Osing people

The Osing people (Ngoko Javanese: ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦎꦱꦶꦁ,[2] Madya Javanese: ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦎꦱꦶꦁ,[3] Krama Javanese: ꦥꦿꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦤ꧀ꦎꦱꦶꦁ,[4] Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Ôsìng, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Ôsìng, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Ôsìng, Osing : ꦭꦫꦺꦈꦱꦶꦁ laré Using, Indonesian: suku Osing)[5] are a community living in the eastern salient of Java, Indonesia, in the easternmost part of East Java. They are the descendants of the people of the ancient Kingdom of Blambangan, whose rulers remained Hindus until they were forced to convert to Islam by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1770. Their population of approximately 400,000 is centered in the province of East Java in the Banyuwangi Regency. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2010, the Osing people are a sub-ethnic of the Javanese people.[6]

Usingnese People
Wong Banyuwangi, Wong Belambangan, Wong Using/Osing
Portrait of three generations of women in Blambangan, East Java, circa 1910-1930.
Total population
384,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia (East Java)
Languages
Osing language, Indonesian language
Religion
Islam (Predominantly) Minority: Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Balinese people & other Javanese

Demography

The Osing people are settled in several districts in the central and northern regions of Banyuwangi Regency especially in Banyuwangi district, Rogojampi district, Sempu district, Glagah district, Singojuruh district, Giri district, Kalipuro district and Songgon district. The Osing community or also commonly known as Wong Osing by some circles and as a result of research, are considered as the natives of Banyuwangi Regency, including an area at the easternmost tip of the Java island that is also known as Blambangan Peninsula.[7] This community of people are spread throughout fertile farming villages in the central[8] and eastern regions of Banyuwangi Regency, administratively includes districts such as Giri, Kabat, Glagah, Belimbing Sari, Rogojampi, Sempu, Singojuruh, Songgon, Cluring, Banyuwangi (city), Genteng and Srono. In the four later districts, integration with non-Osing people occurs usually with migrants from western East Java, Central Java including Jogjakarta; which the Osing people refer them as Wong Jawa Kulon (Western Javanese people).

Language

The Osing speak the Osing Language, which shows influences from the Old Javanese like Balinese. Osing Language and Javanese language are linguistically not separate languages, most of Javanese people regard the Osing Language as being so different from the Javanese language.[9]

History

The history of the Osing people dates back to the end of the 15th century, at the time of the fall of Majapahit; to resist conversion to Islam, many of them fled east to Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. Much of Java were converted to Islam by the Muslim Makassars in the 16th century.[10] The remaining Hindu princes from Majapahit established the Kingdom of Blambangan, which stretched from the Blambangan peninsula right up to the Tengger mountains of Central Java. Blambangan held sway for slightly more than two hundred years before they finally surrendered to the second Mataram Sultanate in 1743, and the eventual Islamization of the Osing people.[11] Even then, it did not officially convert to Islam until the 19th century, though small communities of Muslims do pre-exist this date. The cause of the Osing's conversion is that, during the 19th century, when Banyuwangi was still unscathed by the Dutch colony, but knowing that by launching an attack on Banyuwangi, they will lose out in the battle as the Hindu principal puputan was a fight-to-death, (as occurred previously in the Puputan Bayu War or Blambangan War in 1771-1773)[12] the Dutch sent Muslim and Christian missionaries to tame the fighting spirit. Only then Banyuwangi was captured, a long and ambitious dream toward further occupation on Bali was launched by the Dutch.

In spite of the Dutch attempts to propagate Islam and Christianity among the Osings, many still stuck to their old beliefs. Today, a large Hindu population still exists among the Osings.

Religion

During the early formation of the Osing community, the main religion of the Osing people is Hinduism, just as it is during the time of Majapahit. However, the development of Islamic kingdoms along the north coastal region (today it's the North Coast Road (Java)) have caused a faster spread of Islam among the Osing people. The development of Islam and other foreign influences in the Osing community was also influenced by the efforts of the Dutch East India Company to control the Blambangan Peninsula region. The Osings are mostly adherents of Islam,[13][14] although there are some who still follow Hinduism. Elements of animism can be seen in their religion too. The Osings share a similar culture and spirit with the Balinese, and the Hindus celebrate ceremonies like Nyepi. Just like the Balinese people, the Osing people also share the puputan tradition. It is not uncommon to see mosques and puras (Hindu temples) to be built nearby to each other in Banyuwangi.

