List of caliphs

This is a list of people who have held the title of Caliph, the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, as the political successors to Muhammad. All years are according to the Common Era.

Khalīfah (Caliph)
خَليفة
Calligraphic of Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq, the first caliph
StyleAmir al-Mu'minin
Residenceal-Madīnah al-Munawwarah (Medina)
al-Kūfah (Kufa)
Dimashq (Damascus)
Baġdād (Baghdad)
Sāmarra (Samarra)
Qāhirah (Cairo)
Qustantiniyyeh (Constantinople) or Istanbul
Formation8 June 632
First holderAbu Bakr
Final holderAbdulmejid II
Abolished3 March 1924

Background
Main article: Succession to Muhammad

After the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632, a succession crisis arose as Muhammad had not left a generally acknowledged heir. The Ansar (natives of Medina) gathered to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves. Abu Bakr, a prominent companion of Muhammad, addressed that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension in the community. He presented Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah to the Ansar as potential choices. Another suggestion was that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. Eventually, Umar swore his own allegiance to Abu Bakr, citing his prominence among the companions. Others soon followed, accepting Abu Bakr near-universally as the first Caliph of Islam.

Abu Bakr and the three caliphs following him are regarded as the Rashidun Caliphs (or rightly-guided caliphs) by the adherents of Sunni Islam. Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed. Umar, the second caliph, was assassinated by a Persian named Piruz Nahavandi. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors (majlis). Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Ali then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, headed by Muawiyah, who wanted revenge for Uthman's murder. This culminated into the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war. Ali was assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Khawarij. His son, Hasan ibn Ali abdicated in favor of Muawiyah, who transformed the caliphate into a hereditary office, thus founding the Umayyad dynasty.

Ecumenical caliphates

Rashidun Caliphate (8 June 632 – 29 January 661)
Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate
# Calligraphic/Coin Name (and titles) Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Relationship with Muhammad Parents House Notes
1 Abū Bakr
(أبو بكر)
Aṣ-Ṣiddīq		 573 8 June 632 (03-13-11 AH) 22 August 634
  • Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife
 Banu Taim
  • Approximately the fourth person to accept Islam after the beginning of Muhammad's prophethood
  • Launched the Ridda Wars in 632
2 ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab
(عمر بن الخطاب)
Al-Farooq		 584 23 August 634 (06-22-13 AH) 3 November 644
(assassinated)
  • Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife
 Banu Adi
  • Became a Muslim in approximately the sixth year of Muhammad's prophethood
3 'Uthman ibn 'Affan
(عثمان بن عفان)
Dhun Nurayn		 579 11 November 644 (01-05-24 AH) 20 June 656
(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house)		 Banu Ummaya
4 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
(علي بن أبي طالب)
Amir al-Mu'minin
Haydar
Abu Turab
Al-Murtaza		 15 September 601 20 June 656 (12-21-35 AH) 29 January 661
(assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa)
  • Muhammad's first cousin
  • Husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah
  • Husband of Umamah bint Zainab, Muhammad's granddaughter
  • All modern descendants of Muhammad are through Ali
 Banu Hashim
  • Born in the Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam
  • First male to openly accept Islam
  • Considered the first successor to Muhammad by Shia Muslims

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

# Calligraphic Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) Parents House Notes
5 Ḥasan ibn ʿAli
(الحسن بن علي)
Ahl al-Bayt
Al-Mujtaba[1]		 624 661 (six or seven months) 670
  • Grandson of Muhammad
  • Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Banu Hashim
  • Considered the second successor to Muhammad by Shia Muslims
  • Abdicated for Mu'awiyah
  • Also known as the 5th Rashidun Caliph

Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 6 August 750)
Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
# Coin/Portrait Name (and titles) Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) Parents Notes
6 Mu'awiyah I
(معاوية)		 602 661 29 April or 1 May 680
  • Half-brother of Ramla bint Abu Sufyan, Muhammad's wife
  • Worked as one of at least 29 scribes during the time of Muhammad
  • Became Governor of Syria during the reign of Umar
7 Yazid I
(يزيد)
 647 680 11 November 683
8 Mu'awiyah II
(معاوية الثاني)		 664 November 683 684
  • Last Ummayad Caliph from Sufyanid line
  • Died without children
9 Marwan I
(مروان بن الحکم)		 623–626 684 7 May 685
  • Hakam ibn Abi al-'As
  • Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan (the "Sufyanids") to those of Hakam (the "Marwanids"), both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named)
10 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
(عبد الملك بن مروان)		 646 685 8 October 705
  • Marwan I, Ummayad Caliph
  • 'Aisha bint Muawiya ibn Al-Mughira
11 Al-Walid I
(الوليد الأول)		 668 October 705 23 February 715
12 Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik
(سلیمان بن عبدالملک)		 674 February 715 22 September 717
13 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
(عمر بن عبد العزيز)		 2 November 682 September 717 February 720
  • Grandson of Marwan I
  • First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik
  • Great-grandson of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab from female-line
  • Widely known as the 5th Rashidun Caliph
  • Some refers him as the Sixth Rashidun Caliph counting the 5th Rashidun Hassan Ibn Ali
14 Yazid II
(يزيد الثاني)		 687 10 February 720 26 January 724
15 Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik
(هشام بن عبد الملك)		 691 26 January 724 6 February 743
16 Al-Walid II
(الوليد الثاني)		 709 6 February 743 17 April 744 (assassinated)
  • Son of Yazid II
  • Nephew of Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik
17 Yazid III
(يزيد الثالث)		 701 17 April 744 3/4 October 744
18 Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
(ابراهيم ابن الوليد)		 744 (few weeks) 25 January 750
(executed)
19 Marwan II
(مروان بن محمد)		 691 744 6 August 750
(killed)
  • Grandson of Marwan I

Abbasid Caliphate (25 January 750 – 20 February 1258)
Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Umayyad-ruled Iberian Peninsula from 756).[2][3]

# Image/Coin Regnal name Personal name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents Notes
20 As-Sāffaḥ 'Abdallah Abul-'Abbās 721 750 10 June 754
21 Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah 714 10 June 754 775
  • Remembered for killing Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a descendant of Muhammad , the sixth Shia Imam and a major figure in Sunni jurisprudence[4]
22 Al-Mahdi Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad 744/745 775 4 August 785
  • Named al-Mahdi by al-Mansur in order to turn the attention of his subjects from the ‘Alid family toward the family of 'Abbas[5]
23 Al-Hadi Abu Muhammad Musa 764 August 785 14 September 786
24 Al-Rashid Harun 763/766 14 September 786 24 March 809
25 Al-Amin Muhammad 787 March 809 24/25 September 813
26 Al-Ma'mun Abu Jaʿfar 'Abdallah 13/14 September 786 September 813 9 August 833
27 Al-Mu'tasim Abū Ishaq Muhammad October 796 9 August 833 5 January 842
28 Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 811–813 5 January 842 10 August 847
29 Al-Mutawakkil Ja'far February/March 822 10 August 847 11 December 861
(assassinated)
30 Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad November 837 861 7 or 8 June 862
31 Al-Musta'in Ahmad 836 862 866 (executed)
32 Al-Mu'tazz – 847 866 869
33 Al-Muhtadi Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad 869 21 June 870
34 Al-Mu'tamid Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad 842 21 June 870 15 October 892
35 Al-Mu'tadid Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad 854/861 October 892 5 April 902
36 Al-Muktafi Abu Ahmad ʿAlî 877/878 5 April 902 13 August 908
37 Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 13 August 908 929 31 October 932
(killed)
  • Title caliph also claimed by al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimids in 909
38 Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 929 950
(37) Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 929 31 October 932
(killed)
  • Title caliph also claimed by 'Abd ar-Rahman III of Córdoba on 16 January 929
(38) Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 31 October 932 934 950
39 Ar-Radi Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad December 909 934 23 December 940
40 Al-Muttaqi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 908 940 944 July 968
  • Beginning of the later Abbasid period
41 Al-Mustakfi 'Abdallah 905 September 944 January 946 September/October 949
42 Al-Muti Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl 914 January 946 974
43 At-Ta'i – 932 974 991 3 August 1003
44 Al-Qadir – 947 1 November 991 29 November 1031
45 Al-Qa'im – 1001 29 November 1031 2 April 1075
46 Al-Muqtadi – 1056 2 April 1075 February 1094
  • Muhammad, son of Al-Qa'im, Abbasid Caliph
  • Urjuman, Armenian concubine
47 Al-Mustazhir – April/May 1078 February 1094 6 August 1118
48 Al-Mustarshid – April/May 1092 6 August 1118 29 August 1135
49 Ar-Rashid – 1109 29 August 1135 1136 6 June 1138
(killed by Hashshashins)
50 Al-Muqtafi – 9 March 1096 1136 12 March 1160
51 Al-Mustanjid – 1124 12 March 1160 20 December 1170
52 Al-Mustadi Hassan 1142 20 December 1170 30 March 1180
53 An-Nasir – 6 August 1158 2 March 1180 4 October 1225
54 Az-Zahir – 1176 5 October 1225 11 July 1226
55 Al-Mustansir Abû Ja`far 17 February 1192 11 July 1226 2 December 1242
56 Al-Musta'sim – 1213 2 December 1242 20 February 1258
  • Last Abbasid Caliph
Interregnum

