List of people from Bangor, Maine

The following list includes notable people who were born or have lived in Bangor, Maine.

Architects and engineers

Artists
Artist Waldo Peirce (left), with brother and art-historian Hayford Peirce (right) and wives, before a night at the Bangor Opera in the 1930s
  • Waldo Peirce, painter and bohemian. He was a confidante of Ernest Hemingway and was from a prominent Bangor family.
  • Jeremiah Pearson Hardy (1800–1887), portrait painter. He apprenticed under Samuel Morse, lived and worked in Bangor for most of his career, sustained largely by the patronage of lumber barons.[5] His children Anna Eliza Hardy and Francis Willard Hardy, and sister Mary Ann Hardy, were also part of a 19th-century circle of Bangor painters. Other members of this circle included Florence Whitney Jennison and Isabel Graham Eaton, who was also an author.[6]
  • Walter Franklin Lansil, studied first under Hardy, and then at the Académie Julian in Paris. He established a studio in Boston and became a celebrated landscape and marine artist.
  • Frederic Porter Vinton (1846–1911), left Bangor at age 14 for Boston, where he became that city's most sought-after portrait painter—producing over 300 canvases—and one of the original members of the Boston School. He studied in Munich and with Leon Bonnat in Paris, as well as with William Morris Hunt.
  • Helena Wood Smith (1865–1914), member of the artists' colony at Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, was murdered there by her lover, Japanese photographer George Kodani. She was the sister of novelist Ruel Perley Smith.[7]
  • Echo Eggebrecht, painter from New York, also a Bangor native.

Athletes

Authors
Stephen King's house

Civil servants
  • William Hammatt Davis of Bangor, brother of playwright Owen Davis, served as Chairman of the War Labor Board under Franklin Roosevelt, where his job was keeping industrial peace between management and labor. He was appointed US Economic Stabilizer at the end of the war. He also helped draft the National Labor Relations Act (the Wagner Act) of 1935, which gave labor unions the right to organize.
  • Artemus E. Weatherbee (d. 1995) of Bangor was an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (1959–70) and thereafter U.S. Director of the Asian Development Bank with the rank of Ambassador.
  • Jay Stone of Bangor was Chief Clerk of the War Department in the 1920s.

Clergymen and missionaries
Rev. Jehudi Ashmun, a founder of Liberia
  • The Bangor Theological Seminary produced a number of influential ministers, missionaries, and scholars in the 19th century. The seminary's first professor and director, Jehudi Ashmun later led a group of 32 freed slaves to the American Colonization Society's African colony in Liberia in 1822, and is considered one of the founders of that nation.[18] Cyrus Hamlin, who graduated from the seminary in 1837, was the founder and first president of Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey, and later president of Middlebury College (1880–85) in Vermont.[19] Seminarian Daniel Dole (1808–78) left Bangor in 1839 to establish one of the earliest Protestant missions in Hawaii, and ended up founding a local dynasty. His son Sanford B. Dole led the successful coup d'état against the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, becoming the first and only President of the Republic of Hawaii and, later, the first American territorial governor. Daniel's nephew James Drummond Dole became the "Pineapple King"[20]
  • Father John Bapst (1815–1887) a Swiss-born member of the Jesuit order, was sent to Old Town, Maine in the late 1840s to minister to the Catholic Penobscot tribe. Soon he was conducting a roving ministry to 33 Maine towns, largely as a result of Irish-Catholic immigration. In 1851 he was embroiled in a religious controversy over grammar school education in Ellsworth, Maine, and was brutalized, robbed, and tarred and feathered by a Protestant mob, inspired by the Know-Nothing Party, which was popular in coastal Maine. He fled to Bangor, where a large Irish-Catholic community was gathering, and where members of the local elite presented him with a new watch, his previous one having been stolen in Ellsworth. Bapst stayed in Bangor until 1859, overseeing the construction of the large brick St. John's Catholic Church in 1855.[21] He left in 1860 to become the first rector of Boston College. Later he became superintendent of the Jesuit order in New York and Canada, and died in Baltimore, Maryland. The present John Bapst Memorial High School in Bangor, formerly Catholic but now non-sectarian, is named for him.[22]
  • Bangor Methodist Minister Benjamin Franklin Tefft became president of Genesee College in New York (the nucleus of the later Syracuse University), and, in 1862, U.S. Consul in Stockholm and acting Minister (Ambassador) to Sweden[23] Congregational minister and Bangor Theological Seminary professor John Russell Herrick later became president of Pacific University in Oregon (1880–83), and the University of South Dakota (1885–87). Rev. Charles Carroll Everett, pastor of the Bangor Unitarian Church 1859–69, Tlater became a noted philosopher of religion and dean of the Harvard Divinity School.
  • Rev. Dana W. Bartlett of Bangor moved to Los Angeles in 1896, founded a settlement house (the Bethlehem Institute) and became a major figure in the local progressive and City Beautiful movements. He is an honoree in the California Social Work Hall of Distinction.
  • Bangor-born Edward C. O'Leary was Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Maine in the 1970s-80s.
  • Joseph Osgood Barrett (1823–1898), born in Bangor, was a Universalist minister who became a prominent spiritualist and spirit medium in Illinois and Wisconsin. He was also a lecturer and author of books on spiritualism, and editor of the Chicago-based newspaper The Spiritual Republic. He became known as an advocate of women's rights with the publication of his book Social Freedom; Marriage: As It Is and As It Should Be in 1873.[24]
  • Elisabeth Anthony Dexter was European director of the Unitarian Service Committee during World War II, running a programme in neutral Lisbon, Portugal to assist Jewish refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe.

