Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod (/ˌnɪʒni ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod;[14] Russian: Нижний Новгород, IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət]), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in Russia and the administrative center (capital[15]) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky (Горький, IPA: [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]),[16] after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there.

For other cities named Novgorod, see Novgorod (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Veliky Novgorod.
Nizhny Novgorod

Нижний Новгород
City[1]
Top-down, left-to-right: Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Kremlin and Minin and Pozharsky Square, Saint Alexander Nevsky cathedral and stadium, Minin and Pozharsky Monument, GAZ, Chkalov Stairs, the Fair.
Location of Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod
Location of Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (European Russia)
Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectNizhny Novgorod Oblast[1]
Founded1221[2]
City status since1221[2]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[3]
 • Mayor[4]Yury Shalabaev (acting)[5]
Area
 • Total460 km2 (180 sq mi)
Elevation
200 m (700 ft)
Population
 • Total1,250,619
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
1,259,013 (+0.7%)
 • Rank5th in 2010
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Nizhegorodian
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
 • Capital ofNizhny Novgorod Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
 • Urban okrugNizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
 • Capital ofNizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK [10])
Postal code(s)[11]
603000-603999
Dialing code(s)+7 831[12]
OKTMO ID22701000001
City Day3rd Saturday of August[13]
Websiteadmgor.nnov.ru

The city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km (250 mi) east of Moscow, where the Oka River empties into the Volga. Population: 1,250,619 (2010 Census);[7] 1,311,252 (2002 Census);[17] 1,438,133 (1989 Census).[18]

The city was founded on 4 February 1221[19] by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612 Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896 at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname "Russian Detroit". During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days.

After the war, Gorky became a "closed city" and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.

The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is "нижегородец" (nizhegorodets) for male or "нижегородка" (nizhegorodka) for female, rendered in English as Nizhegorodian. Novgorodian is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

History
Main articles: History of Nizhny Novgorod and Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod

Name

Originally the name was just Novgorod ("Newtown"), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called "Novgorod of the Lower lands", or "Lower Newtown". This land was named "lower" (nizhniy (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.

Seat of medieval princes
Main article: Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal

The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into (great) centers in vassalic Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.

Strongest fortress of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Kuzma Minin appeals to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to raise a volunteer army against the Poles (painting by Konstantin Makovsky, 1896).

After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuisky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Peter the Italian. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called "national militia", gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the "Time of Troubles" and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.

Great trade center
Main building of the Great Russian Fair, 19th-century postcard
See also: Nizhny Novgorod Fair and All-Russia Exhibition 1896

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.

The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moscow station in the Lower Area of Nizhny Novgorod. The private Moscow to Kazan Railway Company's station was in the Upper Area of the city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.

Soviet era
Victory Day on the Minin and Pozharsky Square, 9 May 1945

There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.

Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.

Main article: Bombing of Gorky in World War II

During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.[16]

The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod

The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is a large-scale holiday. It will be celebrated in 2021. In September 22, 2015, President of Russia Vladimir Putin signed the Decree[20] "On the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the city of Nizhny Novgorod."

About the date of the celebration

In the official version year of foundation Nizhny Novgorod – 1221. First data appeared in the Lavrentievsky chronicles of the XIV century. In the same year, the Grand Duke Gurgy, the son of Vsevolod, founded a city near the Oka River and named it New Town. City Day is celebrated on the third saturday of August. The culmination of the celebration of the 800th anniversary will be celebrated from August 19 to 21, the closest dates to the actual date of the founding of the city.

Holiday Preparation Program

Main areas identified preparation:

  • Infrastructure Program - City 800
  • Community Involvement Program - Team 800
  • "Volunteers 800"
  • "Multimedia 800"
  • Social program - “800 good action”
  • Event program

City 800

Infrastructure program «City 800» updates the urban space and creates new places for residents. The program includes three areas: #Symbols800, #Restoration800 and #Environment 800.

Symbols 800[21]: transformation and filling with new ideas of key urban places. There are 7 objects that are symbols.

  • Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin,
  • "Switzerland",
  • warehouses on Strelka,
  • former factory "Mayak",
  • Palace of Pioneers named after Chkalov,
  • Chkalov Stairs
  • new object "School 800".

Environment 800 [22]- these are 33 objects and territories, as well as construction transport transition in the Sormovsky district. As part of the direction #Restoration 800[23], 69 houses are being restored on the historic city center territory, located on the main streets of the old Nizhny.

Team 800

The “Team 800” [24] project gives every citizen an opportunity to implement his project or idea for the development of the city. Since May 2019, residents submitted more than 350 offers to the Nizhny 800 portal. 40 projects received expert support and can count on grants from 100 thousand to 4 million rubles.


800 good action

The project “800 good action” [25] forms a culture mutual assistance and good neighborliness charity and volunteering, The project includes a crowdfunding platform, training at a philanthropic online school for non-profit organizations and citizens.

800 volunteers

Up to 800 volunteers will participate in the organization of key events and projects. A volunteer[26] can be anyone aged 16 years, regardless of nationality. A year before the holiday, 547 people applied for volunteers on the Nizhny 800 portal.

Event program

The first mass event for the anniversary of the city was held in May 2019 - “Gorky Classic Nizhny 800”, which was attended by more than a hundred rare cars and 250 participants from different countries.

The event program includes various spheres of life of residents

  • culture and art (festival of academic music “Opus 52”, “Lighthouse Jazz & Yard”, Street Cinema Festival);
  • sport (moto festival “Moto Family Days”, European Championship on skateboarding, support for the qualifying match of the European Championship 2020 Russia – Cyprus, aeronautics festivals);
  • ecology (festival "Botany");
  • education and business program (lectures “Intervals talk”, forum “NHP: Transformation”, strategic sessions on the development of cinema and video production).

The theme of the Nizhniy Novgorod 800th anniversary is also present at international events. Vladimir Putin visited the pavilion of the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod on the forum "Russia is a sports power". then the governor of the Nizhny Novgorod region Gleb Nikitin presented to the president the concept of reloading the iconic urban space - Strelka.


Additions

In honor of the anniversary of 2021 will be made precious coins[27] of the Bank of Russia.

Administrative and municipal status

Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.[9] In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.[28]

City layout and divisions
Further information: Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod
Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya chast, Mountainous part) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

  1. █ Nizhegorodsky (the Kremlin, the historical and administrative center of the city);
  2. █ Prioksky
  3. █ Sovetsky

The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya chast, Over river part) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:

  1. █ Avtozavodsky (built around the Gorky Automobile Plant);
  2. █ Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main train station);
  3. █ Leninsky.
  4. █ Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
  5. █ Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);

All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

Demographics
See also: Jewish community of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.

Geographу and climate
Historic city center

Time

The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.

Climate

In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.

The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (Dfb), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.

Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.

In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.

Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod 1881-2010 extremes since 1835
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 17.3
(63.1)		 26.3
(79.3)		 32.5
(90.5)		 36.3
(97.3)		 38.2
(100.8)		 38.0
(100.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 24.2
(75.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 8.5
(47.3)		 38.2
(100.8)
Average high °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4)		 −5.3
(22.5)		 1.1
(34.0)		 10.9
(51.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.7
(76.5)		 22.1
(71.8)		 15.6
(60.1)		 8.0
(46.4)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 8.9
(48.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.9
(16.0)		 −8.7
(16.3)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 6.1
(43.0)		 12.9
(55.2)		 17.2
(63.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 16.9
(62.4)		 11.1
(52.0)		 4.7
(40.5)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −7.4
(18.7)		 4.8
(40.6)
Average low °C (°F) −11.6
(11.1)		 −11.7
(10.9)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 2.1
(35.8)		 7.9
(46.2)		 12.6
(54.7)		 14.8
(58.6)		 12.6
(54.7)		 7.6
(45.7)		 2.1
(35.8)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −9.9
(14.2)		 1.3
(34.3)
Record low °C (°F) −41.2
(−42.2)		 −37.2
(−35.0)		 −28.3
(−18.9)		 −19.7
(−3.5)		 −6.9
(19.6)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 4.6
(40.3)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −16.0
(3.2)		 −29.4
(−20.9)		 −41.4
(−42.5)		 −41.4
(−42.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47
(1.9)		 38
(1.5)		 37
(1.5)		 36
(1.4)		 46
(1.8)		 76
(3.0)		 73
(2.9)		 69
(2.7)		 61
(2.4)		 64
(2.5)		 55
(2.2)		 55
(2.2)		 657
(25.9)
Average rainy days 5 4 5 13 17 19 18 18 18 18 10 6 151
Average snowy days 28 24 18 7 1 0.1 0 0 1 8 20 26 133
Average relative humidity (%) 86 81 74 64 60 69 70 74 79 82 87 86 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43 79 145 196 275 287 280 238 152 81 38 25 1,839
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[29]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[30]

