Census in Australia

The Census in Australia, officially the Census of Population and Housing, is the national census in Australia that occurs every five years.[1] The census collects key demographic, social and economic data from all people in Australia on census night, including overseas visitors and residents of Australian external territories, only excluding foreign diplomats.[2] The census is the largest and most significant statistical event in Australia and is run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).[3] Every person must complete the census, although some personal questions are not compulsory.[4] The penalty for failing to complete the census after being directed to by the Australian Statistician is one federal penalty unit, or A$220.[5] The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975 and Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorise the ABS to collect, store, and share anonymised data.[6]

Census of Population and Housing
ABS House, the headquarters for the Australian Bureau of Statistics
General information
CountryAustralia
Date taken9 August 2016 (2016-08-09)
Total population23,401,892
Most populous regionNew South Wales (7,480,228)
Least populous regionJervis Bay Territory (391)
Websiteabs.gov.au/census

The most recent census was held on 9 August 2016, with the data released on 2 July 2017.[7][3] The next census will be August 2021, with the census test being held on 27 October 2020 with 100,000 households in Sydney, Adelaide, Darwin and Canberra, as well as Karratha, Warrnambool and surrounds.[8] The first Australian census was held on 2 April 1911.[9]

Geographical divisions

The census, like all ABS data, is collected and published in geographical divisions as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). The ASGS was released in 2011, replacing the former Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The Standard is reviewed and updated every five years to align with the census. The ABS also releases data divided into areas not managed by the Bureau, such as postcodes (managed by Australia Post) and Local Government Areas (managed by state and territory governments).[10]

Privacy

The Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 prohibit the ABS from releasing any personally identifiable census data to any government, private or individual entity.[11]

In 1979, the Australian Law Reform Commission released Privacy and the Census, a report detailing legislative privacy measures related to the census.[12] One of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names and addresses in census data. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data; individuals were more likely to leave questions blank. Not collecting this data would also impair the ability of the ABS to ensure that all participants have responded.[13]

The ABS protects personal information primarily through anonymisation of data. Personal information is stored separately from other census data, and separately from each other. Names are mutated into anonymised codes, which are then used to link data.[6]

Destruction of personal information

Historically, the ABS has destroyed census forms or other census-related personal information after the census data processing period, roughly 18 months after the census.[6]

Following a public consultation process before the 2016 census, it was found that Australians expected the ABS to hold their information for as long as there is a benefit to the community, and should be destroyed as soon as that need no longer exists. Following this process, the ABS has revised the retention period to four years after census, instead of 18 months. Concurrently, the ABS also improved their anonymisation techniques and limits access to addresses and anonymised names to when only necessary.[6]

Census Time Capsule

Since 2001, the ABS and National Archives of Australia have given respondents the option to have their complete census data, including name and address, stored in the Census Time Capsule. The capsule is stored securely at the National Archives for 99 years after each census and is released publicly at the end of that period. The first capsule opening will be on 7 August 2100.[6]

Counting of Indigenous Australians
Main article: 1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)

Indigenous Australians in contact with the colonists were enumerated at many of the colonial censuses.[14] When the Federation of Australia occurred in 1901, the new Constitution contained a provision (section 127), which said: "In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted." In 1967, a referendum was held which approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians. The second of the two amendments deleted section 127 from the Constitution. It was widely believed at the time of the referendum, and is still often said, that section 127 meant that aboriginal people were not counted in Commonwealth censuses before 1967. In fact section 127 related to calculating the population of the states and territories for the purpose of allocating seats in Parliament and per capita Commonwealth grants. Its purpose was to prevent Queensland and Western Australia using their large aboriginal populations to gain extra seats or extra funds.[14] Thus the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics interpreted section 127 as meaning that they may enumerate "aboriginal natives" but that they must be excluded from published tabulations of population. Aboriginal people living in settled areas were counted to a greater or lesser extent in all censuses before 1967.