Defendants and detainees
  • Prescott Freese Dennett of Bangor was one of 30 people indicted for sedition and tried in Washington in 1944. Dennett stood accused of helping a German agent, George Sylvester Viereck, distribute propaganda designed to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe. The case ended in a mistrial.
  • Howard E. Penley of Bangor and Dorchester, Massachusetts, was arrested and arraigned in Bangor on Dec. 23, 1943, for refusing to register for the draft. He was the New England District Secretary of the Socialist Party of America and was opposed to war on political and religious grounds.

Diplomats
Congressman, diplomat, and Hawaiian government official Elisha Hunt Allen with wife Mary
  • Patrick Duddy of Bangor was the U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela in the Bush administration. He was temporarily expelled from the country in 2008 by President Hugo Chávez in a dispute over an alleged American coup plot.
  • Other diplomats who were born or lived in Bangor include Robert Newbegin II, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (1958) and Haiti (1960–61); Charles Stetson Wilson, U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (1921–28); Romania (1928), and Yugoslavia (1933); William P. Snow, U.S. Ambassador to Burma (1959–61) and Paraguay (1961–67); Chester E. Norris, U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (1988–91); Albert G. Jewett, U.S. Chargé d'affaires to Peru (1845–47);Gorham Parks, U.S. Consul in Rio de Janeiro (1845–49); Wyman Bradbury Seavy Moor, U.S. Consul-General to Canada (1857–61); and Aaron Young Jr., U.S. Consul in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (1863–73), who was formerly Maine's State Botanist and Secretary of the Bangor Natural History Society. Hannibal Hamlin, Lincoln's Vice President and Bangor politician, served as U.S. Ambassador to Spain later in his career.
  • While former Maine Governor Edward Kent was U.S. Consul in Rio de Janeiro 1849–53, he lost two of his three children to yellow fever. His wife died the year they returned to Bangor, and his surviving child soon after.
  • Bangor politician Elisha Hunt Allen served as U.S. Consul to the Kingdom of Hawaii 1850–56, and then joined the Hawaiian government as Chancellor and Chief Justice 1857–76. In that capacity he accompanied King Kalakaua on his first and only trip to the United States in 1874. Allen returned to Washington as Ambassador of the Kingdom of Hawaii to the United States, and died on the job during a White House diplomatic reception in 1883. Allen's son, William Fessenden Allen, who was born in Bangor, also served in the government of Hawaii, both before and after the Kingdom became an American territory.

