Longwave

In radio, longwave, long wave or long-wave,[1] and commonly abbreviated LW,[2] refers to parts of the radio spectrum with wavelengths longer than what was originally called the medium-wave broadcasting band. The term is historic, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of longwave (LW), medium-wave (MW), and short-wave (SW) radio bands. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.

For other uses, see Longwave (disambiguation).

Tuning dial on 1946 Dynatron Merlin T.69 console radio receiver, showing LW wavelengths between 800 and 2000 metres (150–375 kHz)

In contemporary usage, the term longwave is not defined precisely, and its intended meaning varies. It may be used for radio wavelengths longer than 1,000 m[2] i.e. frequencies[note 1] up to 300 kilohertz (kHz),[3][4] including the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU's) low frequency (LF, 30–300 kHz) and very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) bands. Sometimes the upper limit is taken to be higher than 300 kHz, but not above the start of the medium wave broadcast band at 520 kHz.[5]

In Europe, Africa, and large parts of Asia (International Telecommunication Union Region 1), where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz is used for AM broadcasting[6] in addition to the medium-wave band, the term longwave usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band, which falls wholly within the low frequency band of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz). The "Longwave Club of America" (United States) is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band"[5] (i.e., all frequencies below 520 kHz).

Propagation

Because of their long wavelength, radio waves in this frequency range can diffract over obstacles like mountain ranges and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. This mode of propagation, called ground wave, is the main mode in the longwave band.[7] The attenuation of signal strength with distance by absorption in the ground is lower than at higher frequencies, and falls with frequency. Low frequency ground waves can be received up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the transmitting antenna. Very low frequency waves below 30 kHz can be used to communicate at transcontinental distances, and can penetrate saltwater to depths of hundreds of feet, and is used by the military to communicate with submerged submarines.

Low frequency waves can also occasionally travel long distances by reflecting from the ionosphere (the actual mechanism is one of refraction), although this method, called skywave or "skip" propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies. Reflection occurs at the ionospheric E layer or F layers. Skywave signals can be detected at distances exceeding 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the transmitting antenna.[8]

Non-broadcast use

Non-directional beacons

Main article: Non-directional beacon

Non-directional beacons transmit continuously for the benefit of radio direction finders in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a callsign in Morse code. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190–1750 kHz. In North America, they occupy 190–535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz.

Time signals

There are institutional broadcast stations in the range that transmit coded time signals to radio clocks. For example:

• WWVB in Colorado, United States, on 60 kHz
• DCF77 in Frankfurt, Germany, on 77.5 kHz
• JJY in Japan, on 40 & 60 kHz
• 66.66 kHz in Taldom transmitter, Russia
• BPC in Lintong, China, 68.5 kHz
• MSF time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from Anthorn in the UK.
• TDF from Allouis, France, on 162 kHz

Radio-controlled clocks receive their time calibration signals with built-in long-wave receivers. They use long-wave, rather than short-wave or medium-wave, because long-wave signals from the transmitter to the receiver always travel along the same direct path across the surface of the Earth, so the time delay correction for the signal travel time from the transmitting station to the receiver is always the same for any one receiving location.

Longwaves travel by groundwaves that hug the surface of the earth, unlike mediumwaves and shortwaves. Those higher-frequency signals do not follow the surface of the Earth beyond a few kilometers, but can travel as skywaves, ‘bouncing’ off different layers of the ionosphere at different times of day. These different propagation paths can make the time lag different for every signal received. The delay between when the long-wave signal was sent from the transmitter (when the coded time was correct) and when the signal is received by the clock (when the coded time is slightly late) depends on the overland distance between the clock and the transmitter and the speed of light through the air, which is also very nearly constant. Since the time lag is essentially the same, a single constant shift forward from the time coded in the signal can compensate for all long-wave signals received at any one location from the same time signal station.

Submarine communication

The militaries of the United Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, India and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with submerged submarines.

LowFER

In North America during the 1970s, the frequencies 167, 179 and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived Public Emergency Radio of the United States. Nowadays, in the United States, Part 15 of FCC regulations allows unlicensed use of 136 kHz and the 160–190 kHz band at output power up to 1 watt with up to a 15-meter antenna. This is called Low Frequency Experimental Radio (LowFER). The 190–435 kHz band is used for navigational beacons.

