61] The main differences are the modified radiator grill and the altered colour of the passenger compartment illumination (blue instead of red). The Regal GS is comparable to the Insignia OPC. It was first assembled alongside the Insignia at the Opel plant in Rüsselsheim. In the first quarter of 2011, It began to be built on the flexible assembly line at the GM plant in Oshawa, Canada.[62]

  • Opel Insignia 1st gen
  • Buick Regal 5th gen
  • Opel Insignia 2nd gen
  • Buick Regal 6th gen
Buick Cascada

The Buick Cascada is a rebadged Opel Cascada, built in Poland and sold in the United States unchanged from the Opel in all but badging.[63][64]

  • Opel Cascada
  • Buick Cascada
Buick LaCrosse

Unlike the vehicles listed above, the Buick LaCrosse is not a rebadged version of an Opel model. However, it is based on a long-wheelbase version of the Opel-developed Epsilon II-platform, so shares many key components with the Opel Insignia and thereby the Buick Regal.

  • 2014 Buick LaCrosse
Saturn Astra (2008–2009)

The Astra H was sold in the US as the Saturn Astra for model years 2008 and 2009.

  • Opel Astra five-door
  • Saturn Astra XE five-door
Saturn L-Series (2000–2005)

The Saturn L-Series was a modified version of the Opel Vectra B. Though the Saturn had different exterior styling and had plastic door panels, it shared the same body shape as the Opel. Both cars rode on the GM2900 platform. The Saturn also had a different interior, yet shared some interior parts, such as the inside of the doors.

  • Opel Vectra B Sedan
  • Saturn L-Series Sedan
Saturn VUE (2nd generation, 2008-2010), Chevrolet Captiva Sport

The second generation of the Saturn VUE, introduced in 2007 for the 2008 model year, was a rebadged version of the German-designed Opel Antara, manufactured in Mexico. After the demise of the Saturn brand, the VUE was discontinued, but the car continued to be produced and sold as Chevrolet Captiva Sport in Mexican and South American markets. The Chevrolet Captiva Sport was introduced for the US commercial and fleet markets in late 2011 for the 2012 model.

  • Opel Antara
  • Saturn VUE
  • Chevrolet Captiva Sport
Cadillac Catera (1997–2001)

The Opel Omega B was sold in the US as the Cadillac Catera.

  • Opel Omega
  • Cadillac Catera

Africa

Opel exports a variety of models to Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and South Africa.

South Africa
Main article: General Motors South Africa

The 2015 Opel range in South Africa comprises the Opel Adam, Opel Astra, Opel Corsa, Opel Meriva, Opel Mokka, and Opel Vivaro. No diesel versions are offered.

From 1986 to 2003, Opel models were produced by Delta Motor Corporation, a company created through a management buyout following of GM's divestment from apartheid South Africa. Delta assembled the Opel Kadett, with the sedan version called the Opel Monza. This was replaced by the Opel Astra, although the Kadett name was retained for the hatchback and considered a separate model. A version of the Rekord Series E remained in production after the model had been replaced by the Omega in Europe, as was a Commodore model unique to South Africa, combining the bodyshell of the Rekord with the front end of the revised Senator. The Opel Corsa was introduced in 1996, with kits of the Brazilian-designed sedan and pick-up (known in South African English as a bakkie) being locally assembled.

Although GM's passenger vehicle line-up in South Africa consisted of Opel-based models by the late 1970s, these were sold under the Chevrolet brand name, with only the Kadett being marketed as an Opel when it was released in 1980. In 1982, the Chevrolet brand name was dropped, with the Ascona, Rekord, Commodore, and Senator being rebadged as Opels.

Oceania

Many Opel models or models based on Opel architectures have been sold in Australia and New Zealand under the Holden marque, such as the Holden Barina (1994-2005), which were rebadged versions of the Opel Corsa, the Holden Astra. a version of the Opel Astra, and the Captiva 5, a version of the Opel Antara. In New Zealand, the Opel Kadett and Ascona were sold as niche models by General Motors New Zealand in the 1980s, while the Opel brand was used on the Opel Vectra until 1994.