Inventors
John B. Curtis, the inventor of chewing gum
  • Commercial Chewing gum was invented in Bangor in 1848 by John B. Curtis, who marketed his product as "State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum".[25] He later opened a successful gum factory in Portland, Maine. Coincidentally, Bangor-born Frank Barbour, who became a director (and later Chairman of the Board) of the Beech-Nut Packing Company, would launch that company's famous chewing gum line in 1910.
The MOS 6502 Microprocessor, designed by Chuck Peddle in 1975
  • Col. Paul E. Watson of Bangor, chief engineer of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, headed the team that built the army's first long-range radar in 1936–37. This was the radar deployed in Hawaii at the time of the Pearl Harbor Attack. The Army's radar laboratory was named "Watson Laboratories" after his death, and became the kernal of the present USAF Rome Laboratory.[26]
  • Chuck Peddle, who developed the MOS 6502 microprocessor in 1975, was born in Bangor in 1937.
  • Bangor-born Melville Sewell Bagley invented an aperitif named Hesperidina, using the peels of bitter oranges, which became the national liquor of Argentina. It is still produced, with his image on every bottle.

Journalists
  • Margherita Arlina Hamm, spent part of her childhood in Bangor, was a pioneering female journalist who covered the Sino-Japanese War and Spanish–American War for New York newspapers, sometimes from the front lines. She was also a prolific author of popular non-fiction books. A suffragette, she was nonetheless a defender of American imperialism, chairing the pro-war "Woman's Congress of Patriotism and Independence" and writing an heroic biography of Admiral George Dewey.[27]
  • Ralph W. 'Bud' Leavitt Jr. longtime columnist and editor for The Bangor Daily News. Born in Old Town, Maine, Leavitt became a cub reporter at The Bangor Daily Commercial at age 17 in 1934. Following the Second World War, Leavitt signed on with The News, where he filed, during the course of his career, 13,104 columns devoted to the outdoors, and where he served for many years as executive sports editor. Leavitt also hosted two long-running TV shows about the outdoors on Maine television.
  • Kate Snow, born in Bangor on June 10, 1969.

Judges

Physicians and nurses
  • Elliott Carr Cutler (1888–1947), son of a Bangor lumber merchant,[28] became Chairman of the Dept. of Surgery at Harvard Medical School and a pioneer in cardiac surgery, inventing a number of important techniques and publishing over 200 papers. He was elected President of the American Surgical Association, and later became surgeon-in-chief at Brigham Hospital in Boston. During the Second World War he was Chief Surgical Consultant in the European Theatre of Operations with the rank of Brigadier General. Another Bangor-born Harvard Medical School professor, Frederick T. Lord, was a pioneer in the use of serum to treat pneumonia, and was elected President of the American Association of Thoracic Surgery.
  • Charlotte Blake Brown (1846–1904), pioneering female physician who co-founded what became Children's Hospital of San Francisco in 1878, with an all-female staff and board of directors. In 1880 she also founded the first nursing school in the American West. Children's Hospital merged with another institution to become California Pacific Medical Center in 1991.
  • Harrison J. Hunt, surgeon on the Crocker Land Expedition to the Arctic in 1913–1917, and the first to return to civilization with news of his fellow explorers, who had been trapped in the ice for four years. Hunt escaped after a grueling four-month dog-sled journey accompanied by six Inuit. He spent the rest of his career working at the Eastern Maine Hospital in Bangor, and authored the book North to the Horizon: Arctic Doctor and Hunter, 1913–1917 (Camden, Me: 1930). He is credited with finding the major biological specimens returned by the expedition—eggs of the red knot, which established its migration pattern between Europe and northern Greenland.[29]
  • Mabel Sine Wadsworth (1910–2006), birth control activist[30]
  • Georgia Nevins (1864-1957), nurse, nurse educator, hospital administrator, American Red Cross leader, born in Bangor.

Politicians

Scholars
See also: § Clergymen and missionaries, and § Physicians
  • The "Father of American Sociology", Albion Woodbury Small, attended grade-school in Bangor. He was the first American professor of sociology, founder of the first dept. of sociology (at the University of Chicago), edited the discipline's first American journal, and was President of the American Sociological Society (1912–13).[31]
  • Edith Lesley, founder of Lesley University in Massachusetts, grew up in Bangor.
  • University of Maine psychologist Doris Twitchell Allen (1901–2002), born in nearby Old Town, and practiced at the Bangor Mental Health Institute in the 1970s, founded the Children's International Summer Villages. She was also President of the International Council of Psychologists.[32]
  • John Irwin Hutchinson (1867–1935), became a noted Professor of Mathematics at Cornell University, and Vice President of the American Mathematical Society.
  • Robert Winslow Gordon, became the first Director of the Archives of the American Folk Song at the Library of Congress. In the 1910s–1930s he was arguably the leading authority on this genre of music, personally recorded nearly a thousand folk songs and transcribing the lyrics of 10,000 more.
  • William D. Williamson, a Brown University-educated Bangor lawyer who became the second Governor of Maine, was also the state's first historian, producing a two-volume History of the State of Maine as early as 1832. It remained the standard reference throughout the 19th century.[33]
  • Bangor-born Egyptologist Sarah Parcak of the University of Alabama uses satellite imaging. An earlier archaeologist from Bangor, Henry Williamson Haynes, also did field-work in Egypt.
  • Winfield Scott Chaplin (b. 1847) grew up in Bangor, became professor of civil engineering at the Imperial University (now Tokyo University) in Japan, and was awarded the Imperial Order of Meiji. He was later appointed Dean of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, and eventually Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis[34]
  • Edwin Young, who graduated from Bangor High School in 1935, became dean of the College of Letters and Science at the University of Wisconsin and president of the University of Maine. He was an economist and expert on international labor relations.[35]
  • Ella Boyce Kirk (d. 1930) became Superintendent of Schools in Pittsburgh, one of the first women to hold that office in an American city.
  • Harris Hawthorne Wilder (1864–1928), zoologist; born in Bangor

Show business people

Singers, musicians and songwriters
Singer-songwriter Howie Day
  • Singer-songwriter Howie Day, recorded the hit "Collide", was born in Bangor, and got his start playing local clubs.
  • Country singer Dick Curless, recorded the 1965 hit Tombstone Every Mile, also lived there.
  • George Frederick Root (1820–95), noted American Civil War era composer of songs such as The Battle Cry of Freedom, lived in Bangor before becoming a successful music publisher in Chicago.
  • R. B. Hall, conductor of the Bangor Band, became an internationally famous composer of marches. His 'Death or Glory' remains a march classic in the UK and Commonwealth counties.
  • The celebrated composer (and collector of folk songs) Norman Cazden, victim of McCarthyism in the 1950s, taught at the nearby University of Maine from 1969 and died in Bangor in 1980
  • Berlin-born Werner Torkanowsky, director of the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra, came to Bangor in 1981 to direct the Bangor Symphony and did so until his death in 1992.
  • Kay Gardner (1941–2002), flutist and pioneering composer of 'healing music' lived and died in Bangor.