Historic

Swedish station SAQ, located at the Varberg Radio Station facility in Grimeton, is the last remaining operational Alexanderson alternator long-wave transmitter. Although the station ended regular service in 1996, it has been maintained as a World Heritage Site, and makes at least two demonstration transmissions yearly, on 17.2 kHz.[9]

Broadcasting

Longwave is used for broadcasting only within ITU Region 1. The long-wave broadcasters are located in western, northern, central, and southeastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Mongolia, Algeria, and Morocco.

Typically, a larger geographic area can be covered by a long-wave broadcast transmitter compared to a medium-wave one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less attenuation due to limited ground conductivity at lower frequencies.[10]

Carrier frequencies

Long-wave carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz; ranging from 153 to 279 kHz, except for a French-language station, Europe No. 1 in Germany. This station kept correctly spaced channels spacing for 4 months—only 7 years ago, and all Mongolian transmitters are 2 kHz above the internationally recognized channels.

Until the 1970s, some long-wave stations in northern and eastern Europe and the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 433 kHz.[11]

Some radio broadcasters, for instance Droitwich transmitting station in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an atomic clock, allowing their use as frequency standards. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for Radio Teleswitch Services.

In 2014 and 2015 Russia closed all of its LW broadcast transmitters.[12]

Long-distance reception

Because long-wave signals can travel very long distances, some radio amateurs and shortwave listeners engage in an activity called DXing. DXers attempt to listen in to far away transmissions, and they will often send a reception report to the sending station to let them know where they were heard. After receiving a report, the sending station may mail the listener a QSL card to acknowledge this reception.

Reception of long-wave signals at distances in excess of 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) have been verified.[13]

List of long-wave broadcasting transmitters

Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of long-wave broadcasting stations

List of stations currently operating

  Denotes non-standard frequency (not divisible by 9)

[14] [15] [16] [17]