The first Commonwealth Statistician, George Handley Knibbs, obtained a legal opinion that "persons of the half blood" or less are not "aboriginal natives" for the purposes of the Constitution. At the first Australian census in 1911 only those "aboriginal natives" living near white settlements were enumerated, and the main population tables included only those of half or less aboriginal descent. Details of "half-caste" (but not "full-blood") aborigines were included in the tables on Race. Details of those "full-blood" aborigines enumerated were included in separate tables.[15] This practice was followed in all subsequent censuses up to 1966.

Since 1967, the ABS has considered Torres Strait Islanders a separate Indigenous people.[16] Prior to 1947, Torres Strait Islanders were regarded as aboriginal and excluded if "full-blood".[16] In 1947, Torres Strait Islanders were considered to be Polynesian and in 1954 and 1961 were considered to be Pacific Islanders.[16] In 1966, Torres Strait Islanders were again regarded as aboriginal and excluded if "full-blood".[16]

Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups

Ancestry data was included in the 1986 census. It was found when the data was evaluated that people who filled in the census were not sure what the question meant and there were inconsistent results, particularly for those people whose families had been in Australia for many generations. There were no ancestry related questions in 1991 or 1996. For 2001 it was decided that development of Government policies did need information about people who were either born overseas, or whose parents were born overseas. The questions were to mark the ancestries most closely identified with and to consider ancestry back as far as three generations. Respondents had the option of reporting more than one ancestry but only the first two ancestries they reported were coded for the census.

The results for 2001 were coded using the Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG). This classification of cultural and ethnic groups is based on the geographic area in which a group originated or developed; and the similarity of cultural and ethnic groups in terms of social and cultural characteristics. The classification is specific to Australian needs and was developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The classification is based on the self-perceived group identification approach, using a self assessed response to a direct question. This approach measures the extent to which individuals associate with particular cultural or ethnic groups.[17][18]

History

1828
Main article: 1828 New South Wales census

Australia's first census was held in November 1828 in New South Wales, a British colony at the time. Previous government statistical reports had been taken from "musters" where white immigrants were brought together for counting. In 1828, the white population was 36,598: 20,870 settlers and 15,728 convicts. 23.8% of the population were born in the colony and 24.5% were women. There were 25,248 Protestants and 11,236 Catholics. Indigenous Australians were not counted.[19]

Of the 36,598 people, 638 were living in what is now Queensland. There were also 18,128 people in Tasmania.[20]

1881

In the mid-19th century the colonial statisticians encouraged compatibility between the colonies in their respective censuses, and in 1881 a census was held simultaneously in each of the colonies.[13] This was part of a census of the British Empire. The questions posed in the colonies were not uniform and Henry Heylyn Hayter, who conducted the Victorian census, found that this caused difficulties in dealing with Australia-wide data.

The population of Australia counted in the census was 2,250,194.[19]

1881 census population results
New South Wales Victoria Queensland Tasmania South Australia Northern Territory Western Australia
751,468 862,346 213,525 115,704 276,414 9,797 29,708

At the time, the Northern Territory was part of South Australia and had 3,451 white people plus 6,346 Aboriginals in settled districts. Including the Northern Territory, South Australia had a total counted population of 286,211 people. The reported population of Western Australia did not include full-blood aborigines.[19] The population of greater Melbourne was 282,947 and of Sydney was 224,939.[19]

1901

In 1901, there were 3,773,801 people (1,977,928 males and 1,795,873 females) counted in Australia.[21]

Prior to federation, each colony had been responsible for its own census collection. The census held during the first year of Federation, 1901, was again collected by each state separately. When planning for the 1901 census it was clear that federation was soon to occur, and a uniform census schedule was adopted.[13]

1911
Main article: 1911 Australian census

The first national census was developed by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The census occurred at midnight between 2 and 3 April 1911. Tabulation was carried out almost entirely by hand; over 4 million cards were sorted and physically counted for each tabulation. Results from the 1911 census took a long time to be released, with delays increased by World War I.[13] The Australian population was counted in the census as 4,455,005, "exclusive of full-blooded aborigines".

In the 1911 census, many collectors used horses. A drought in Western Australia meant that some collectors were unable to find feed for their horses. Flooding and bogs stranded some collectors in Queensland.[22]

Rubella research

In 1911 the census asked about deaf-mutism. This question was also asked in the next two censuses of 1921 and 1933. Deaf-mutism was found to be very high among 10- to 14-year-olds, with the same pattern existing in the 1921 census among 20- to 24-year-olds. The statisticians report on the 1921 census noted that it was "a reasonable assumption therefore that the abnormal number of deaf-mutes . . . was the result of the extensive epidemic of infectious diseases which occurred soon after many in those age groups were born". Rubella was not known to be a possible contributor. During World War II, the ophthalmologist Norman McAllister Gregg began to investigate the connection between birth defects and the infection of mothers early in their pregnancy. In 1951, prompted by Gregg's work, Australian statistician Oliver Lancaster examined the census figures of 1911, 1921 and 1933. He found a peak in the level of deaf-mutism in the age cohort born in 1898 and 1899 and that this matched with a known outbreak of rubella in those years. "This was the first time in the world that the link between rubella and congenital problems with unborn children was firmly established."[22]

1921–1966
Lantern slide produced for the Australian Inland Mission based on the 1921 census. It shows the Australian population enumerated in the census graded for population density.

Australia's population counted in April 1921 was 5,435,700, "exclusive of full-blooded aborigines". The Statistician independently estimated the number of aborigines, both "full-blood" and "half-caste" by obtaining figures from police and protectors of aborigines throughout the country.

One of the significant findings of the 1921 census was the low rate of males to females in the 20–30 age group, showing the impact of World War I on the population.[23]

The 1921 census introduced automatic machine tabulation equipment, hired from England for the census.[13] Three punched cards were used to store individual, dwelling, and family information. The cards were processed using an electric sorting machine prior to final totalling with an electric tabulator machine, devised by Herman Hollerith.[24]

The census was subsequently conducted in 1933, 1947, 1954, and every five years from 1961 onwards.

1971

Following the 1967 referendum removing section 127 from the Constitution, the "race" question was re-designed for the 1971 census and methods for remote area collection examined to improve identification of Indigenous Australian groups.[13]

There were 12,755,638 people counted.[20]

1976

The 1976 census was the largest undertaken to date, with 53 questions. Due to budgetary restraints, the ABS was not able to complete normal processing of the data and a 50% sample was processed.[13] There were 13,548,450 people counted.[20]

1991

The 1991 census was held on 6 August 1991.[25]

1996

The 1996 census was held on 6 August. There were 16,892,423 people counted in Australia. Of these, 342,864 people identified themselves as Indigenous Australians. There were 139,594 overseas visitors.[26]

2001

The 2001 census was held on 7 August. There were 18,769,420 people counted in Australia.[27] Of these, 410,003 people identified as Indigenous Australians. There were 203,101 overseas visitors.[26]

2006

The 2006 census was conducted on the night of 8 August. There were 19,855,288 people counted in Australia. Of those, 455,031 people identified as Indigenous Australians. There were 206,358 overseas visitors.[26] For the first time, the territories of Cocos (Keeling) Islands were included in the 2006 census, following the enactment of the Territories Law Reform Act 1992.[28]

The 2006 census contained 60 questions, all of which were compulsory except those relating to religion and household census data retention. The census cost around A$300 million to conduct.

eCensus

For the first time, respondents were given the option of completing an online "eCensus" as opposed to the traditional paper-based version. By 17 August, more than 720,000 households had completed the census online.[29]

Across Australia, 8.4% of estimated dwellings lodged online. The highest percentage of internet lodgements was in the Australian Capital Territory with 14.8% of households using eCensus. This was a markedly different proportion of households than elsewhere in Australia, with the other states and territory ranging from 5.9% in the Northern Territory to 8.9% in Western Australia.[29]

The peak lodgement was between 8pm and 9pm on census night, when more than 72,000 online forms were received. The eCensus remained available throughout the entire census period. During the 24-hour period of 8 August (census night), eCensus delivered more than 12.5 million page views and at 8:47 pm, more than 55,000 households were logged on simultaneously. IBM assisted with the development of the eCensus, having provided similar infrastructure and technology for the Canadian census earlier that year.[29]