Soldiers and sailors
Charles Boutelle
  • Maj. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain, hero of the Battle of Gettysburg who also accepted the surrender of General Lee's Army at Appomattox, was born in the neighboring city of Brewer but studied at the Bangor Theological Seminary. The bridge connecting the two cities is named for him. Chamberlain, a professor at Bowdoin College when the war began, and later its president, could read seven foreign languages. He was also elected Governor of Maine, as was another Civil War general from Bangor, Harris Merrill Plaisted. Cyrus Hamlin, who commanded a regiment of African-American troops, and Charles Hamlin, both sons of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, also became generals in the Civil War. Other Bangorians who achieved a general's rank in the same conflict included Edward Hatch, who commanded the cavalry division of Grant's Army of the Tennessee; Charles W. Roberts; George Varney; John F. Appleton and Daniel White. Col. Daniel Chaplin, who died in battle, was posthumously made a Maj. General. Brig. Gen. George Foster Shepley became the military governor of Louisiana, and later of Richmond, Virginia, the former Confederate capitol.
  • Naval Lt. Charles A. Boutelle, accepted the surrender of the Confederate fleet after the Battle of Mobile Bay, where he commanded an ironclad. Another Bangor sailor, Thomas Taylor received the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery in the same battle. Boutelle became a long-serving U.S. Congressman and proponent of American naval power. Boutelle Ave. in Bangor is named for him.
  • Vice Adm. Carl Frederick Holden, began World War II as executive officer of the battleship USS Pennsylvania during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He became the first captain of the battleship USS New Jersey, and ended the war as a Rear Adm. commanding Cruiser Division Pacific. He was on the deck of the USS Missouri to witness the Japanese surrender in 1945.
  • Lt. Gen. Donald Norton Yates, helped select June 6, 1944 as the date for D-Day, the Allied invasion of Europe, in his capacity as chief meteorologist on General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff. He chose well—it turned out to be the only day that month the invasion could have been successfully launched—and was subsequently decorated by three governments. He went on to become the chief meteorologist of the U.S. Air Force, Commander of the Air Force Missile Test Center at Patrick Air Force Base in Florida, and retired as Deputy Director of Defence Research and Engineering in the Pentagon.[46]
  • Maj. Gen. Elmer P. Yates, early proponent of nuclear power in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Other Bangorians who have risen to flag rank in the armed services include Lt. Gen. Walter F. Ulmer, former Commandant of Cadets at West Point and commander of the III Corps and Fort Hood; Rear Adm. George Adams Bright, surgeon and Medical Director of the Naval Hospital in Washington, D.C.
  • Molly Kool (1916–2009), first registered female sea captain in North America, spent the last years of her life in Bangor.

Statesmen
Cohen and President Clinton at The Pentagon, September 1997.
See also: § Diplomats, § Civil servants, and § Politicos

Other
  • Bettina Brown Gorton, wife of Australian Prime Minister Sir John Gorton (who served 1968–71) was from Bangor and graduated from Bangor High School. She was the only wife of an Australian Prime Minister to have been foreign-born until Annita van Iersel, wife of Paul Keating (who served 1991–96). She became Lady Gorton when her husband was knighted in 1977
  • Beer baroness and conservative political donor Holland "Holly" Hanson Coors (1920–2009), was born in Bangor. The ex-wife of Joseph Coors, Colorado brewer and founder of the Heritage Foundation, Holly Coors sat on that organization's board of trustees.
  • Corelli C. W. Simpson (1837 – ?), American poet, cookbook author, painter; opened the first kindgergarten in Bangor
gollark: Krist is a magic currency in the interwebs.
gollark: Computers are simply magic blinky boxes.
gollark: Let us resolve to complexicate all of our communications.
gollark: PotatOS.
gollark: Please note that it is not hydraz verified.