Freq. (kHz)	Station name	Language	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power (kW)	Coordinates	Notes
153	Radio Antena Satelor	Romanian	Romania	Brașov	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts, height: 250 metres (820 ft)	200	45°45′22.27″N 25°36′26.77″E 45°45′13.16″N 25°36′25.15″E	Fifth state-owned radio station in Romania
162	ANFR (TDF time signal, previously France Inter)	French	France	Allouis	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height: 350 metres (1,150 ft) fed on the top	1000 / 2000	47°10′10.45″N 2°12′16.75″E 47°10′25.34″N 2°12′16.81″E	Time signal phase-modulated; the frequency broadcast France Inter until the end of 2016. Now only the time signal for public clocks is transmitted. The ANFR is in charge of this.
164	MNB Radio 1	Mongolian	Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	259 metres (850 ft) tall cable-stayed steel truss mast[18]	500	47°47′54.67″N 107°11′14.7″E	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC
171	Médi 1	Arabic and French	Morocco	Nador	Directional aerial consisting of three guyed steel lattice masts, 380 metres (1,250 ft) tall	1600	35°02′50.65″N 2°55′22.81″W 35°02′30.27″N 2°55′16.16″W 35°02′9.89″N 2°55′9.52″W	Private and commercial Moroccan radio network
189	RÚV Rás 1/RÚV Rás 2	Icelandic	Iceland	Gufuskalar near Hellissandur	Slight oval bi-directivity aerial, top loaded parallel connected triangular loops, mast as a common member, all guys insulated except two radiating diametrically opposed grounded top guys, loops closed by copper straps in the ground from two conducting guy grounding points to base of the guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height: 412 metres (1,352 ft)	300	64°54′26″N 23°55′19.5″W	Iceland's national public service broadcaster
198	BBC Radio 4/BBC World Service	English	United Kingdom	Droitwich (SFN)	T-aerial on two guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground with a height of 213 metres (699 ft)	500	52°17′46.9″N 2°6′24.32″W 52°17′40.4″N 2°6′20.62″W	All four transmitters carry Radio teleswitch PSK data; Droitwich relays BBC World Service from 01:00 to 05:20 UTC
				Burghead (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 154 metres (505 ft)	50	57°41′57.9″N 3°28′4.78″W
				Westerglen (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 152 metres (499 ft)		55°58′33″N 3°48′58.8″W
				Dartford Tunnel (SFN)		0.004
207	RÚV Rás 1/RÚV Rás 2	Icelandic	Iceland	Eiðar near Egilsstaðir	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 221 metres (725 ft)	100	65°22′22.93″N 14°20′27.29″W	Iceland's national public service broadcaster
209	MNB Radio 1	Mongolian	Mongolia	Choibalsan	Cable-stayed steel truss mast, height: 275.84 metres (905.0 ft)	75	48°00′17.27″N 114°27′17.6″E	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC
				Dalanzadgad			43°31′54.43″N 104°24′41.4″E	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC
				Olgii	Omnidirectional antenna, 352.5 metres (1,156 ft) high guyed mast	30	48°57′24.52″N 89°58′13.15″E	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC
225	Polish Radio Programme One	Polish	Poland	Solec Kujawski	Directional aerial, two guyed radio masts fed on the top, heights 330 metres (1,080 ft) and 289 metres (948 ft)	1000	53°1′21.01″N 18°15′32.63″E 53°1′12.83″N 18°15′44.06″E	Earlier Konstantynów was used (52°22′3.91″N 19°48′7.04″E)
227	MNB Radio 1	Mongolian	Mongolia	Altai	Cable-stayed steel truss mast	75	46°19′25.52″N 96°15′31.2″E	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC
234	RTL	French	Luxembourg	Beidweiler	Directional aerial, three guyed grounded steel lattice masts, 290 metres (950 ft) high, with vertical cage aerials	1500 / 2000	49°43′42.57″N 6°19′4.29″E 49°43′49.2″N 6°19′15.02″E 49°43′55.81″N 6°19′25.67″E	Spare transmitter site Junglinster (49°43′0.35″N 6°15′28.9″E, 49°43′6.56″N 6°15′40.27″E, 49°43′12.75″N 6°15′51.44″E)
243	DR Langbølge	Danish	Denmark	Kalundborg	Semi-directional Alexanderson antenna 153/333 degrees, two grounded 118 metres (387 ft) steel lattice radiating towers with interconnecting top wire capacitance	50	55°40′39.27″N 11°4′8.6″E 55°40′32.91″N 11°4′14.33″E	Transmitting in time slots only
252	Radio Algeria Chaîne 3	Arabic	Algeria	Tipaza	Omnidirectional aerial, single guyed lattice steel mast, height 355 metres (1,165 ft)	750 / 1500	36°33′58.14″N 2°28′50.3″E	Half transmitter power during night
	RTÉ Radio 1	English and Irish	Ireland	Clarkstown	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, insulated against ground, height 248 metres (814 ft)	150 / 300	53°27′46″N 6°40′39″W	The only AM transmitter for RTÉ Radio 1, power is decreased at night to 100 kW, it was scheduled to cease broadcasting in June 2019[19] In April 2019 it announced an antenna upgrade and the closure was postponed.[20]
270	ČRo Radiožurnál	Czech	Czech Republic	Topolná	Directional aerial (maximum of radiation in east–west direction), two grounded 257 metres (843 ft) high guyed steel lattice mast with cage aerials	50	49°7′32.88″N 17°30′45.97″E 49°7′18.85″N 17°30′41.78″E	Broadcasting from Monday to Friday 05:00–24:00 CET and 06:00–24:00 CET at weekends