For the first time ever, the Opel brand was introduced to Australia on 1 September 2012, including the Corsa, Astra, Astra GTC, and Insignia models.[65][66] On 2 August 2013, Opel announced it was ending exports to Australia due to poor sales, with only 1,530 vehicles sold in the first ten months.[67][68]

After the closure of Opel Australia, Holden imports newer Opel models such as the Astra GTC (ceased 1 May 2017), Astra VXR (Astra OPC), Cascada (ceased 1 May 2017), and Insignia VXR (Insignia OPC, ceased 1 May 2017), under the Holden badge.[69] The 2018 5th-gen Holden Commodore ZB is a badge-engineered Opel Insignia, replacing the Australian-made, rear-wheel drive Commodore with the German-made front-wheel/all-wheel drive Insignia platform.

Asia

China

Opel's presence in China recommenced in 2012 with the Antara, and added the Insignia estate in 2013.[70] Opel-derived models are also sold as Buick. On 28 March 2014, Opel announced that it would leave China in 2015.[71]

Japan
See also: オペル (ja)

Opel was long General Motors' strongest marque in Japan, with sales peaking at 38,000 in 1996. However, the brand was withdrawn from the Japanese market in December 2006, with just 1,800 sales there in 2005. Since then, Opel has not sold any cars or SUVs in Japan. Opel is returning to the Japanese market in 2021.[72]

Singapore

A wide range of Opel models are exported to Singapore.

Malaysia

Opel was marketed in Malaysia beginning from the 1970s, and early models exported were Kadett, Gemini, and Manta. Opel had moderate sales from the 1980s until the early 2000s, when Malaysian car buyers favoured Japanese and Korean brand cars such as Toyota, Honda, Hyundai (Inokom) and Kia (Naza), which offered more competitive prices. Sales of Opel cars in Malaysia were dropped then, as Opel's prices were slightly higher than the same-segment Japanese, Korean, and local Proton and Perodua cars, and they were hard to maintain, had bad aftersales services, and spare parts were not readily available.

Opel was withdrawn from Malaysian market in 2003, and the last models sold were the Zafira, Astra, and Vectra, and the rebadged Isuzu MU as the Frontera, later replaced by Chevrolet.

Taiwan

The Astra F and Vectra B were ever manufactured in Taiwan by CAC company. Before that, Kadett E / Omega A was ever imported to the Taiwanese market. Some models, Astra G/H, Corsa B/C, Omega B and Zafira A/B were also ever imported to Taiwan by Yulong GM, a joint venture between Yulong and General Motors.[73][74][75]

South America

Several Opel models were sold across Latin America for decades with Chevrolet badges, including the Corsa, Astra, Vectra, Meriva, and Zafira. In the 2010s, the Chevrolet line-up changed to adopt North American models such as the Spark, Sonic, and Cruze.

Opel exported a wide range of products to Chile since 2011.[76]

Europe

Great Britain
Main article: Vauxhall Motors

Ireland

In the 1980s, Opel became the sole GM brand name in Ireland, with the Vauxhall brand having been dropped.[77] Vauxhall's Managing Director has also been Opel Ireland's Chief Executive since 2015.[78]

There were two Opel-franchised assembly plants in Ireland in the 1960s. One in Ringsend, Dublin, was operated by Reg Armstrong Motors, which also assembled NSU cars and motorcycles. The second assembly plant was based in Cork and operated by O'Shea's, which also assembled Škoda cars and Zetor tractors. The models assembled were the Kadett and the Rekord. From 1966, the Admiral was imported as a fully built unit and became a popular seller.

European Car of the Year

Opel have produced five winners of the European Car of the Year competition:

Shortlisted models

Several models have been shortlisted, including the:

Nomenclature

From the late 1930s to the 1980s, terms from the German Navy (Kapitän, Admiral, Kadett) and from other official sectors (Diplomat, Senator) were often used as model names. Since the late 1980s, the model names of Opel passenger cars end with an a. As Opels were no longer being sold in Great Britain, no need remained to have separate model names for essentially identical Vauxhall and Opel cars (although some exceptions were made to suit the British market). The last series to be renamed across the two companies was the Opel Kadett, being the only Opel to take the name of its Vauxhall counterpart, as Opel Astra. Although only two generations of Astra were built prior to the 1991 model, the new car was referred to across Europe as the Astra F, referring to its Kadett lineage. Until 1993, the Opel Corsa was known as the Vauxhall Nova in Great Britain, as Vauxhall had initially felt that Corsa sounded too much like "coarse", and would not catch on.

