OKEANOS

OKEANOS (Oversize Kite-craft for Exploration and Astronautics in the Outer Solar System) is a proposed mission concept to Trojan asteroids, which share Jupiter's orbit, using a hybrid solar sail for propulsion; the sail is covered with thin solar panels to power an ion engine. In-situ analysis of the collected samples would be performed by either direct contact or using a lander carrying a high-resolution mass spectrometer. A sample-return to Earth is an option under study.[4]

OKEANOS

Names	Jupiter Trojan Asteroid Explorer
Mission type	Technology demonstration, reconnaissance, possible sample return
Operator	JAXA
Mission duration	≈12 years >30 years for optional sample-return
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type	Solar sail
Manufacturer	ISAS and DLR
Launch mass	1,400 kg[1]
Landing mass	≈100 kg
Payload mass	Spacecraft: 30 kg Lander: 20 kg[1]
Dimensions	Sail/solar panel: 40×40 m (1,600 m^2)[2] Lander: 65 × 40 cm[1]
Power	Max: 5 kW at Jupiter[2]
Start of mission
Rocket	H-IIA or H3[1]
Jupiter Trojan lander
Landing date	2039 [2]
Main telescope
Wavelengths	Infrared
Transponders
Band	X band
Capacity	16 Kbps [3]
Large-Class Missions

OKEANOS was a finalist for Japan's ISAS' 2nd Large-class mission to be launched in 2026,[2][5][6] and possibly return Trojan asteroid samples to Earth in the 2050s.[6][7] The winning mission was LiteBIRD.

Overview

The OKEANOS mission is a concept first proposed in 2010 to fly together with the Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter (JMO) as part of the cancelled Europa Jupiter System Mission - Laplace.[8]

In its latest formulation, the OKEANOS mission and LiteBIRD were the two finalists of Japan's Large Mission Class by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology. LiteBIRD was selected, and it is a cosmic microwave background astronomy telescope.[9]

Analyzing the composition of the Jupiter Trojans may help scientists understand how the Solar System was formed. It would also help determine which of the competing hypotheses is right:[10] remnant planetesimals during the formation of Jupiter, or fossils of building blocks of Jupiter, or captured trans-Neptunian objects by planetary migration. The latest proposal included a lander to perform in situ analyses.[11][12] There are several options for this mission, and the most ambitious one proposed to retrieve and send samples to Earth for extensive investigations.[13] Had it been selected in April 2019 for development, the spacecraft would have launched in 2026,[2] and may had offered some synergy with Lucy spacecraft that will flyby multiple Jupiter Trojans in 2027.[14]

Spacecraft

The spacecraft is projected to have a mass of about 1,285 kg (2,833 lb) if it includes a lander[3] and in any instance it would be equipped with solar electric ion engines.[5] The 1,600 m² sail would have a dual purpose of solar sail propulsion and solar panel for power generation. If a lander is included, it must have a mass no larger than 100 kg and it would collect and analyze asteroid's samples. A more complex suggested concept would have the lander take off again, rendezvous with the mothership and transfer the samples for their transport to Earth.

Solar sail and solar panels

The unique sail is a hybrid that provides both photon propulsion and electric power, that JAXA calls Solar Power Sail.[3][15] The sail is made of a 10 μm-thick polyimide film measuring 40 × 40 meters (1,600 m²),[2] and it is also covered with 30,000 solar panels 25 μm thick capable of generating up to 5 kW at Jupiter, which is 5.2 Astronomical Units from the Sun.[6][7][10] The main spacecraft would be located at the center of the sail and it would be equipped with a solar-electric ion engine for maneuvering and propulsion, especially for a possible sample-return trip to Earth.[4][6][7]

The spacecraft would use solar sail technology initially developed for the successful IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation of the Sun) that launched in 2010, whose solar sail was 14 m × 14 m in size.[6][15] As with the IKAROS, the solar angle of the sail would be changed by dynamically controlling the reflectivity of liquid crystal displays (LCD) on the outer edge of the sail so that the sunlight pressure would produce torque to change its orientation.[16]

Ion engine

The ion engine intended for the mission is called μ10 HIsp and its specific impulse is 10,000 sec, power of 2.5 kW, and a maximum thrust magnitude of 27 mN for each of the four engines.[17][18] The electric engine system is an improved version of the engine from the Hayabusa mission, and it would be used for maneuvering, and especially for an optional sample-return trip to Earth.[15][18] A preliminary study indicates the need for 191 kg of xenon propellant if it is decided to bring a sample back to Earth.[18]

Lander

Lander	Parameter/units[1] [19]
Mass	≤ 100 kg (220 lb)
Dimensions	Cylindrical, 65 cm diameter 40 cm height
Power	Non-rechargeable battery
Instruments (≤ 20 kg)	panoramic camera (visible and infrared) infrared microscope Raman spectrometer magnetometer thermal radiometer
Sampling	Pneumatic Depth: ≤1 m

The mission concept considers several scenarios, targets, and architectures. The most ambitious scenario contemplates in situ analysis and a sample-return using a lander. This lander concept was a collaboration among the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Japan's JAXA, started in 2014.[3] The spacecraft would deploy a 100 kg lander[4][1] on the surface of a 20–30 km Trojan asteroid to analyze its subsurface volatile constituents, such as water ice, using a 1-meter pneumatic drill powered by pressurized nitrogen gas. Some subsurface samples would be transferred to the on board mass spectrometer for volatile analysis.[4] The lander's scientific payload mass, including the sampling system, would not exceed 20 kg. The lander would be powered by batteries and perform an autonomous descent, landing, sampling and analysis.[3] Some samples would be heated up to 1000 °C for pyrolysis for isotopic analysis. The conceptual payload for the lander would include a panoramic camera (visible and infrared), infrared microscope, Raman spectrometer, a magnetometer, and a thermal radiometer.[20] The lander would operate for about 20 hours using battery power.[1]

If a sample-return was to be performed, the lander would then take off, rendezvous and deliver the surface and subsurface samples to the mothership hovering above (at 50 km) for subsequent delivery to Earth within a reentry capsule.[5][3] The lander would be discarded after the sample transfer.

Conceptual scientific payload

On the lander

[1]

• Mass spectrometer
• Hyperspectral microscope
• Hyperspectral panoramic imager
• Optical navigation camera
• Laser rangefinder
• Fluxgate 3-axis magnetometer
• Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS)
• Surface and subsurface sampler

On the spacecraft

• Exo-Zodiacal Infrared Telescope (EXZIT) is a 10 cm-diameter telescope.[2][21]
• Gamma-ray burst polarimeter (GAP-2)
• Monostatic radar to image the body's internal structures[22]

Attached to the sail

[2]

• Arrayed Large-area Dust Detectors (ALDN-2)
• Magnetic Field Experiment (MGF-2) is a fluxgate magnetometer

GAP-2 and EXZIT are instruments for astronomical observations, and are not intended to be used for studying Trojan asteroids. The two would conduct opportunistic surveys that would take advantage of the mission's trajectory. For GAP-2, the maximum 5.2 AU distance from Earth makes it possible to locate the position of Gamma-ray bursts with high precision by pairing it with terrestrial observatories. For EXZIT, as zodiacal light gets significantly weak beyond the asteroid belt, it enables the telescope to observe the cosmic infrared background for uncovering the comic dawn. MGF-2 is a successor of the MGF instrument on board the Arase satellite, and ALADDIN-2, GAP-2 are successors of the respective instruments onboard IKAROS.

See also

• CubeSail – A planned solar sail spacecraft
• DESTINY⁺ – Planned asteroid flyby mission by JAXA, using solar electric propulsion
• IKAROS – The first interplanetary solar sail spacecraft
• LightSail 2
• NanoSail-D2
• Near-Earth Asteroid Scout – planned solar sail spacecraft
• Lunar Flashlight – planned lunar orbiter by NASA

References

1. SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION IN THE SOLAR POWER SAIL OKEANOS MISSION TO A JUPITER TROJAN ASTEROID. (PDF). T. Okada, T. Iwata, J. Matsumoto, T. Chujo, Y. Kebukawa, J. Aoki, Y. Kawai, S. Yokota, Y. Saito, K. Terada, M. Toyoda, M. Ito, H. Yabuta, H. Yurimoto, C. Okamoto, S. Matsuura, K. Tsumura, D. Yonetoku, T. Mihara, A. Matsuoka, R. Nomura, H. Yano, T. Hirai, R. Nakamura, S. Ulamec, R. Jaumann, J.-P. Bibring, N. Grand, C. Szopa, E. Palomba, J. Helbert, A. Herique, M. Grott, H. U. Auster, G. Klingelhoefer, T. Saiki, H. Kato, O. Mori, J. Kawaguchi. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083).
2. INVESTIGATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM DISK STRUCTURE DURING THE CRUISING PHASE OF THE SOLAR POWER SAIL MISSION. (PDF). T. Iwata, T. Okada, S. Matsuura, K. Tsumura, H. Yano, T. Hirai, A. Matsuoka, R. Nomura, D. Yonetoku, T. Mihara, Y. Kebukawa, M. ito, M. Yoshikawa, J. Matsu-moto, T. Chujo, and O. Mori. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083).
3. Direct Exploration of Jupiter Trojan Asteroid using Solar Power Sail (PDF). Osamu Mori, Hideki Kato, et al. 2017.
4. Sampling Scenario for the Trojan Asteroid Exploration Mission Archived 2017-12-31 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Jun Matsumoto, Jun Aoki, Yuske Oki, Hajime Yano. 2015.
5. Trajectory Design for Jovian Trojan Asteroid Exploration via Solar Power Sail (PDF). Takanao Saiki, Osam Mori. The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), JAXA. 2017.
6. JAXA Sail to Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Paul Gilster, Centauri Dreams. 15 March 2017.
7. Huge sail will power JAXA mission to Trojan asteroids and back. Shusuke Murai, The Japan Times. 21 July 2016.
8. Sasaki, Shio; et al. (2010). "Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter and Trojan Asteroid Explorer" (PDF). COSPAR. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
9. Roadmap 2017 — Fundamental Concepts for Promoting Large Scientific Research Projects (PDF). 28 July 2017.
10. The Solar Power Sail Mission to Jupiter Trojans Archived 2015-12-31 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). The 10th IAA International Conference on Low-Cost Planetary Missions. 19 June 2013.
11. OKEANOS - Jupiter Trojan Asteroid Rendezvous and Landing Mission using the Solar Power Sail. Okada, Tatsuaki; Matsuoka, Ayako; Ulamec, Stephan; Helbert, Jorn; Herique, M. Alain; Palomba, Ernesto; Jaumann, Ralf; Grott, Matthias; Mori, Osamu; Yonetoku, Daisuke. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, USA, Abstract id. B1.1-65-18.
12. System Designing of Solar Power Sail-craft for Jupiter Trojan Asteroid Exploration. Osamu MORI, Jun MATSUMOTO, Toshihiro CHUJO, Hideki KATO, Takanao SAIKI, Junichiro KAWAGUCHI, Shigeo KAWASAKI, Tatsuaki OKADA, Takahiro IWATA, Yuki TAKAO. J-Stage. doi:10.2322/tastj.16.328
13. Science exploration and instrumentation of the OKEANOS mission to a Jupiter Trojan asteroid using the solar power sail. Tatsuaki Okada, Yoko Kebukawa, Jun Aoki |display-authors=etal. Planetary and Space Science. Volume 161, 15 October 2018, Pages 99-106. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.06.020.
14. ISAS Small Body Exploration Strategy. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona-JAXA Workshop (2017).
15. IKAROS and Solar Power Sail-Craft Missions for Outer Planetary Region Exploration Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). J. Kawaguchi (JAXA). 15 June 2015.
16. Liquid Crystal Device with Reflective Microstructure for Attitude Control. Toshihiro Chujo, Hirokazu Ishida, Osamu Mori, and Junichiro Kawaguchi. Aerospace Research Central. doi:10.2514/1.A34165.
17. Lineup of Microwave Discharge Ion Engines. JAXA.
18. Mission Analysis of Sample Return from Jovian Trojan Asteroid by Solar Power Sail (PDF). Jun Matsumoto, Ryu Funase, et al. Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 12, No. ists29, pp. Pk_43-Pk_50, 2014.
19. Science experiments on a Jupiter Trojan asteroid on the solar powered sail mission (PDF). O. Mori, T. Okada1, et al. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016).
20. Trojan asteroid probe (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA.
21. EXZIT Telescope. JAXA.
22. Jupiter Trojan’s shallow subsurface: direct observations by radar on board OKEANOS mission. Alain Herique, Pierre Beck, Patrick Michel, Wlodek Kofman, Atsushi Kumamoto, Tatsuaki Okada, Dirk Plettemeier. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-526, 2018. European Planetary Science Congress 2018.