List of stations that have closed or are otherwise inactive

  Closed

Freq. (kHz)	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power (kW)	Coordinates	Notes
153
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Donebach	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 363 m high, fed at the top	500	49°33′40.25″N 9°10′22.76″E ; 49°33′33.53″N 9°10′50.82″E	closed
	Radio Mayak	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat		650		closed
	YuFM	Russia	Taldom transmitter	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	300	56°45′30.04″N 37°37′12.17″E	closed
	NRK P1/P2	Norway	Ingøy	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast 352 metres (1,155 ft) tall, fed at the top, ex-Omega equipment	100	71°4′17″N 24°5′14″E	closed
	Radio Rossii		Popova near Komsomolsk-na-Amure		1200	50°39′16.75″N 136°54′46.9″E	closed
Radio Algerie Chaîne 1	Algeria	Kénadsa	Three 357 metres (1,171 ft) tall guyed masts	500		inactive
162	TRT Radyo 4	Turkey	Agri	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 250 m	1000	39°46′23.11″N 43°02′14.55″E ; 39°46′25.86″N 43°02′33.32″E	inactive
	Kanal Uzbekistan	Uzbekistan	Tashkent		150		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Norilsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 205 m high antenna	150	69°22′46″N 87°6′26″E ?	closed
	Radio Yuldash, Radio Rossii		Ufa			54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E	closed
171
	NPO Radio 1	Netherlands	Lopik		500		closed
	Radio-1	Belarus	Lapichi	?	500/1000		closed
	Voice of Russia	Russia	Oktyabrsky	257 m metres tall antenna.	1200		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Bolshakovo near Kaliningrad	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	54°54′42.62″N 21°43′2.32″E	closed
	Radio Ukraine 1	Ukraine	Krasne near Lviv	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150/75	49°54′12.85″N 24°41′15.22″E	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduga	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	250	55°29′16″N 83°41′28″E	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Murmansk	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	69°00′59.07″N 32°55′57.17″E	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Noginsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 242 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°50′0.89″N 38°20′35.18″E	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Ezhva near Syktyvkar	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	61°49′09.34″N 50°41′26.42″E	closed
Radio Rossii	Russia	Tulagino near Yakutsk	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 6 ring masts	150	62°14′15.01″N 129°48′10.4″E ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′0.85″E ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°47′51.2″E ; 62°14′7.27″N 129°48′0.82″E ; 62°14′7.31″N 129°48′20″E ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°48′29.7″E ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′20″E	closed
177
	Deutschlandradio Kultur	Germany	Zehlendorf near Oranienburg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial mounted on 359.7 m high guyed mast, triangle aerial on 3 150 m high guyed steel lattice masts	500	52°47′41.87″N 13°23′9.5″E	closed
180	TRT Radyo 1	Turkey	Polatli	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed latice steel mast	1200	39°45′22.46″N 32°25′6.24″E	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yelizovo near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	53°11′4.92″N 158°24′2.24″E	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, 200 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E	inactive
	Kazakh Radio 1	Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		250		closed
	Kazakh Radio 1	Kazakhstan	Aktyubinsk		150		closed
	Kazakh Radio 1	Kazakhstan	Chimkent		50		closed
183
	Europe 1	Germany	Felsberg-Berus	Directional aerial, four ground insulated steel lattice masts 270 metres (890 ft), 276 metres (906 ft), 280 metres (920 ft) and 282 metres (925 ft) tall; spare aerial: two ground insulated steel lattice masts, height: 234 metres (768 ft)	750	Main antenna: 49°17′4.2″N 6°40′57.73″E 49°16′55.86″N 6°40′46.16″E 49°16′47.55″N 6°40′34.48″E 49°16′39.18″N 6°40′22.72″E Spare antenna: 49°17′8.93″N 6°39′31.71″E 49°17′1.54″N 6°39′23.6″E	closed
189
	Rai Radio 1	Italy	Caltanissetta	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 282 m	10	37°29′53.05″N 14°04′04.08″E	closed
	Sveriges Radio P1	Sweden	Orlunda, near Motala		300	58°25′37″N 14°58′38″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kostantinogradovka near Blagoveshchensk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	50°30′23.58″N 128°18′32.9″E	closed
Sakartvelos Radio	Georgia	Dusheti		250	42°03′1.76″N 44°40′37.56″E	inactive
198
	Polskie Radio Parlament/Radio Polonia	Poland	Raszyn	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, 335 m high	200	52°4′21.72″N 20°53′2.15″E	closed[21]
	Chaine 1	Algeria	Berkaoui		2000		closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Saint Petersburg – Olgino	Omnidirectional aerial, 205 m high guyed steel lattice mast	150	59°59′30.01″N 30°07′38.81″E	inactive
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Angarsk	Before 2001: T-antenna spun between 2 205 m tall guyed steel lattice mast	250	52°31′51.95″N 103°52′9.46″E, possibly 52°26′10.17″N 103°41′1.05″E	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Avsyunino	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°35′13.75″N 39°09′57.84″E	inactive
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Ufa		150	54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E	closed
Radio 1	Kyrgyzstan	Krasnaya Rechka near Bishkek		150	42°52′51.9″N 74°59′43.79″E	closed
207
	RNE Radio 5	Spain	Logroño	Directional antenna, 300 metres tall.	>100		closed
	Radio Ukraine 1	Ukraine	Brovary	Omnidirectional antenna, 259.6 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	50°29′48.8″N 30°48′9.2″E	closed
	Radio al-Urdunniya	Jordan	Al Karanah		?	31°45′55.47″N 36°28′44.97″E ; 31°45′29.66″N 36°28′59.11″E	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Tynda	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 244 m	150	55°05′19.31″N 124°43′9.7″E	closed