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan.

Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261 – 1517)

Caliphs of Cairo (13 June 1261 – 22 January 1517)

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.[6][7]

# Regnal name Personal name Reign Parents Notes
57 Al-Mustansir Abu al-Qasim Ahmad 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261
  • Installed as Caliph in Cairo, Egypt by the Mamluk Sultans in 1261
  • Title caliph also claimed by Al Hakim I who was installed as caliph by ruler of Aleppo
58 Al-Hakim I Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302
  • Abu 'Ali al-Hasan
  • Great-grandson of Al-Mustarshid
  • Installed as caliph by ruler of Aleppo in 1261
  • Proclaimed as caliph by Mamluk Sultan after Al-Mustansir II died
59 Al-Mustakfi I Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman 20 January 1302 – February 1340
  • Al-Hakim I
60 Al-Wathiq I Abu Ishaq Ibrahim February 1340 – 17 June 1341
  • Muhammad, son of Al-Hakim I
61 Al-Hakim II Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad 1341 – 1352
  • Al-Mustakfi I
62 Al-Mu'tadid I Abu Bakr 1352 – 1362
  • Al-Mustakfi I
63 Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1362 – 1377
64 Al-Mus'tasim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1377
(63) Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1377 – 1383
65 Al-Wathiq II 'Umar September 1383 – 13 November 1386
(64) Al-Mus'tasim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1386 – 1389
(63) Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1389 – 9 January 1406
66 Al-Musta'in Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414
  • Became Sultan of Egypt from 7 May 1412 until 6 November 1412
67 Al-Mu'tadid II Abu al-Fath Dawud 1414 – 1441
68 Al-Mustakfi II Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman 1441 – 29 January 1451
69 Al-Qa'im Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah 1451 – 1455
70 Al-Mustanjid Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf 1455 – 7 April 1479
71 Al-Mutawakkil II Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497
72 Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1497 – 1508
73 Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1508 – 1516
(72) Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1516 – 1517
(73) Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1517

Ottoman Caliphate (1517 – 3 March 1924)
Main article: Ottoman Caliphate

The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[8][9] Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.[10]