Vocation

The main profession of the Osing people are farmers with a small number of them are traders and officers in formal areas of employment such as teachers and local government officials.[15]

Culture

Social stratification

The Osing people differ from the Balinese people in terms of social stratification as the majority of the Osing are Muslim's but even then the Hindu Osing do not practice caste system like the Balinese people, even though they are Hindus. This is because of the Islamic influences that is practiced by a significant number of Muslims in their community.[16]

Art

The Osing people's various art forms are unique and contains mystical elements just like their Balinese and Tenggerese relatives. The main art form is their popular version of Gandrung traditional dance.,[17] Patrol, Seblang, Angklung, Barong dance, Kuntulan, Kendang Kempul, Janger, Jaranan, Jaran Kincak, Angklung Caruk and Jedor.

Other art forms that are still preserved is the nursery rhyme, especially among school children such as Jamuran and Ojo Rame-Rame. These short poem nursery rhymes in general are used to accompany during children's play. Apart from adding a cheerful atmosphere when children are playing in groups, these nursery rhymes can work to teach positive values in early childhood. Jamuran nursery rhyme teaches about communal work, while Ojo Rame-Rame teaches patriotism.[18]

Customary village

The government of Banyuwangi Regency sees great potential in the culture of the Osing people by establishing Kemiren village in Glagah district as a customary village that preserves the cultural values of the Osing people.[19] Kemiren village is also a tourist destination that is popular among the Banyuwangi people and its surrounding communities.[20] Cultural festivals and annual artistic events are often held in the village.

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References
  1. "Java Osing, Banyuwangi in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
  2. Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa,Sudaryanto/Pranowo, 2001, #1359
  3. See: Javanese language: Politeness
  4. See: Javanese language: Politeness
  5. Harjawiyana, Haryana; Supriya, Theodorus (2001). Kamus unggah-ungguh basa Jawa. Kanisius. ISBN 978-979-672-991-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. "Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
  7. Susan Legêne, Bambang Purwanto & Henk Schulte Nordholt, ed. (2015). Sites, Bodies and Stories: Imagining Indonesian History. NUS Press. p. 214. ISBN 99-716-9857-9.
  8. Kurniawati Hastuti Dewi (2015). Indonesian Women and Local Politics: Islam, Gender and Networks in Post-Suharto Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 142. ISBN 99-716-9842-0.
  9. R. Anderson Sutton (1991). Traditions of Gamelan Music in Java: Musical Pluralism and Regional Identity. CUP Archive. p. 4. ISBN 05-213-6153-2.
  10. Khoon Choy Lee (1999). A Fragile Nation: The Indonesian Crisis. World Scientific. p. 183. ISBN 98-102-4003-1.
  11. Eric Oey, ed. (1994). Java: Garden of the East. McGraw-Hill Trade. p. 60. ISBN 08-442-9947-2.
  12. Susan Legêne, Bambang Purwanto & Henk Schulte Nordholt, ed. (2015). Sites, Bodies and Stories: Imagining Indonesian History. NUS Press. p. 221. ISBN 99-716-9857-9.
  13. Bernhard Platzdasch & Johan Saravanamuttu, ed. (2014). Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 199. ISBN 98-145-1964-2.
  14. Ahmad Khalil (2008). Islam Jawa: sufisme dalam etika dan tradisi Jawa. UIN-Malang Press. p. 312. ISBN 97-924-3012-1.
  15. Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 618. ISBN 14-381-1913-5.
  16. Eric Oey, ed. (1994). Java: Garden of the East. McGraw-Hill Trade. p. 283. ISBN 08-442-9947-2.
  17. "Music of Indonesia, Vol. 1: Songs Before Dawn: Gandrung Banyuwangi". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
  18. Moch. Tsalis Nurhidayatullah, Sukatman & Rusdhianti Wuryaningrum (2013). "Tembang Dolanan Dalam Masyarakat Osing Kabupaten Banyuwangi (Kajian Etnografi)" (PDF). FKIP, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Jember. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  19. "Barong Usir Bencana Di Bumi Blambangan". Kompas. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  20. "Sahid Osing, Pilihan Tempat Menginap di Banyuwangi". Kompas. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-11.

Further reading
  • Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001), A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-080-474-4805
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