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Aholming	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 265 m high, fed at the top	500	48°43′50.55″N 12°55′47.04″E ; 48°43′38.46″N 12°56′2.06″E	closed
	SNRT Al Idaâ Al-Watania	Morocco	Azilal Demnate	304.8 metres (1,000 ft) tall guyed mast	400		inactive
209
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Tynda		150		closed
216
	NRK P1	Norway	Lambertseter near Oslo		200		closed
	Radio Monte Carlo Info	France	Roumoules	Directional aerial, three 300 metres (980 ft) high guyed steel lattice masts, 330 metres (1,080 ft) high guyed steel lattice mast as backup aerial	700 / 1400	43°47′41.45″N 6°8′48.41″E 43°47′34.56″N 6°8′59.09″E 43°47′27.7″N 6°9′9.85″E, Backup antenna: 43°47′36.29″N 6°9′30.61″E	closed
	Azerbaijan Radio	Azerbaijan	Baku		500		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Krasnoyarsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 210 m tall	150	56°02′02.97″N 92°45′32.31″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Atamanovka	Directional antenna	150	51°50′02″N 113°43′10″E	closed
Radio Rossii	Russia	Birobidzhan	2 guyed masts, 260 m high	30	48°44′19.37″N 132°48′3.95″E ; 48°44′14.71″N 132°48′32.6″E	closed
225	TRT GAP	Turkey	Van	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed lattice steel mast	600	38°35′11.47″N 43°15′59.17″E	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Surgut	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	61°23′35″N 72°53′20″E	closed
234
	Radio Moldova	Moldova	Grigoriopol		1000		closed
	Radio Jamahiriya	Libya	Yafran near Tripoli		1000		closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Krasny Bor transmitter near Sankt-Peterburg	Omnidirectional aerial, 271.5 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	1200	59°39′12.32″N 30°41′50.12″E	closed
	Public Armenian Radio	Armenia	Kamo	?	500	?	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Koskovo near Murmansk	Omnidirectional aerial, 210 m tall guyed mast	250	64°21′35.83″N 41°23′4.01″E	inactive
	Radio 1	Russia	Novosemeykino near Samara	Four 205 metres tall towers insulated against ground arranged in a square	2000	53°22′59.44″N 50°20′13.84″E ; 53°22′59.53″N 50°20′19.23″E ; 53°22′56.2″N 50°20′13.94″E ; 53°22′56.31″N 50°20′19.32″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduzhnyy near Magadan	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	59°42′51.14″N 150°11′29.9″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Odinsk near Irkutsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	52°24′57.43″N 103°42′0.29″E	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Koskovo near Arkhangelsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	64°21′50.92″N 41°24′41.8″E	closed
243	TRT Radyo 4	Turkey	Erzurum	Omnidirectional antenna, 185 m high guyed lattice steel mast	200	39°59′53.59″N 41°06′40.95″E	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Razdolnoye near Ussuriysk	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	43°32′18″N 131°55′46″E	closed
	Kazakh Radio 2 Shalkar	Kazakhstan	Karaganda	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 254 m height	1000	49°47′32.45″N 73°01′40.15″E	closed
	Kazakh Radio 2 Shalkar	Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		1000		closed
252
	Armenian Radio 1	Armenia	Kamo		150	?	closed
	Yle Radio 1	Finland	Lahti		200	60.980137°N 25.644195°E / 60.980137; 25.644195 (Lahti longwave transmitter), 60.978747°N 25.649155°E / 60.978747; 25.649155 (Lahti longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio Tojikston	Tajikistan	Dushanbe		150		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kazan	Omnidirectional aerial, 152 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	100	55°49′6.3″N 49°10′24.64″E	closed (9 January 2014)[22]
261
	Radioropa Info	Germany	Burg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial on 324 m high guyed, grounded steel lattice mast, 210 m high steel tube mast, insulated against ground	200	52°17′12.93″N 11°53′50.52″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Taldom	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 5 ring masts, height of central mast 275 m	2500	56°43′59.86″N 37°39′47.51″E ; 56°44′10.32″N 37°39′46.53″E ; 56°44′2.54″N 37°39′29.17″E ; 56°43′51.09″N 37°39′37.2″E ; 56°43′51.76″N 37°39′59.6″E ; 56°44′3.64″N 37°40′5.34″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 260 m high	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Tyumen	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	150		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vorkuta	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	50		closed
	Radio Horizont	Bulgaria	Vakarel	One of the few Blaw-Knox Towers in Europe, 215 m high	75	42°34′35.18″N 23°41′55.52″E	closed
270
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Orenburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 137 m height	25	51°46′44.37″N 55°06′23.01″E	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Khabarovsk	2 guyed steel lattice masts, height: 164 m	150	48°30′43.48″N 135°07′02.24″E ; 48°30′48.75″N 135°07′18.15″E	closed
Radio Slovo	Russia	Novosibirsk	?	150	?	closed
279
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Gorno-Altaisk	Omnidirectional antenna, 143m high guyed lattice steel mast	50	51°58′1.12″N 85°54′54.68″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Selenginsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 260 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna (ARRT-antenna)	150	52°02′17.52″N 106°56′25.6″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vestochka near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 258 m high	1000	46°50′35″N 142°53′44″E	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yekaterinburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 256 m height, fed at the top	150	56°53′22.46″N 60°41′30.22″E	closed
	BR Pershy Kanal/BR Radyjo Stalitsa	Belarus	Sasnovy	353.5 metres tall guyed mast	500	53°24′31″N 28°31′57″E	closed
	TR1 Watan Radio	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat	Cable-stayed steel truss mast	150	37°51′14.89″N 58°21′57.99″E	inactive
	MusicMann 279	United Kingdom	Isle of Man	Crossed field			never launched