2011

The 2011 census was held on the night of 9 August, using both paper and electronic "eCensus" forms. Minimal changes were made from the 2006 census due to financial constraints on the ABS during development.[28] The 2011 census was the largest logistical peacetime operation ever undertaken in Australia, employing over 43,000 field staff to ensure approximately 14.2 million forms were delivered to 9.8 million households.[30]

The first results of the census were released in June 2012 on the Australian Bureau of Statistics website.[31]

The cost of the 2011 census was A$440 million.[32]

2016
Main article: 2016 Australian census
ABS website message after the 2016 online census was shut down

The census occurred on 9 August 2016. For the first time, the ABS the census was by default filled out online, claiming it expected more than 65% of Australians would be completing the census online.[33] Reflecting this new preference, the tagline of the ad campaign for the census was the rhyming slogan "Get online on August 9".[34] Across many regions, paper forms were no longer delivered by default to homes, and households that wished to complete a paper census had to order such forms via an automated hotline. Letters were sent to each dwelling with unique code numbers that people would need to either login to the census website or order a paper form if they preferred. By census night, many households had still not received such a letter.[35] Contrary to previous years where censuses were both delivered and retrieved from households by dedicated census employees, in 2016 most of the paperwork relating to the census was delivered from and to the ABS by Australia Post.

The 2016 census was met by two controversies. The first was that the retention of names and addresses increased to up to 4 years, from 18 months in the 2006 and 2011 censuses, leading to concerns about privacy and data security. As such, some Australian Senate crossbenchers (from the Greens, Nick Xenophon Team and Jacqui Lambie Network) said they would not complete those specific sections of the census, despite the fines associated with incorrect completion of the census.[36] The second was that many Australians could not complete the census online on the designated day.[37] While a paper census form was also available on request, for 2016 the ABS was aiming for two-thirds online.[38][38] However, the online census website shut down at about 7:30 pm AEST on the night it was to be completed.

According to the ABS, throughout 9 August the census website received four denial-of-service attacks. At 7:30 pm, when the site was being heavily used, a software failure meant that the ABS was unable to keep blocking the denial-of-service attacks, leading to the failure of a router. As a result, the ABS decided to close down the system as a precaution. The ABS reported that no census data were compromised.[39][40][41] The Australian Signals Directorate was assisting the ABS to bring the infrastructure back online more than 24 hours after the closure.[42]

The census website was restored at 2:30 pm on 11 August.[43] On the same day, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull stated his displeasure over the event, which had "been a failure of the ABS", with his expectation that "heads will roll" once a review was complete.[44] Leader of the opposition Bill Shorten said that the 2016 census had been the "worst-run ... in the history of Australia".[45] The ABS blamed service provider IBM for the failure in the online census, saying that IBM had advised on the preparedness and resilience to DDoS attacks and had not offered any further protections that could be employed.[46] On 31 August, the Parliament of Australia initiated an inquiry into the 2016 census.[47] It released its findings on 24 November: no individual party was found to be responsible but it was shared between the government, IBM, and other sub-contractors.[48]

The census forms were able to be submitted online until 23 September. Once collection was complete, the ABS issued an announcement which confirmed that in spite of the initial online problems, there was a preliminary response rate of more than 96%. This consisted of 4.9 million (over 58%) online submissions and 3.5 million paper forms. The preliminary response rate was similar to the previous two census response rates of 95.8% in 2006 and 96.5% in 2011.[49]

According to the ABS, the preliminary release of census data became available to the public on the ABS website on 11 April 2017, two months earlier than for any previous census. The main release of data occurred on 27 June 2017 and a final data release on 17 October 2017.[50]