Exceptions to the nomenclature of ending names with an "a" include the under-licence built Monterey, the Speedster (also known as the Vauxhall VX220 in Great Britain), GT (which was not sold at all as a Vauxhall, despite the VX Lightning concept), the Signum, Karl, and the Adam. The Adam was initially supposed to be called, "Junior" as was its developmental codename and because the name 'Adam' had no history/importance to the Vauxhall marque.

Similar to the passenger cars, the model names of commercial vehicles end with an o (Combo, Vivaro, Movano), except the Corsavan and Astravan for obvious reasons.

Another unique aspect to Opel nomenclature is its use of the "Caravan" (originally styled as 'Car-A-Van') name to denote its station wagon body configuration, (similar to Volkswagen's Variant or Audi's Avant designations), a practice the company observed for many decades, which finally ceased with the 2008 Insignia and 2009 Astra, where the name "Sports Tourer" is now used for the estate/station wagon versions.

Current model range
Main article: List of Opel vehicles

The following tables list current and announced Opel production vehicles as of 2019:

Ampera-e All-electric subcompact car
  • Hatchback
Astra Small family car
  • Hatchback
  • Sports Tourer (Estate/Wagon)
Combo Life Leisure activity vehicle
  • Van
Corsa Supermini
  • Hatchback
Crossland X Subcompact crossover
  • MPV/SUV
Grandland X Compact crossover SUV
  • SUV
Insignia Large family car
  • Grand Sport (Hatchback)
  • Sports Tourer (Estate/Wagon)
  • Country Tourer (AWD Estate/Wagon)

Light commercial vehicles
Combo Panel van
  • Van
Vivaro Light commercial vehicle
  • Van
Movano Light commercial vehicle
  • Van
  • Chassis cab
  • Crew cab

Discontinued models
System Lutzmann
1899–1902
Darracq
1902–1907
Doktorwagen
1909–1910
Laubfrosch
1924–1931
Olympia
1935–1970
Kadett
1937–1940
1962–1991
Kapitän
1939–1970
Olympia Rekord
1953–1957
Rekord
1953–1986
Commodore
1967–1982
GT
1968–1973
Ascona
1970–1988
Manta
1970–1988
Senator
1978–1993
Omega
1986–2003
Vectra
1988–2009
Calibra
1989–1997
Agila
2000-2014
Signum
2003–2008
Meriva 2003–2017
Zafira 1999-2019
Cascada 2013-2019
Adam 2012-2019
Mokka. A Mokka X successor under Groupe PSA was announced for 2020 2012-2019
Karl 2014-2019

Motorsports
Opel Adam R2 Rallye at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show
Opel Vectra GTS V8 DTM of Phoenix Racing at Circuit Park Zandvoort in 2005

Opel Rally Team took part in World Rally Championship in the early 1980s with the Opel Ascona 400 and the Opel Manta 400, developed in conjunction with Irmscher and Cosworth. Walter Röhrl won the 1982 World Rally Championship drivers' title, and the 1983 Safari Rally was won by Ari Vatanen.

In the late 1990s, Opel took part in the International Touring Car Championship, and won the 1996 Championship with the Calibra. Opel took part in the German DTM race series between 2000 and 2005 with the Astra, and despite winning several races, it never won the DTM championship.

Opel returned to motorsport competition with the Adam in 2013.[79]

In 2014, Opel presented a road-legal sport version of the Adam R2 Rally Car - Opel Adam S[80] - powered by a 1.4 L turbocharged engine which generates 150 HP. The car makes 0–100 km/h in just 8.5 seconds.

gollark: It makes it harder to intercept, but if anyone finds the channel, still plaintext.
gollark: What, using modem directly instead? Because that's not much of a fix.
gollark: But what actual change are you making?
gollark: What are you tweaking, exactly...? Because I feel like you can't make a good solution just with find and replace.
gollark: What's an easy fix?

See also

References
  1. "Opel History". Opel. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  2. Opel Corporate Communications (2014). "Year in Review 2014 - Facts & Figures" (PDF). Opel. Adam Opel AG. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  3. "Facts".
  4. "Statista". 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  5. Mihalascu, Dan (25 May 2013). "OPC Boss Volker Strycek Drives and Talks About the Astra OPC". Carscoops. Carscoop & Carscoops. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  6. "Form 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 Commission File Number 001-34960 General Motors Company" (PDF). General Motors. General Motors Company. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  7. "PSA targets Opel turnaround as GM exits Europe". Reuters. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  8. "Locations & Facts". Opel. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  9. "Opel Adam". Auto-power-girl.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  10. "Informationen zu Opel". Autoscout24.de. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  11. "Lutzmann". Cartype. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
  12. "History & Heritage - Our Company - GM.com". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  13. Europe, WIM OUDE WEERNINK Automotive News (21 June 1999). "OPEL: GERMAN ROOTS, GLOBAL REACH". Automotive News (p. 24B). Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  14. "Opel". 6 December 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  15. 'Ernst Neumann-Neander und seine Motorrädder', Trapp, 1996, Heel AG, Schindellegi Schweiz. ISBN 3-89365-546-8
  16. Nieuwenhuis, Paul; Peter E. Wells (8 August 2003). The Automotive Industry and the Environment, 1st Edition. Woodhead Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-1855737136.
  17. Heinz Michaels (21 February 1964). ""...Mit einer Produktion von 130 267 Fahrzeugen waren sie im Jahre 1937 die größte Automobilfabrik Europas und die siebtgrößte der Welt". Der große Sprung nach vorn: Kann Opel Deutschlands größter Autolieferant werden?. Die Zeit (online). Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  18. Ludvigsen, Karl E. (1975), Opel: wheels to the world; a seventy-five year history of automobile manufacture, Princeton Publishing, p. 55, ISBN 0-915038-01-3
  19. Martin, F.A.E. (December 1946). "Das Alte stürzt...Es aendert sich die Zeit......und neues Leben blüht aus den Ruinen". Das Auto. 1: 2–3.
  20. Ludvigsen, p. 60
  21. Mazzocchi, Gianni, ed. (April 1984). "Autonotizie: Anche la Opel si dà al turbo" [Car News: Opel too with turbo]. Quattroruote (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Editoriale Domus. 29 (342): 108.
  22. Phelan, Mark (9 March 2017). "Soul searching at GM after selling Opel". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  23. Karaian, Jason. "After losing $20 billion over 17 dismal years, General Motors may finally quit Europe". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  24. "GM Decides to Keep Opel After All, Cancels Sale with Magna". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  25. Harley, Michael. "GM announces plans to close Opel Antwerp facility". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  26. "GM's Opel Outlines 11 Billion-Euro Investment as It Seeks Aid". Bloomberg L.P. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  27. "Autobauer: Opel-Betriebsrat begrüßt Elf-Milliarden-Investition von GM - Nachrichten - DerWesten" (in German). Derwesten.de. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  28. "GM and Peugeot announce alliance". BBC News. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  29. "Peugeot in talks to buy GM's Vauxhall and Opel business". BBC News. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  30. Flak, Agnieszka; Cremer, Andreas (7 March 2016). "Autos bosses focus on technology rather than PSA-Opel". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  31. Kirchfeld, Aaron; Philip, Siddharth; Welch, David; Hammond, Ed; David, Ruth (14 February 2017). "Peugeot Owner PSA Explores Acquisition of GM's Opel Division". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  32. (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "End of the line for Opel car manufacturer in Bochum - News - DW.COM - 05.12.2014". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  33. "Carmaker Opel pulls out of China, to build Buicks for parent GM". Deutsche Welle. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  34. "General Motors to withdraw Chevrolet brand from Europe". BBC. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  35. Frost, Lawrence; Taylor, Edward (6 March 2017). "PSA targets Opel turnaround as GM exits Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  36. Welch, David (6 March 2017). "GM to Make Pension Payments for Years Just to Get Out of Europe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  37. Michael Lohscheller Appointed New CEO of Opel, media.opel.com, 12 June 2017