See also

• Low frequency: for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz)
• Electromagnetic spectrum: Very low frequency, Shortwave, Ground wave, Skywave, Medium wave
• Radio broadcasting: AM broadcasting, BBC Radio 4, BBC Light Programme, Radio clock, Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française, Warsaw radio mast, Digital Radio Mondiale, International broadcasting,
• Shipping: Global navigation satellite system, Navigation, Shipping Forecast
• Lists: Index of wave articles
• Other: 1 kilometre, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fail-safe, WGU-20

Notes

1. Wave length and frequency are inversely related, with lower frequencies corresponding to longer wavelengths; 300 kHz corresponds to 1,000 m.

References

1. Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). "1000+meters&q=longwave#v=snippet&q=longwave&f=false Modern Dictionary of Electronics, 7th Ed. US: Newnes. p. 23. ISBN 0750698667.
2. "long wave". Macmillan Online Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
3. "long wave". Cambridge Online Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Cambridge.org.
4. Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics (7th ed.). Newnes. p. 437. ISBN 0750698667.
5. "About LWCA". Longwave Club of America. Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
6. Barun Roy (September 2009). Enter The World of Mass Media. Pustak Mahal. p. 21. ISBN 81-223-1080-X.
7. Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58. ISBN 0471743682.
8. Alan Melia, G3NYK. "Understanding LF Propagation". Radcom. Bedford, UK: Radio Society of Great Britain. 85 (9): 32.
9. SAQ Transmission. Archived 7 April 2015 at Wikiwix Radiostation Grimeton SAQ. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
10. Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz. Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine ITU-R Recommendation P.368-9
11. Guide to Broadcasting Stations (17th ed.). Butterworth. 1973. p. 18. ISBN 0-592-00081-8.
12. "Russia says 'So long, long-wave'". 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
13. http://www.classaxe.com/dx/ndb/rww/stats#top Archived 16 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
14. de:Langwellenrundfunk
15. World Radio TV Handbook
16. "MWLIST quick and easy: Europe, Africa and Middle East". www.mwlist.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
17. "MWLIST quick and easy: Asia and Pacific". www.mwlist.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
18. "Ulan Bator Longwave Transmission Mast (Ulan Bator) – Structurae". Structurae. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
19. Lonergan, Aidan. "RTÉ Longwave 252 to stay until closure by June 2019 – with digital replacement planned – The Irish Post". irishpost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
20. Longwave Radio to continue for the benefit of Diaspora – Minister Naughton Fine Gael, 25 April 2019.
21. "Wiadomości24 Polska". naszemiasto.pl. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
22. Long Wave Radio Archived 16 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine www.asiawaves.net

External links

• Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page.
• The Medium Wave Circle – The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts
• Medium Wave News – Published regularly since 1954
• Euro-African Medium Wave Guide
• Longwave Club of America
• How to receive DRM from Kalundborg longwave station
• Reception of long wave and very long wave with ferrite antennas 5–50 kHz
• Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M.; Herold, K. (2000). "8.2 Langwellenrundfunk". Langwelle und Längstwelle (in German). Meckenheim: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 116–131. ISBN 3-89632-043-2.
• Busch, Heinrich (14 November 2001). "Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin LZ127". (German)
• European and Asian Longwave Stations – Medium Wave Radio
• List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites