Ma'anyan people

Ma'anyan (colonial spelling Maanjan or Meanjan), Dayak Maanyan or Eastern Barito Dayak people are a sub-ethnic group of the Dayak people indigenous to Borneo. They are also considered as part of the east Barito Dusun group with the name Dusun Ma'anyan. According to J. Mallinckrodt (1927), the Dusun people group is part of the Ot Danum people cluster, although later that theory was disproved by A. B. Hudson (1967), who argues that the Ma'anyan people are a branch of the Barito family. The Ma'anyan people who are often referred to as Dayak people are also referred to as Dayak Ma'anyan. The Dayak Ma'anyan people inhabit the east side of Central Kalimantan, especially in the East Barito Regency and parts of South Barito Regency which are grouped as Ma'anyan I. The Dayak Ma'anyan people also inhabit the northern parts of South Kalimantan, especially in Tabalong Regency which refers to the Dayak Warukin people. The Dayak Balangan people or Dusun Balangan people which are found in the Balangan Regency and the Dayak Samihim people that are found in the Kotabaru Regency are grouped together with the Dayak Ma'anyan people group. The Dayak Ma'anyan people in South Kalimantan are grouped as Ma'anyan II.

Ma'anyan people
Dusun Ma'anyan / Dayak Ma'anyan / Eastern Barito Dayak
Ma'anyan women at Keang Ethnic Festival.
Total population
Approximately 85,000
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia:
Central Kalimantan71,000
South Kalimantan10,000
Languages
Ma'anyan language, Ngaju language, Banjar language, East Barito languages, Indonesian language
Religion
Christianity, Kaharingan, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Dayak people, Malagasy people, Ot Danum people, Banjar people

Administratively, the Ma'anyan people have just recently appeared in the 2000 census and made up 2.8% of the Central Kalimantan population; previously the Ma'anyan people were grouped together with the Dayak people in the 1930 census.[1]

The uniqueness of the Dusun Ma'anyan people among others are agriculture, elaborate funeral ceremonies, and having shaman to treat their disease.[2]

History
Rumah Betang, a traditional Ma'anyan house in Muara Bagok, East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan.

Ma'anyan people were brought as labourer and slaves by Malay and Javanese in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50-500 AD.[3][4][5] The Malagasy language originated from the Southeast Barito language, and the Ma'anyan language is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords.[6][7] It is possible that scholars and artisans of 10th century recorded the events of the Ma'anyan people evacuating in large numbers to Africa on outrigger sailboats like those depicted on the stone reliefs of Borobudur in 945 to 946 AD.[8] The 10th century Arab account Ajayeb al-Hind (Marvels of India) gives an account of invasion in Africa, probably by Malay people of Srivijaya, in 945-946 CE. They arrived in the coast of Tanganyika and Mozambique with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, though eventually failed. The reason of the attack is because that place had goods suitable for their country and for China, such as ivory, tortoise shells, panther skins, and ambergris, and also because they wanted black slaves from Bantu people (called Zeng or Zenj by Malay, Jenggi by Javanese) who were strong and make good slaves.[9]

In the oral literature of the Ma'anyan people, after the Nan Sarunai kingdom was attacked by the Majapahit kingdom, the Ma'anyan people broke up into several sub-group. Among the sub-groups, they are:-

  • Ma'anyan Paku
  • Ma'anyan Paju Epat/Ampat or Ma'anyan Siong
  • Ma'anyan Dayu Lasi Muda
  • Ma'anyan Paju Sapuluh of Kampung Sapuluh (had Banjarese influence)
  • Ma'anyan Banua Lima or Paju Dime (had Banjarese influence)
    • Ma'anyan Warukin (had Banjarese influence)
    • Ma'anyan Jangkung (extinct and had Banjarese influence)

According to the Ma'anyan people, before they had begun occupying the current regions, they came from the downstream of South Kalimantan. Although today the East Barito Regency is not part of the South Kalimantan province, that region in the past was the last region to be a part of the Banjar sultanate before it was annexed to the Dutch Indies in 1860. It was a region of the Banjar sultanate that had shrunk and was land-locked as it was surrounded by other Dutch Indies territories.