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See also

References
  1. "Census Data". University of Sydney. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  2. "2021 Census overview". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  3. Kalisch, David (2 July 2017). "2016 Census of Population and Housing data release national media conference". YouTube. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  4. "2011 Census: Census help: About the Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  5. "Census and Statistics Act 1905". Federal Register of Legislation. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  6. "Privacy, Confidentiality and Security". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 February 2018.
  7. Pink, Brian (6 November 2012). "2007.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Consultation on Content and Procedures, 2016: Preface". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  8. "Welcome to the 2020 Census Test". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  9. "Marking 100 years of Australian Censuses". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 20 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  10. "Australian Statistical Geography Standard". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  11. "Privacy, Confidentiality & Security". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  12. "Privacy and the Census, The Law Reform Commission, Report number 12" (PDF). Australian Government Publishing Service. 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.
  13. "The population census – a brief history". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2005. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  14. Smith, L. R. (1980). The Aboriginal Population of Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
  15. Madden, Richard; Al-Yaman, Fadwa (2003). "How Statisticians Describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples" (PDF). 2003 Seminars on Health and Society: An Australian Indigenous Context. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  16. Ross, Kate (1999). Population Issues, Indigenous Australians, 1996 (PDF). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 5. ISBN 0642256845. 4708.0 - Occasional Paper. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  17. "2970.0.55.006 – 2001 Census of Population and Housing – Fact Sheet: Ancestry, 2001". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 2002. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  18. "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ABS Catalogue no. 1249.0)" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 2000. p. 176. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  19. Aplin, Graeme; Foster, S. G.; McKernan, Michael, eds. (1987). Australians: Events and Places. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. pp. 38, 97. ISBN 0-949288-13-6.
  20. Vamplew, Wray, ed. (1987). Australians: Historical Statistics. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. p. 26. ISBN 0-949288-29-2.
  21. "2001 Census of Population and Housing – 00 1901 Australian Snapshot". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2006.
  22. Pearce, Chris (2006). ABS 2006 Census Recruitment Campaign Launch (Speech). Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer. Canberra: Australian Government. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  23. "Census of Population and Housing – 2006 Census articles". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  24. "1966 – IBM computers used to process census data for the first time". About IBM in Australia. IBM. 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  25. Directory of Census Statistics, Cat. No. 2910.0, Australian Bureau of Statistic, January 1995
  26. "Previous Censuses: Census Data". 2006 census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.
  27. Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "Australia". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  28. "Census of Population and Housing: Nature and Content, 2011". 2011 census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  29. "IBM application and hosting expertise helps ABS build the big picture faster with eCensus program" (Press release). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 17 August 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
  30. "About the Census: What is the Census?". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  31. "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  32. Martin, Peter (19 February 2015). "Abbott government considers axing the Australian census to save money". theage.com.au. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  33. Media Release (9 August 2015). "Get ready to get digital with the 2016 Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  34. "Official Ad From Australian Beauro of Statistics".
  35. Smith, Lucy (9 August 2016). "Census delay for residents without letters". Mackay Daily Mercury. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  36. Anderson, Stephanie (9 August 2016). "Census 2016: Christopher Pyne criticises politicians withholding details over privacy fears". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  37. Borrello, Eliza (9 August 2015). "Census goes digital: 2016 survey to be delivered online for speed, convenience". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  38. Martin, Peter (9 August 2015). "Census 2016 to be $100 million cheaper and all digital, on August 9". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  39. "Census: How the Government says the website meltdown unfolded". ABC News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  40. "2016 Census – 9 August online form outage update". Australian Bureau of Statistics (Press release). 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  41. "Australian census attacked by hackers". BBC News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  42. "Census website still down after cyber attacks". ABC News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  43. "2016 Census – Online form update: 3.00 pm, August 11". abs.gov.au (Press release). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  44. "Angry PM slams ABS 'failure' as census website goes back online". ABC News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  45. Kara Vickery and Gemma Wilson (10 August 2016). "Census hacking: Privacy Commissioner investigates as Nick Xenophon calls for Senate inquiry". News Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  46. "Census 2016: ABS targets service provider IBM over botched survey". ABC. ABC. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  47. "2016 Census Inquiry". Australian Parliament House. Australian Parliament House. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  48. "Government, IBM and ABS all criticised as census failure reports released". Australian Financial Review. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  49. "Australia records more than 96 per cent preliminary response rate for the 2016 Census". www.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  50. "2011.0.55.001 – Information Paper: Census of Population and Housing – Products and Services, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

Further reading
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