  38. https://www.groupe-psa.com/en/document/rapport-annuel-2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  39. "Nach Dauerkrise: Opel verbucht ersten Gewinn seit fast 20 Jahren". Spiegel Online. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  40. Note: The powertrain plant Opel Wien GmbH in Aspern/Vienna (Austria) is not a subsidiary of Adam Opel AG but a first-tier subsidiary of General Motors Europe Limited (GME) (99.5%) and of GM AUTOMOTIVE UK (GMAUK) (0.5%), see "Opel Wien GmbH, FN 110500a". FirmenABC Marketing GmbH. Retrieved 3 April 2017. Both, GME and GMAUK, are located in Luton. GME Ltd. itself is a daughter company of GM CME Holdings CV, which is directly controlled by the General Motors Corporation (GMC), see "Name: GENERAL MOTORS EUROPE LIMITED, Company Number: 07556915". Company search, Made Simple Group Ltd. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  41. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. Opel bekommt neuen Chef. www.tagesschau.de: Pressemitteilung der Adam Opel AG. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  43. Trefis Team (18 April 2012). "GM Is Headed For $27.50 Unless Europe Bleeds More Cash". Forbes. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  44. "Opel Officially Appoints Dr. Karl-Thomas Neumann As Chairman, GM Europe President, GM Vice President". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  45. Opel Group GmbH, Rüsselsheim: Jahresabschluss zum Geschäftsjahr vom 01.01.2015 bis zum 31.12.2015 (german). To retrieve at: Bundesanzeiger > Suchen > Opel Group GmbH. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz.
  46. "Opel Zafira Tourer Production To Remain in Germany". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  47. "Opel Junior Opus 2: "REVELATION"". Ebook.gmeuropearchive.info. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  48. "Opel Junior to be made in Eisenach, Germany". Inautonews.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  49. https://www.automobil-produktion.de/hersteller/wirtschaft/erster-opel-hybrid-laeuft-in-eisenach-vom-band-110.html
  50. "Opel Announces Plan To Build Mokka in Spain Beginning 2014". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  51. "New Opel Cascada: high class soft top convertible - Opel". Opel.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  52. "GM Purchases Remaining Shares in Tychy Plant". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  53. General Motors Austria Gesellschaft m.b.H. (GMA, founded 1963 as sales organisation; from 1979: Administration, Non-productive Departments an Sales) and General Motors Austria Werke Gesellschaft m.b.H. (GMAW founded 1979; Production). In November 1987 GMAW (Austrian Handelsregister, HRB 24.436) were merged into GMA (HRB 20.133b, actual Firmenbuch FN 110500a).
  54. Parnell, John (30 January 2020). "Total and Opel Consider Gigafactory-Sized Battery Plants in France and Germany". www.greentechmedia.com.
  55. "Opel International". Opel.com. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  56. "Buick Launches Regal Turbo in Mexico". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  57. "Opel, Buick To Expand Product Sharing, Become A "Hybrid Global Brand"". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  58. "Tina Müller New Chief Marketing Officer and Opel Board Member". 26 June 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  59. "Opel Motorsport Club". Opel Motorsport Club. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  60. "Opel GT". Opel GT. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  61. "GM and Opel's Strange Love - Feature". 11 March 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  62. "2011 Buick Regal Will be Built in Canada". Blog.caranddriver.com. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  63. "Buick Cascada: Developed in Germany and Built in Poland". media.gm.com. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  64. "2016 Buick Cascada Convertible: From Opel, with Love - Official Photos and Info". Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  65. "German article from heise online reporting that Opel is going to enter outer-european markets". Heise.de. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  66. GoAutoMedia (14 September 2010). "Opel 2011 Astra - Holden eyes Opel". GoAuto. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  67. Tschampa, Dorothee (9 August 2013). "Opel to Exit Australia After 11-Month Effort Proves Unprofitable". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  68. "Jobs to go as Opel abandons Australia". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  69. "Opel to Build Vehicles for Holden in Australia and New Zealand". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  70. "First Opel Insignia Sports Tourer in China Delivered to Customer". Opel. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  71. "Opel Invests 245 Million Euros in Ruesselsheim". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  72. "Opel will return to Japanese market with electric push". Automotive News Europe. 18 February 2020.
  73. "GM quits Taiwan Yulong GM on cash crunch auto and parts,directory,query system,automotive standards,auto maker,auto supplier,auto manufacturer,auto and parts standards,auto information". www.wheelon.net. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  74. "OPEL 全車系提供ESP選擇". 汽車線上情報 Auto-Online (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  75. "110週年車聚圓滿落幕，Opel新一代Corsa首度在台曝光". U-CAR.com.tw. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  76. "Opel To Export To Chile, Other Expanding Markets". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  77. European Motor Business, Issues 24-27, Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991, page 112
  78. Rory Harvey, Chief Executive Officer, General Motors Ireland Limited, Bloomberg
  79. "Opel returns to motor sport". 21 November 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  80. "150HP Opel Adam S". Auto-Power-Girl.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.