Culture
A group of Ma'anyan people whom had recently been baptized in 1920s.

Language

The Ma'anyan language shares many similarities with the languages in Madagascar. Examples of Ma'anyan words are:-

Ma'anyan language Malagasy language English language
Hanyu Ianao You
Mandrus Mandro Bath
Manree Mandry (to lay by ext. to sleep) Sleep
Midi Mividy Buy
Tadi Tady Rope

Organization

The organization of the Ma'anyan people is "Dusmala" which combines three Dayak people sub-group which are Dusun people, Ma'anyan people and Lawangan people.[10]

Traditional folk song

Traditional dance

Traditional ceremony

Food
  • Bagamat, a giant bat meat gravy cooked with garlic and various vegetables.[13][14]
  • Kalumpe or Karuang by the Ngaju people, a pounded Cassava leaf salad mixed with eggplant, lemongrass, onion and garlic.[14]

Ma'anyan people in Tabalong Regency and Balangan Regency in South Kalimantan
Ma'anyan people in a fruit market in Telang, 1963.

The Dayak Ma'anyan Warukin people whom are often referred as Dayak Warukin people are the sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people group living in villages such as Warukin, Haus and its surrounding in Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan.[15] The settlements of the Dayak Warukin are found in regions where its surroundings are Banjarese settlements. The Dayak Warukin in Warukin village in Tanta District, Tabalong Regency are part of the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people. The Ma'anyan Banua Lima people are a sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people found in Banua Lima, East Barito Regency. The original name of the people was Ma'anyan Paju Lima. The word "Banua" (literally means, continent) came from the Banjar language. The funeral ceremony of the Dayak Warukin people according to the Kaharingan religion is called mambatur, or marabia for the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people.

The similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with the Banjar language of Kuala Lupak are about 50%. While the similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with the Banjar language of Asam-Asam village are about 57%.

There are four regions of Dayak culture in Tabalong Regency, where one of its region is of Dayak Ma'anyan culture, namely:-

  • Cultural region of Dayak Ma'anyan in Warukin village.
  • Cultural region of Dayak Deyah of Kampung Sapuluh, which covers ten villages in Upau, Haruai and Bintang Ara districts.
  • Cultural region of Dayak Deyah of Muara Uya and Jaro.
  • Cultural region of Dayak Lawangan of Binjai village.

Outside of the four Dayak cultural regions in Tabalong Regency, there are also Banjar people who form as the majority of the Tabalong Regency population and these Banjar people are not bound by Dayak customary laws.

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References
  1. Riwanto Tirtosudarmo (2007). Mencari Indonesia: Demografi-Politik Pasca-Soeharto. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 979-799-083-4.
  2. Susanto, A. Budi (2003). Politik Dan Postkolonialitas Di Indonesia. Kanisius. ISBN 978-979-210-850-7.
  3. Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/bf00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256.
  4. Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
  5. Kumar, Ann. (1993). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (Sigapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101-122.
  6. Otto Chr. Dahl, Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13.
  7. There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, “The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence”, in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam (eds.), Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9.
  8. Sanusi Pane (1965). Sedjarah Indonesia, Volumes 1-2. Balai Pustaka. pp. 58–59.
  9. Reid, Anthony (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814311960.
  10. "Mantir Adat Jaga Wibawa Lembaga Kedamangan". Pro Kalteng. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
  11. http://lamanday.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/aruh-buntang-prosesi-dayak-manyaan/
  12. http://www.tamanismailmarzuki.com/tokoh/buje.html
  13. Iwan Prasetya (22 June 2013). "Nikmatnya Daging Paing, Kelelawar Raksasa Khas Kalteng". Liputan6. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  14. Febria Silaen (20 May 2016). "Sederet kuliner khas Kalimantan Tengah". Beritagar. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  15. http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/2710/kematian-dalam-pengetahuan-orang-dayak-maanyan-di-kalimantan-tengah
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