Bakumpai people

Bakumpai or Baraki are indigenous people of Borneo and are considered as a sub-ethnic group of the Dayak Ngaju people group[3] with Islamic background.[4] The Bakumpai people first occupy along the Barito riverbanks in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, from Marabahan to Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya Regency. The Bakumpai people first appeared as a newly recognized people group in census 2000 and were made up of 7.51% of Central Kalimantan population, which before this the Bakumpai people were considered as part of the Dayak people in a 1930 census.[5]

Bakumpai people
Dayak Bakumpai / Dayak Baraki
Dayak Bakumpai society in Barito River, circa 1920.
Total population
171,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia:
Central Kalimantan135,297 (2000)[2]
South Kalimantan20,609 (2000)[2]
East Kalimantan1,000 (2000)
Languages
Bakumpai language, Indonesian language
Religion
Islam (predominantly), Kaharingan, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Banjar people, Dayak people, Ngaju people, Tidung people

Bakumpai people originate from the upstream region of the former Bakumpai district, while the settlement of the Barangas people (Baraki) are in the downstream region. On the northern side of the upstream region from the former Bakumpai district is the Mangkatib (Mengkatib) district, which makes the settlement of the Dayak Bara Dia people or Dayak Mengkatib people. The Bakumpai people as well as the Mengkatib people are descendants of the Ngaju people from Tanahdayak.

Etymology

The name "Bakumpai" is a nickname for Dayak people who live along the Barito Riverbanks. In the Banjar language, Bakumpai comes from the word ba which means "own" and kumpai which means "grass". From this nickname, it is understood that this people dwell in the grassland region.[6]

Mythology

According to legend, the origins of the Bakumpai Dayaks came from Ngaju people who settled on the current land which is called Marabahan. In the beginning, they practice Kaharingan, the religion of their ancestors, which can be seen as well in the cultures of other Dayak people. Later, they came across a charismatic man in that land, whom could cause the ground that he stood on to grow grass. That man is none other than Nabiyullah Khidir. In the story, they followed him and converted to Islam, and multiplied into a group of people. When they studied religion in a particular region together with their teacher, Nabiyullah Khidir, grass would begin to grow from the ground and thus they are referred to as Bakumpai people.

The Bakumpai people once had a kingdom that is much older than the kingdoms of the Banjar region, but because of supernatural abilities the kingdom had to be relocated to the Barito River and its king is known with the name Datuk Barito. From Marabahan, they spread to the streams of Barito River. According to local folklore, there is an area in Murung Raya Regency called Muara Untu where in the beginning it was a jungle controlled by a race of jinn named Untu. Later there was a Bakumpai man named, Raghuy who traveled and lived there. Until today if observed from the lineage of the Muara Untu people, they would trace their ancestors to Raghuy.

Culture

The Bakumpai people have been greatly influenced by the language, culture, customary laws and architecture of the Banjar people. Hence the Bakumpai people in terms of culture and customary laws are classified as part of Banjarese culture, but in linguistic terms the Bakumpai are closely related to the Ngaju people. They speak Bakumpai language.

Almost all Bakumpai people practices Islam and Kaharingan, the traditional belief of the Dayak people is relatively unseen compared to other Dayak people groups. Customary ceremonies that are related to old beliefs are such as Badewa and Manyanggar Lebu rituals.

Lineage

Bakumpai people are considered as a sub-ethnic of the Ngaju people. The Ngaju people are one of the four people group from a bigger familial group also called as the Dayak Ngaju or Ot Danum people. This people group is also known as Dayak Ot Danum, as the Ngaju people are the descendants of the Dayak Ot Danum people that came from the upstream rivers that are found in the region but may have undergone changes in their language. Therefore, the Dayak Ot Danum people is considered as the parent tribe, but the Ngaju people is still the dominant ethnic in the region.[3]

The tribal genealogy of the Bakumpai people:-

The relationship comparison of the Bakumpai people and the Ngaju people is liken to the relationship of the Tenggerese people and the Javanese people, where the Ngaju people is the parent ethnic of the Bakumpai people.

Population

The population of the Bakumpai people in Indonesia is 171,000. In a 2000 census, the population of the Bakumpai people in South Kalimantan is 20,609. In South Kalimantan, they mostly found in Barito Kuala Regency with a population of 18,892.[2]

The population of the Bakumpai people (2000 census) are divided as the following:-[2]

Population of the Bakumpai people in South Kalimantan of 20,609 are distributed into regencies and cities, such as:-[2]

Regencies or cities that have Bakumpai tribal organization are:-

The organization of the Bakumpai people is the "Kerukunan Keluarga Bakumpai" (KKB), which was Kalimantan's local party during the 1955 election.

Notable Bakumpai people
  • K.H. Hasan Basri, chairman of Mejelis Ulama Indonesia.
  • Professor Anwari Dilmy, first rector of Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
  • Z.A. Maulani, chief of Badan Intelijen Negara.
  • Commander Wangkang, Dayak commander in Barito Kuala Regency during the Banjar War (1859–1905).
  • Commander Batur, Banjar War (1859–1905) fighter.
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References
  1. Bakumpai people
  2. Badan Pusat Statistik - Sensus Penduduk Tahun 2000
  3. Tjilik Riwut & Nila Riwut (2007). Kalimantan Membangun, Alam, Dan Kebudayaan. NR Pub. ISBN 979-23-9952-6.
  4. Fridolin Ukur (2000). Tuaiannya Sungguh Banyak: Sejarah Gereja Kalimantan Evangelis Sejak Tahun 1835. BPK Gunung Mulia. ISBN 979-9290-58-9.
  5. Riwanto Tirtosudarmo (2007). Mencari Indonesia: Demografi-Politik Pasca-Soeharto. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 979-799-083-4.
  6. Bambang Sulistiyo (2008-09-30). "Orang Sungai, Oloh Bakumpai". Gatra. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  7. Wow! Bahasa Bakumpai Jadi Kebanggaan
  8. Michaela Haug (2009). Poverty And Decentralisation In East Kalimantan. Centaurus Verlag & Media KG. ISBN 978-3-8255-0770-1.
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