References
  1. James H. Mundy and Earle G. Shettleworth, The Flight of the Grand Eagle: Charles G. Bryant, Architect and Adventurer (Augusta: Maine Historic Preservation Commission, 1977).
  2. Deborah Thompson, Bangor, Maine, 1769–1914: An Architectural History (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1988).
  3. Edward Austin Kent in Buffalo New York Archived 2004-12-24 at Archive.today, by Bill Parke. Accessed Feb. 5, 2008.
  4. Francis Hector Clergue: The Personality Archived 2005-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 29, 2008.
  5. Matthew Baigell, Dictionary of American Artists and Peter Falk, Who was Who in American Art.
  6. Diane Vastne and Pauline Kaiser, eds., The Hardy Connection: Bangor Women Artists, 1830–1960 (Bangor: Bangor Historical Society, 1992).
  7. "Artist Reported Murdered was a Former Bangor Girl", Lewiston Daily Sun, Aug. 24, 1914.
  8. New York Times, Jan. 8, 1995, Section 8, p. 6; ibid, Aug. 21, 1994, Section 8, p. 4.
  9. "Cahners, Norman : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. June 5, 1914. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  10. New York Times obituary of Norman L. Cahners, March 18, 1986.
  11. "Bangor woman in upcoming 'The Ultimate Fighter' series". BangorDailyNews.com. September 8, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  12. Joel Myerson, "A Calendar of Transcendental Club Meetings" American Literature 44:2 (May 1972).
  13. Maine Writer's Index, Owen Davis, retrieved 14 January 2008.
  14. New York Times, May 6, 1989.
  15. Edmund Pearson, Dime Novels: Or, Following an Old Trail in Popular Literature (Boston: Little Brown, 1929); New York Times, Aug. 23, 1902, BR8, "The Spiritual Massage" and ibid, "Books and Men", July 26, 1902, p. BR12 (summarizes extensive interview with Sawyer published in The Bookman, v. 15, no. 6, Aug. 1902); Eugene T. Sawyer, History of Santa Clara County, California (Historic Record Co., 1922), p. 372.
  16. New York Times obit, July 31, 1937, p. 15.
  17. Obit of Mabel Blodgett, Berkshire (Mass.) Eagle, June 8, 1959, p. 19.
  18. Frederick Freeman, A Plea for Africa (1837), p. 226; American Education Society, American Quarterly Register (1842), pp. 29-30.
  19. Carl Max Kartepeter, The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire (Istanbul, 1991) pp. 229-246.
  20. Paul T. Burlin, Imperial Maine and Hawaii: Interpretive Essays in the History of 19th-Century American Expansionism (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2006).
  21. "St. John's Church: A History and Appreciation". Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  22. John Bapst (Johannes Bapst) Catholic Encyclopedia, Retrieved June 20, 2008.
  23. Benjamin Franklin Tefft Archived 2010-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Obituary. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  24. John B. Buescher, The Other Side of Salvation: Spiritualism and the 19th Century Religious Experience (Boston: Skinner House, 2004).
  25. Gorton Carruth, The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates (Crowell, 1956) p. 223.
  26. Development of Radar SCR-270 Archived January 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Arthur L. Vieweger & Albert S. White. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  27. Wayne Reilly, "What's a Woman to Do?" Bangor Daily News, Mar. 1, 2008.
  28. His father was George Chalmers Cutler and his brother, Robert Cutler, the first U.S. National Security Advisor (see Robert Cutler, No Time for Rest [Boston: Little Brown, 1966], pp. 1–18). For his connection to the Carr family of Bangor see Francis Carr.
  29. New York Times, June 21, 1917, p. 6; Pittsburgh Press, September 23, 1917.
  30. "Mabel (Sine) Wadsworth". Bangor Daily News. September 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  31. Thomas W. Goodspeed, "Albion Woodbury Small", The American Journal of Sociology 32:1 (July 1926).
  32. Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie and Joy Dorothy Harvey, Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science (Taylor & Francis, 2000), p. 25.
  33. William D. Williamson, History of the State of Maine (Hallowell Me., 1832).
  34. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans: Volume II (1904).
  35. Bennington Banner (Vt), September 16, 1965, p. 2.
  36. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  37. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  38. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  39. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  40. New York Times obit., Aug. 11, 1909, p. 7: Aug. 13, 1909, p. 7; Deseret News, Jan. 25, 1901, p. 4.
  41. Obit., New York Times, Oct. 24, 1917.
  42. "E.A. Eberle Theatre Credits". Broadwayworld.com. October 23, 1917. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  43. Des Moines Leader, Oct. 18, 1901, p. 5.
  44. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  45. List of people from Bangor, Maine on IMDb Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  46. Air Force Link Biographies: Donald Norton Yates Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  47. Bernard S. Katz et al., Biographical Dictionaries of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, p. 13.
  48. Progressive Men of Minnesota (Minneapolis, 1897), p. 33.
  49. History of the Arkansas Valley, Colorado (Chicago, 1881), p. 324.
  50. Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "Spiritualist Politicians". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
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