# Portrait Tughra Name Reign Parents Notes
74 Selim I 1517 – 21 September 1520
  • Reigned until his death.[11]
75 Suleiman I 30 September 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566
  • Reigned until his death.[12]
76 Selim II 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574
  • Reigned until his death.[13]
77 Murad III 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
  • Reigned until his death.[14]
78 Mehmed III 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603
  • Reigned until his death.[15]
79 Ahmed I 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617
  • Reigned until his death.[16]
80 Mustafa I 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618
81 Osman II 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622
  • Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622;
  • Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Paşa (Black Da'ud Pasha) from compression of his testicles.[18]
(80) Mustafa I 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623
82 Murad IV 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640
  • Reigned until his death.[19]
83 Ibrahim 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648
  • Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam;
  • Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648[20] at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).
84 Mehmed IV 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687
85 Suleiman II 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691
  • Reigned until his death.[22]
86 Ahmed II 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695
  • Reigned until his death.[23]
87 Mustafa II 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
  • Deposed on 22 August 1703 by reason of the Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event;
  • Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.[24]
88 Ahmed III 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730
89 Mahmud I 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754
  • Reigned until his death.[26]
90 Osman III 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757
  • Reigned until his death.[27]
91 Mustafa III 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774
  • Reigned until his death.[28]
92 Abdul Hamid I 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789
  • Reigned until his death.[29]
93 Selim III 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
94 Mustafa IV 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808
95 Mahmud II 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
  • Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Event in 1826;
  • Reigned until his death.[32]
96 Abdulmejid I 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
  • Proclaimed the Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane (Tanzimât Fermânı) that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Great Mustafa Rashid Pasha;
  • Accepted the Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) (Islâhat Fermânı) on 18 February 1856;
  • Reigned until his death.[33]
97 Abdulaziz 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
  • Deposed by his ministers;
  • Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.[34]
98 Murad V 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876
  • Deposed due to his efforts to implement democratic reforms in the empire;
  • Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.[35]
99 Abdul Hamid II 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909
  • Reluctantly allowed the First Constitutional Era on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it and reverted to personal rule on 13 February 1878;
  • Forced to restore the Second Constitutional Era on 3 July 1908;
  • Deposed after the 31 March Incident (on 13 April 1909);
  • Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.[36]
100 Mehmed V 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
  • Reigned as a figurehead of Mehmed Talât, İsmail Enver, and Ahmed Cemal (Djemal) Pashas until his death.[37]
101 Mehmed VI 4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922
  • Sultanate abolished;
  • Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922;
  • Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.[38]
102 —
[c]		 Abdulmejid II 18 November 1922 – 3 March 1924

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

Non-ecumenical caliphates

Caliphates not accepted as legitimate by the majority of Muslims.

Ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)
Silver dirham of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca but was defeated and killed there in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[42]

Ummayad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Main article: Caliphate of Córdoba

(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)[43][44]

Name Reign Parents Notes
Abd-ar-Rahman III 929–961
Al-Hakam II 961–976
  • Abd-ar-Rahman III
  • Murjan
Hisham II al-Hakam 976–1009
Muhammad II 1009
  • Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Muzna
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1009–1010
  • Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Thabiya
Hisham II al-Hakam 1010–1013
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1013–1016
  • Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Thabiya
Abd ar-Rahman IV 1021–1022
  • Mohammed, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Abd ar-Rahman V 1022–1023
  • Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Ghala
Muhammad III 1023–1024
  • Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Hawra
Hisham III 1027–1031
  • Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • 'Ateb

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
Main articles: Fatimid Caliphate and List of caliphs of the Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate

(The Fatimids were Isma'ili Shia who claimed to be descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and were seen as heretics by Sunnis. Their claims to a caliphate are also not recognized by the Muslim Ummah as a legitimate successor of the title of Caliph passed down from Muhammad , as no legitimate proof existed they were descendant from Fatimah).[45][46]

Name Reign Parents Notes
Al-Mahdi Billah 909–934
  • Descendant of Fatimah, youngest daughter of Muhammad
  • Founder of the Fatimid dynasty
Al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah 934–946
  • Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah
Al-Mansur Billah 946–953
Al-Muizz Lideenillah 953–975 Egypt is conquered during his reign
Al-Aziz Billah 975–996
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 996–1021
Ali az-Zahir 1021–1036
Al-Mustansir Billah 1036–1094
Al-Musta'li 1094–1101 Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split
Al-Amir 1101–1130 The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali Taiyabi Isma'ilis
Al-Hafiz 1130–1149
Al-Zafir 1149–1154
Al-Faiz 1154–1160
Al-Azid 1160–1171

Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)
Main article: Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad dynasty at its greatest extent (c. 1200)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)[47][48]

Name Reign Notes
Abd al-Mu'min 1145–1163
Abu Yaqub Yusuf I 1163–1184
Yaqub al-Mansur 1184–1199
Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
Abd al-Wahid I 1224
Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
Yahya 1227–1235
Idris I 1227–1232
Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
Ali 1242–1248
Umar 1248–1266
Idris II 1266–1269

Indian caliphates

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates were clearly to have appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.[49][50][51][52]

Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
Main article: Sokoto Caliphate
The Sokoto Caliphate (pink) at its greatest extent (c. 1800)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

Bornu and Songhai Empires
Main articles: Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire
The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)
Songhai Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1500)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.[53]

Non-ecumenical caliphates declared after 1900

Since the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, there has been no single recognized, "ecumenical" caliphate.

Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)
Main article: Sharifian Caliphate
Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.[54] Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted however, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud due to his lack of support for Shari'ah. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931. Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali.

The Return of The Islamic Caliphate (2014–present)

On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State declared the return of the islamic caliphate and its first caliph was Amirul-mu'minin Abu Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad Al-Badri Al-Husaini Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi As-sammera'i al-Baghdadi[55][56] and the caliphate contained more than 12-million-people territory in Wilayat Al-'iraq and Wilyat Ash-sham and Alot more in Wilayat gharb Ifriqiyyah(the state of West Africa) and Wilayat Sharq Asia(The State of North Asia) and Wilayat Khorasan and Wilayat wasat Ifriqiyyah(The State of Central of Africa) and Wilayat Al-Yaman(The State of Yemen) and Wilayat Sina'(The State of Sinai)[57] under control of Islamic State.[58]

On 7 March 2015, Abu-bakr Al-Shekau pledged allegiance to The Islamic State via an official audio message[59][60] Afterwards, Boko Haram assumed the name "Wilāyat Gharb Ifriqiyyah" (Arabic: ولاية غرب إفريقية‎, "West Africa Province") or "Islamic State of West Africa" (ISWAP).[61]

However, on the 10th of April, 2018, during a rally headlined by U.S. President Donald Trump in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate in Elkhart, Indiana, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming “ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."[62]

# Caliph Date of birth Reigned From Reigned until
1 Abu-Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad bin Ibrahim bin Ali bin Muhammad Al-Badri Al-Husaini Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi As-sammera'i al-Baghdadi 28 July 1971 29 June 2014 27 October 2019
2 Abu-Ibrahim Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi October 1976 31 October 2019 Present
  • Islamic Caliphate's Flag Called "Al-'okab" (Black Standard).
  • The greatest extent of Wilāyat Gharb Ifriqiyyah(in January 2015)
  • The Islamic Caliphate Territory in The two States of Iraq and Levent

Non-political

Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)[nb 1]
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.

Khalīfatul Masīh (Arabic: خليفة المسيح‎; Urdu: خلیفہ المسیح‎; English: Successor of the Messiah) or Khalifa of Ahmadiya Community [66] sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor) is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian who had claimed to be the Mahdi and Messiah in their community. The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of the Ahmadiyya Community as Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Faithful). The fifth and current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad. The first caliph was in 34th direct lineal male descent of Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab; the second caliph was in 41th direct lineal male descent of Husayn ibn Ali and thus his followers.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Community from Qadian which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of Pakistan. From this time on the headquarters remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.[67]

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See also

Notes
  1. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam. The Sunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;[63][64][65] see also Persecution of Ahmadis on this topic.

References
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  58. Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group. Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
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Bibliography
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