Economy
State Bank of Nizhny Novgorod, built in 1913
IT-Park

Information technology

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

Engineering industry

Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).

Some of the largest plants include:

  • JSC "Gorky Automobile Plant" – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos;
  • JSC "Krasnoye Sormovo" – river and sea ships, submarines;
  • JSC "Sokol" – airplanes, jets;
  • PJSC "Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant" – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings;
  • JSC "Hydromash"- hydraulic actuators, landing gear
  • JSC "Nitel" – TV sets;
  • JSC "RUMO" – diesel generators;
  • JSC "Krasny yakor" – anchor chains;

Transportation

Local public transportation
Avtozavodskaya metro station

Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, marshrutkas (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

Metro

Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.[31]

S-Train

Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: Sormovskaya and Priokskaya. It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.

Railway
Emperor's Pavilion on Moskovsky railway terminal.

The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some 5,700 km (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 km (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.[32] Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.

The first high-speed rail Sapsan train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010.[33] The route has been run using Strizh trains since 2015.

Suburban commuter trains (elektrichka) connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.

Waterways
River terminal

Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.

Highway

The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).

Intercity buses

The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.[34][35] Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:

  • Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
  • Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of downtown. Mostly serves directions east and south.

Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.

Aerial cableway
Nizhny Novgorod-Bor Cableway

In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched.[36] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 mi). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery.100 metres (330 feet) from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of Pax Romana, which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.[37]

Air travel
Strigino International Airport.

Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport,[38] which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.

It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was 0.5 km (0 mi) north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.

In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.

Main sights

Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.

The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (swipe left or right)

There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.

The Fair
The Main Fair Building

The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a 3.5 m (11 ft) high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.

The State art gallery

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.

Houses of worship
Pechersky Ascension Monastery
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (New Fair Cathedral)

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church[39] (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk[40] (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:

  • the Transfiguration Cathedral,[41] also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
  • the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral,[42] designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;
  • the Church of the Nativity. One of the most beautiful churches in the city. Was built 1696–1719 on the means of the merchant Grigory Stroganov. It is one of the best examples of Stroganov style. Church located at the Rozhdestvenskaya Street
  • the recently reconstructed Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor[43] (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the Soviet period as an apartment house;
  • the parish churches of the Holy Wives[44] (1649) and of Saint Elijah[45] (1656);
  • the Assumption Church on St Elijah's Hill[46] (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
  • the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery,[47] erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
  • the wooden chapel of the Intercession[48] (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.

There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.

The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.

Chkalov Stairs

The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
Further information: Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.

Other

A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128 m (420 ft) open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

View as seen to Rozhdestvenskaya st., Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Church of St John the Baptist and the Spit

Education
Main Entrance of Medical University

Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:

There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.

Sports

Several sports clubs are active in the city:

ClubSportFoundedCurrent LeagueLeague
Rank		Stadium
FC Nizhny Novgorod Football 2015 Russian National Football League 2nd Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod Ice hockey 1946 Kontinental Hockey League 1st Trade Union Sport Palace
Start Nizhny Novgorod Bandy 1932 Bandy Super League 1st Start Stadium
BC Nizhny Novgorod Basketball 2000 VTB United League 1st Trade Union Sport Palace
ASC Volleyball 2016 Major League A 2nd FOK Zarechye
Sparta Volleyball 2000 Women's Volleyball Supreme League A 2nd FOK Zarechye
Futbol-Hokkey NN Futsal 1996 Futsal Supreme League 2nd FOK Krasnaya Gorka

2018 FIFA World Cup
The Nizhny Novgorod Stadium hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup games

Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.[51] The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:

  • June 18, 2018 15:00 Sweden - South Korea, Group F
  • June 21, 2018 21:00 Argentina - Croatia, Group D
  • June 24, 2018 15:00 England - Panama, Group G
  • June 27, 2018 21:00 Switzerland - Costa Rica, Group E
  • July 1, 2018 21:00 Croatia - Denmark Round of 16
  • July 6, 17:00, Uruguay - France Quarter-finals

During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.

Media
Nizhpoligraf - Polygraphic industrial and Publishing Center

Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.

Newspapers
Further information: List of newspapers in Russia

In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. Nizhegorodskaya Pravda, Stolitsa Nizhny and Nizhegorodsky rabochiy are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhegorodskaya pravda is the oldest newspaper of the city.

TV and radio
View of TV-Tower
House of the Communication
See also: Television in Russia and Radio in Russia

One of the first TV channel in the city is NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel Volga. The earlier existing most popular TV channel - Seti-NN, but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.

Nizhny Novgorod television networks:

  • Channel One
  • Russia-1
  • Russia-2
  • NTV
  • TV Tsentr
  • Channel 5
  • Russia-K
  • Russia-24
  • STRC Nizhny Novgorod
  • NNTV
  • Volga

Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:

  • "Love Radio"
  • "Pioneer FM"
  • "Radio Dacha"
  • "Nashe Radio"
  • "Radio 7"
  • "Humor FM"
  • "Retro FM"
  • "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Nizhny Novgorod

International relations
Volga riverside, Kremlin and Chkalov Stairs view
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns – sister cities

Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with:[52]

gollark: It may reach 6 if DC somehow becomes really popular.
gollark: I think they're on here, actually, though they did ask to not be bothered regarding trading.
gollark: "When"? They may not.
gollark: SSĀlts 9ever!
gollark: You should just stop eating for now.

References

Notes
  1. Law #184-Z
  2. "Founding of Nizhny Novgorod". nizhnynovgorod.com. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  3. Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article 26.1.1
  4. Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article 26.1.2
  5. "Мэр Нижнего Новгорода Владимир Панов сложил полномочия". The Village. May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  6. Official website of Nizhny Novgorod. Overview of the city Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  7. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  9. Law #205-Z
  10. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. "Contacts". adm.nnov.ru. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  13. "Вновь окончательно. День города в Нижнем Новгороде перенесли на август — Новости NN.RU". www.nn.ru (in Russian). May 22, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  15. "Нижний Новгород – Столица Поволжья и "карман России" | www.Nischni-Nowgorod.ru". www.nischni-nowgorod.ru (in German). Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  16. Decree of October 22, 1990, Article 1
  17. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  18. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  19. Vladimir Kuchin (2018). Десять веков Нижегородского края. 1152—2018. 3. Издательские решения. ISBN 978-5-4490-6270-3.
  20. "Decree "On the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the city of Nizhny Novgorod."".
  21. "Project official web page Symbols 800".
  22. "Project official website Environment800".
  23. "Project official web page Restoration 800".
  24. "Project official web page Team 800".
  25. "Project official web page 800 good action".
  26. "Project official web page 800 volunteers".
  27. "The official site of the Bank of Russia".
  28. "Д1 (2 чтение) ФЗ №186614-6 "О мерах воздействия на лиц, причастных к нарушению основополагающих прав и свобод человека, прав и свобод граждан РФ" – Система анализа результатов голосований на заседаниях Государственной Думы". Vote.duma.gov.ru. December 19, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  29. "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  30. "Gorkij (Nizhny Novgorod) Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  31. ">"Technical and operational parameters of subways in 2015" (PDF). The International Association "Metro".
  32. "Google". Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  33. "Russian Railways Sapsan to Nizhny Novgorod press release".
  34. В связи с закрытием автовокзала на Лядова меняется расписание пригородных автобусов (Due to the closing of the Lyadov Sq bus terminal, schedule of commuter buses changes), 2015-01-29
  35. Полный список автобусов, которые будут отправляться с новой автостанции «Щербинки»: Новый вокзал откроется 25 октября (Full list of bus routes which will depart from the new Scherbinki bus terminal. The new terminal will open on October 25), 2015-10-19
  36. Канатная дорога через Волгу "Нижний Новгород - Бор" начала работу. Российская газета (in Russian). February 9, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  37. В Нижнем Новгороде во время грозы в канатную дорогу ударила молния. progorodnn.ru (in Russian). Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  38. "Россия – российские авиалинии". Rossiya-airlines.com. July 25, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  39. "Нижний Новгород-Церковь Собора Пресвятой Богородицы ("Строгановская")".
  40. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Смоленской иконы Божией Матери, фотография".
  41. "Нижний Новгород-Собор Происхождения Честных Древ Креста Господня (Спасский Староярмарочный)".
  42. "Нижний Новгород-Кафедральный собор Александра Невского ("Новоярмарочный")".
  43. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Рождества Иоанна Предтечи на Торгу, фотография".
  44. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Жён-Мироносиц на Верхнем посаде, фотография".
  45. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Илии Пророка, фотография".
  46. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на Ильинской горе, фотография".
  47. "Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на новом Бугровском кладбище, фотография".
  48. "Нижний Новгород. Музей-заповедник "Щёлоковский хутор". Церковь Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы из с. Зелёного Городецкого района, фотография".
  49. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. "Нижегородский институт управления - филиал РАНХиГС (бывш. ВВАГС)". Vvags.ru. June 25, 2012. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  51. Archived October 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  52. "Города-побратимы". admgor.nnov.ru (in Russian). Nizhny Novgorod. Retrieved February 2, 2020.

Sources
  • Munro-Butler-Johnstone, Henry Alexander, A trip up the Volga to the fair of Nijni-Novgorod, Oxford: J. Parker and co., 1876.
  • Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln, The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 1990. ISBN 0-333-42437-9
  • Городская Дума города Нижнего Новгорода. №91 23 ноября 2005 г. «Устав города Нижнего Новгорода». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2006 г., но не ранее официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением подпункта 13 пункта 10 статьи 43, вступающего в силу в сроки, установленные федеральным законом, определяющим порядок организации и деятельности муниципальной милиции. Опубликован: "Нижегородский рабочий", №234/15894, 30 декабря 2005 г. (City Duma of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. #91 November 23, 2005 Charter of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. Effective as of January 1, 2006, but not earlier than the official publication date following the state registration, and with the exception of subitem 13 of item 10 of Article 43, which takes effect during the timeframe to be set by a federal law legislating the organization and functioning of the municipal militsiya.).
  • Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №58-З от 5 мая 2016 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #58-Z of May 5, 2016 On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
  • Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №205-З от 22 декабря 2005 г. «О утверждении границ, состава территории городского округа город Нижний Новгород», в ред. Закона №16-З от 7 февраля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3414), 11 января 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #205-Z of December 22, 2005 On Establishing the Borders, Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the City of Nizhny Novgorod, as amended by the Law #16-Z of February 7, 2011 On Amending Various Laws of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
  • Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ от 22 октября 1990 г. «О переименовании города Горького в город Нижний Новгород и Горьковской области в Нижегородскую области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Decree of October 22, 1990 On Changing the Name of the City of Gorky to the City of Nizhny Novgorod and the Name of Gorky Oblast to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. ).

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Nizhny Novgorod


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