Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (branded as Metro; formerly branded as MTA or LACMTA) is an agency that operates public transportation in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It was formed in 1993 out of a merger of the Southern California Rapid Transit District and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission. It is chartered under state law as a regional transportation planning agency.

This article is about the present transit agency. For the transit agency from 1951 to 1964, see Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority.
"Los Angeles Metro" redirects here. For other uses, see Los Angeles Metro (disambiguation).
Metro
Four Metro-operated modes of service
Overview
LocaleLos Angeles County, California
Transit typeRapid transit (subway)
Light rail
Bus
Bus rapid transit
Number of linesHeavy rail: 2
Light rail: 4
Bus rapid transit: 2
Bus: 170
Number of stationsRail: 93
Bus: 13,978[1]
Daily ridership1,174,751 (2019, weekdays)[2]
Chief executivePhillip Washington[3]
Websitewww.metro.net
Operation
Began operationFebruary 1, 1993[4]
Technical
System lengthRail: 105 miles (169 km)
Bus: 1,433 miles (2,306 km)[1]
Track gaugeStandard gauge 4 ft 8.5 in (1.435 m)

Metro directly operates bus, light rail, heavy rail and bus rapid transit services. It provides funding and directs planning for rail and freeway projects within Los Angeles County. It also funds 27 local transit agencies as well as access paratransit services.

Overview
A LADOT DASH bus at the Chinatown Metro Rail station in 2007. DASH bus exteriors have been updated.

The agency develops and oversees transportation plans, policies, funding programs, and both short-term and long-range solutions to mobility, accessibility and environmental needs in the county. The agency is also the primary transit provider for the city of Los Angeles, providing the bulk of such services even though the city's Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) operates a smaller system of its own within the MTA service area in the city of Los Angeles: LADOT's Commuter Express bus service to outlying suburbs in the city of Los Angeles (with a few terminating in adjacent cities), the popular short distance DASH (Downtown Area Short Hop) mini-bus service in downtown and other neighborhoods exclusively in the city of Los Angeles. Metro's headquarters are in a high-rise building adjacent to Union Station in downtown Los Angeles.[5]

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates the third-largest public transportation system in the United States by ridership with a 1,433 mi² (3,711 km²) operating area and 2,000 peak hour buses on the street any given business day.[6] Metro also operates 105 miles (169 km) of urban rail service.[1] The authority has 9,892 employees, making it one of the region's largest employers.[1]

The authority also partially funds sixteen municipal bus operators and an array of transportation projects including bikeways and pedestrian facilities, local roads and highway improvements, goods movement, Metrolink regional commuter rail, Freeway Service Patrol and freeway call boxes within the County of Los Angeles.

Security and law enforcement services on Metro property (including buses and trains) are currently provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's Transit Services Bureau via contract, in conjunction with Metro Transit Enforcement Department, Los Angeles Police Department (Union Station and all LACMTA rail services within the City of Los Angeles) and in the city of Long Beach, the Long Beach Police Department.

In 2006, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority was named Outstanding Transportation System for 2006 by the American Public Transportation Association. Most buses and trains have "America's Best" decals affixed.[7]

Services
Metro Rail and Metro Busway system map

Metro Rail
Main article: Los Angeles Metro Rail

Metro Rail is a rail mass transit system with two subway and four light rail lines. As of November 2016, the system runs a total of 105 miles (169 km), with 93 stations[1] and over 316,000 daily weekday boardings. Starting in 2019, lines will be renamed with lettered designations, citing a lack of distinct colors available for future services.[8]

 A Line (opened 1990) is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Downtown Long Beach.
 B Line (opened 1993) is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and North Hollywood.
 C Line (opened 1995) is a light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk, largely in the median of the 105 Freeway. It provides indirect access to Los Angeles International Airport via a shuttle bus.
 D Line (opened 1996 as the Red Line) is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. Most of its route is shared with the Red Line.
 E Line (opened 2012) is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica.[9]
 L Line (opened 2003) is a light rail line running between East Los Angeles and Azusa via Downtown Los Angeles.[10]

Metro Busway
Main article: Los Angeles Metro Busway
A Metro Liner vehicle at the North Hollywood station on the Orange Line.

Metro Busway is an express bus system with characteristics of bus rapid transit with two lines operating on dedicated or shared-use busways. The system runs a total of 60 miles (97 km), with 28 stations and over 42,000 daily weekday boardings as of May 2016.

The Metro Busway system is meant to mimic the Metro Rail system, both in the vehicle's design and in the operation of the line. Vehicles stop at dedicated stations (except the Metro Silver Line portion in Downtown Los Angeles), vehicles receive priority at intersections and are painted in a silver livery similar to Metro Rail vehicles.

 G Line (opened in 2005) is a bus rapid transit line running between North Hollywood and Chatsworth.
 J Line (began operation in 2009) is a limited-stop bus line running between El Monte, Downtown Los Angeles, and Harbor Gateway, with some buses also serving San Pedro.

Metro Bus

Metro is the primary bus operator in the Los Angeles Basin, the San Fernando Valley, and the western San Gabriel Valley. Other transit providers operate more frequent service in the rest of the county. Regions in Los Angeles County that Metro Bus does not serve at all include rural regions, the Pomona Valley, the Santa Clarita Valley, and the Antelope Valley.

Metro operates two types of bus services which are distinguished by the color of the buses.[11] However, when mechanical problems or availability equipment occurs, a bus of any color may be substituted to continue service on the route.

A Metro Local bus on Line 81 (Figueroa St.) with its trademark orange color

Metro Local buses are painted in an off-orange color which the agency has dubbed “California Poppy”. This type of service makes frequent stops along major thoroughfares. There are 18,500 stops on 189 bus lines. Some Metro Local routes make limited stops along part of their trip but do not participate in the Rapid program. Some Metro Local bus lines are operated by contractors MV Transportation, Southland Transit, and Transdev (formerly Veolia).

A Metro Rapid articulated bus on Line 720 (Wilshire Blvd. Whittier Blvd.).

Metro Rapid buses are distinguished by their bright red color which the agency has dubbed “Rapid Red”. This bus rapid transit service offers limited stops on many of the county's more heavily traveled arterial streets. Metro claims to reduce passenger commute times by up to 25% by several methods, among them a headway-based schedule so that drivers are not held up at certain stops and signal priority for Rapid buses.[12]

A Metro Express bus on Line 577X (San Gabriel River Frwy.) at CSULB in Long Beach
Metro Express Line 460 serves Knott's Berry Farm

Metro Express buses used to be painted in a dark blue color which the agency had formerly dubbed “Business Blue”, with routes designed as premium, minimal stop services along Los Angeles's extensive freeway network. There are 9 lines running as of Nov. 2019: 442, 456 (pilot)[13], 460, 487, 489, 501, 534, 550, and 577.

Some Metro Local lines also use the county's freeway system along their trip. They are labeled as Express services but make more stops on their trips and are not considered to be "premium" Metro Express lines.

All Metro buses are CNG-powered, the largest such fleet in the United States.[14] The CNG fleet reduces emissions of particulates by 90%, carbon monoxide by 80%, and greenhouse gases by 20% compared to diesel powered buses. Alternative fuel buses have logged more than 450 million operating miles since 1993, an industry record.

Transitways

Metro operates two transitways that carry multiple bus routes for part of their trips through Southern California. When traveling within the transitways, the buses run in express service, stopping only at stations. The transitways are meant to mimic the Metro Rail lines, because while each bus may have a different final destination passengers can board any bus and travel to any of the other stations. The two transitways are connected by a dedicated Metro Busway route, the Metro J Line.

Other services

Fares

NOTE: Fares are free during the COVID-19 pandemic; on buses, passengers must board from rear door. However, TAP cards are still required aboard trains.

All Metro passes are sold on TAP Cards, smart fare cards on which customers can load value or a pass; they are valid on all Metro buses and trains as well as most city buses.

Faregates at some Metro Rail stations and the G Line require a TAP card, but Metro as a whole operates on a proof-of-payment system. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles Police Department, Long Beach Police Department and Metro's fare inspectors conduct random ticket inspections throughout the system. If customers are caught without a valid TAP card, they may be fined and/or subject to community service.

Fare evasion was estimated in 2007 to be at 6%, costing Metro $2.6 million annually. In response to this, the Metro board approved fare gating of all stations on the Red and Green Lines, and selected stations on the Orange, Blue, and Gold Lines, capturing 84% of passengers using the system. Adding fare gates was selected to increase fare collections, implement distance based fares on rail and transitways in the future, and reduce the potential of the system to terrorist attack.[18] Former Metrolink executive director Richard Stanger critiqued the gate installation by citing its cost and ineffectiveness, concerns ultimately dismissed by the Metro board.[19]

In 2007, with the consent decree with the Bus Riders Union (BRU) expired, Metro announced plans for a fare hike. The agency said that it needed to reduce its $100 million deficit, which would be done either by raising fares or reducing service. This proposal garnered strong opposition from Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, Councilman Bernard Parks, the BRU, and low-income residents.

Starting July 15, 2018, inter-agency paper transfers were discontinued on Metro buses. Instead, riders must now use a TAP card when transferring between Metro and municipal buses.[20] (This payment method uses the Stored Value format, which first deducts the base fare, then the inter-agency's transfer amount is deducted when passengers transfer.)

Ridership

Weekday mode share in 2018

  B & D Lines (11.3%)
  A Line (5.3%)
  C Line (2.5%)
  E Line (5%)
  L Line (4.2%)
  G Line (1.9%)
  J Line (1.2%)
  Metro Bus (72.3%)

The Metro Red Line has the highest ridership of all the Metro Rail Lines. The Metro Red Line's operational cost is the lowest of all of the Metro Rail lines because of its high ridership. The Metro Liner Metro Silver Line has the lowest ridership of all color-branded lines. Average daily boardings and passenger miles for all of 2018 are as follows:[2]

Service Weekdays Saturdays Sundays and Holidays Average Weekday Passenger Miles
Heavy Rail
 B Line
 D Line		 137,142 81,837 70,250 648,132
Light Rail
 A Line 64,648 32,075 29,013 482,659
 C Line 30,839 16,504 13,588 219,700
 E Line 61,024 37,321 32,966 424,643
 L Line 50,523 31,280 24,937 441,140
Bus and BRT
Metro Bus 878,862 550,391 423,771 3,739,826
 G Line 22,573 12,698 10,212 148,944
 J Line 15,059 6,346 5,127 152,706
Total Bus and Rail 1,214,893 752,462 601,200 5,824,359

Cost per ride
Budget (2015)[21] $5,508,000,000
Budget w/o Highway programs $5,063,000,000
Budget w/o Regional bus subsidies $3,994,000,000
LA metro Rides (2015)[22] 469,471,000
Cost per ride $14.50
Fares collected per ride $1.75
Time 2 hours with free transfers (Metro Rail)

Governance

Metro is governed by a Board of Directors with 14 members, 13 of whom are voting members.[23] The Board is composed of:

In addition, Service Councils, composed of political appointees from various regions of Los Angeles County, approve service changes and oversee bus routes within a region. There are five regions: Gateway Cities, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, South Bay, and Westside/Central. Service councils advise on planning and implementation of service within their area; call and conduct public hearings and evaluate Metro bus programs to their area; make policy recommendations to the Metro Board; and participate in quarterly meetings with the Metro Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Deputy CEO and management staff.

Service councils were created as governance councils in 2001, in response to complaints about the effectiveness of Metro service in suburban areas. Communications between sectors and riders was poor, according to a report by the California State Auditor which was released one year into the new structure.[24] In addition, each sector had its own scheduling, operations, and maintenance divisions, causing effort duplication, organizational silos, and inefficiency.[25] Thus, in 2009, the sectors were eliminated, and transportation, maintenance, service planning, and administration were recentralized under the guidance of Metro's Chief Operations Officer. Governance councils, renamed service councils, now have more responsibility over local issues such as stop placement and service changes, while larger issues are handled by the Metro board.[26]

In some cases, governance of Metro lies in the hands of local governmental bodies, such as school boards, and local elected officials. The Beverly Hills Unified School District board, along with its president Lisa Korbatov, is one such example. In 2018, Korbatov was serving her second term as president of the board. She led a public campaign opposed to the extension of the Purple Line subway underneath Beverly Hills High School. Additionally, she rounded up enough signatures to send a petition to President Donald Trump, asking him to withhold federal funding and force the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority to re-route the subway tunnel away from the high school.[27]

Funding

A complex mix of federal, state, county and city tax dollars as well as bonds and fare box revenue funds Metro. The Metro budget for 2020 is $7.2 billion. Below is the funding breakdown from Metro's fiscal year 2020 budget.

Revenues US$ in Millions 2020[28]
Proposition A (0.5% sales tax) 873
Proposition C (0.5% sales tax) 873
Measure R (0.5% sales tax) 873
Measure M (0.5% sales tax) 873
Transportation Development Act (0.25% sales tax) 436.5
State Transit Assistance ("Diesel Tax") 215.8
SB 1 State of Good Repair Funding ("Gas Tax") 30.1
Metro Passenger Fares 284.5
Metro ExpressLanes Tolls 58.4
Advertising 25.6
Other Revenues 71.2
Grants Reimbursements 1,184.8
Bond Proceeds & Prior Year Carryover 1,408.6
Total Resources (US$ millions) 7,207.6
Warner Center Transit Hub.

Fleet
Expo Line train arriving at La Cienega/Jefferson station.
Main article: Los Angeles Metro bus fleet

As part of Metro's ATMS project, most buses include a marquee displaying the date and time, Automatic Voice Annunciation (AVA) for audio and visual announcements for each stop, and an audio and visual Stop Requested announcement.

MV Transportation, Southland Transit, and Transdev are bus contractors; these contractors currently operate a few NABI 40-LFW (7600-7949) series, all NABI 31-LFW (3100-3149) series, and some NFI XN40 (5600-6149) & (3850-4199) series.

Metro Local buses are painted orange ("California Poppy"), Metro Rapid buses are painted red, and Metro J Line buses are painted silver. Metro Local buses acquired prior to the adoption of these colors in 2004 are white with a gold stripe around the bus; these buses been painted orange during their mid-life rehabilitation (except for the 5300-series New Flyer buses assigned to Metro Rapid lines, which were repainted in red livery in 2004-05). The 7000- and 7600-series buses acquired for Metro Rapid service in 2000 and 2002 are red with a white stripe along the top (7102-7112, 7617-7618, 7628, 7643, 7646 were white with a red Metro Rapid logo on all sides and some of these buses have been repainted to standard red and white and a few have been converted to Metro Local service), but some have been repainted to the current red and silver livery. Most had been repainted beginning in 2007; some have been repainted either in the updated Metro Rapid scheme or in Metro Local colors.

Metro operates the nation's largest fleet of CNG-powered buses. The CNG fleet reduces emissions of particulates by 90%, carbon monoxide by 80%, and greenhouse gases by 20% over the 500 remaining diesel powered buses in the fleet. Alternative fuel buses have logged more than 450 million operating miles since 1993, an industry record. Metro has retired all diesel buses (not including contracted buses) and became an entirely clean-air fleet in January 2011.

Beginning December 17, 2006, Metro Local Lines 233 (Van Nuys Blvd.) and 204 (Vermont Ave.) were the first Metro Local lines to use 60-foot (18 m) NABI articulated buses (9400-9494 and some 9500-9594 series). These buses are also currently in use on Metro Local Line 40 (Hawthorne Bl./Crenshaw Bl./MLK Bl./Broadway Ave.), Metro Local Line 66 (8th Street/E. Olympic Bl.) and Metro Local Line 207 (Western Ave.).

Sustainability
Per passenger GHG emissions of transportation options[29]

To increase sustainability in transportation services, Metro also provides bike and pedestrian improvements for the over 10.1 million residents of Los Angeles county.[30]

Metro has focused its sustainability efforts towards two primary channels:

  1. Countywide Planning: Plans to optimize efficiency and usability in transportation for all of Los Angeles County.
  2. Environmental Compliance and Services: A framework for environmentally friendly implementation and operation of Metro services.

These focuses have gleaned positive outcomes – in 2015, Metro displaced more greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) than it produced by 7,093 metric tons. Metro also released a study detailing the empirically founded impact of their green initiatives.[31]

Bicycle transportation planning

In May 2009 Metro started to set up a Multi Mobility Working Group, which may lead to a change in TDM funding for bicycle projects as detailed in a separate entry on bicycle transportation planning in Los Angeles.

History

LACMTA was formed in 1993 from the merger of two previous agencies: the Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD or more often, RTD) and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC). RTD was during the 1960s to 1980s (until the LACTC was created) the "800 pound gorilla" in bus transportation in Southern California, operating most public transportation in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties, although outlying services began to be divested in the early 1980s.

Future
A TAP validator at a Metro station

Metro has expanded its Metro Rapid bus system with a goal of 28 lines since 2008.[32] A Special Master ruling in December 2005 requires Metro to increase service on all Rapid bus routes to every 10 minutes during the peak period and every 20 minutes during the mid-day and evening. Service would be required to operate between 5 a.m. and 9 a.m. on all Rapid routes. Metro has chosen not to appeal the ruling and began implementation on all Rapid routes in June 2006.

In addition, the agency is embarking on a massive bus restructuring effort entitled Metro Connections. The project is designed to convert the current grid-based bus system, implemented in 1980, to a hub and spoke system focused on activity centers.[33] The system is to be phased in the next four years, and will include new express routes and reconfigured local service. Suburban service and low ridership shuttles will be considered for operation by municipal agencies, restructuring, or cancellation.

The Universal Fare system called 'TAP' which stands for Transit Access Pass was introduced to the public in early 2010. The TAP smart card uses near-field communication allowing bus and rail passengers to physically tap their cards on the farebox or fare-gate for faster boarding.

In 2015, Metro studied renaming its rail and bus rapid transit lines using a letter-based scheme.[34]

Crenshaw/LAX Line
Further information: Crenshaw/LAX Line

The Crenshaw/LAX Line is being built from Aviation/LAX station on the Green Line to Expo/Crenshaw station on the Expo Line, passing through Inglewood and Crenshaw, Los Angeles. It will connect with a people mover to serve Los Angeles International Airport. A further phase will extend the line to Hollywood to connect with the Red Line.

Gold Line Foothill Extension
Further information: Gold Line Foothill Extension

Metro is planning an extension of the Gold Line into the San Gabriel Valley to the San Bernardino County border city of Montclair. The first phase of this extension, to Azusa, opened on March 5, 2016. Construction for Phase 2 began on December 2, 2017 and is expected to complete by early 2026.

Regional Connector
Further information: Regional Connector

The Regional Connector is a tunnel under Downtown Los Angeles, joining the Gold Line at Little Tokyo Station (1st Street and Central Avenue) to the A Line (Blue Line) and E Line (Expo Line) at 7th Street/Metro Center. This will lead to the creation of two lines, one between Long Beach and Azusa, and the other between East Los Angeles and Santa Monica.

Purple Line Extension
Further information: Purple Line Extension

Phase 1 of the Purple Line Extension will add three new subway stations to the D Line (Purple Line) at Wilshire/La Brea, Wilshire/Fairfax, and Wilshire/La Cienega. Further phases will extend the D line to Century City and Westwood. Construction of the second section began in 2018.[35]

West Santa Ana Transit Corridor

The West Santa Ana Transit Corridor has been designated as a priority for mass transit development, making use of the mostly disused Pacific Electric West Santa Ana Branch via Stanton and Garden Grove to Santa Ana for future expansion of rail or busway service. The current proposal is a light rail line with a new route from Union Station to the Green Line, then the West Santa Ana Branch right-of-way to Artesia.[36][37]

The Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) is collaborating with the cities of Santa Ana and Garden Grove on the OC Streetcar on the southerly portion of the West Santa Ana Branch.[38]

Clean air

Metro aims to have a fully electric bus system by 2030, along with a full switch to electric operations for the Orange and Silver lines by 2020 and shortly after, respectively. [39]

Measure M

Measure M, passed on November 2016, extends and increases the Measure R 30-year half-cent sales tax to a permanent one-cent sales tax. This tax is expected to fund $120 billion in highway and transit projects over 40 years.[40] The tax is also expected to support over 778,000 jobs in the Los Angeles area and $79.3 billion in economic output.[41]

Projects to be funded by Measure M include:[40][42]

General

Metro has a project list including all current projects being pursued in Los Angeles County, as well as an interactive map.

  • Interior of Metro Local Bus – NABI 40 LFW.
  • Metro Local Line 166 using a NABI 45C bus.
  • Line 166 at the Chatsworth Orange Line Station.
  • Metro Local Line 166 departing.
  • Interior of a Metro Gold Line train car – Breda P2550 train.
  • Metro Silver Line bus departing Manchester Silver Line station.
  • Metro Local Line 232, a contract (pre-2015) bus line using a now retired Orion Bus
  • Inside a NABI 45 compobus on Los Angeles Metro Local line: 81.

The Metro rail and bus fleet often make appearances in films and television shows produced in the Los Angeles area, including 2012, Crash,[44] Lethal Weapon 3, Volcano,[45] Superbad, Collateral,[45] The 40-Year-Old Virgin,[46] Battle: Los Angeles,[47] and Captain Marvel.[45] One of the earliest appearances was in the 1994 movie Speed with Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock, in which the Metro plays a key part in the plot.[45]

gollark: Technically, my server is capital because you can ??? money with it.
gollark: No, I found THAT one.
gollark: Please tell me. I put it on my desk but now I can't find it.
gollark: Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents?
gollark: Cool, right?

See also
People

References
  1. "Facts At A Glance". Metro. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  2. "Ridership Statistics". www.metro.net. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  3. "Phillip Washington, Denver transit chief, to become Metro's new CEO". KPCC. March 12, 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  4. [California Public Utilities Code, Section 130051.10] Retrieved 1/26/2018
  5. "Help & Contacts." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  6. APTA Ridership Reports Statistics – United States Transit Agency Totals Index Archived 2006-03-14 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2006
  7. LA County’s Metro Cited as Nation’s 2006 Outstanding Public Transportation System. Retrieved June 8, 2006
  8. Scauzillo, Steve (13 December 2018). "Because they're out of colors, LA Metro will rename all its train lines and rapid busways with letters in 2019". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  9. Nelson, Laura J. (February 25, 2016). "Metro Expo Line to begin service to Santa Monica on May 20". Los Angeles Times.
  10. Scauzillo, Steve (February 26, 2016). "When is the grand opening of the Gold Line Foothill Extension?". San Gabriel Valley Tribune.
  11. "Bold New Look Proposed For Metro Buses, Trains, 'M' Logo". Los Angeles County Metro. 19 June 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  12. "Final Report Los Angeles Metro Rapid Demonstration Program" (PDF).
  13. Express bus between Long Beach and DTLA will continue as pilot program
  14. "Metro Gets Grant For Purchase of More Clean-Air Buses". Los Angeles County Metro. 26 April 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  15. "Introducing Metro Bike Share". Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  16. "Metro Bike Share: About". 2015-01-27. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  17. Scauzillo, Steve (September 21, 2018). "Lessons from a failed bike-share program in Pasadena". Pasadena Star News. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  18. "Metro Rail Gating Study" (PDF). November 15, 2007.
  19. https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2008/02_February/20080228RBMItem36.pdf
  20. Chen, Anna (2018-06-13). "Transfers between most TAP-participating agencies will be exclusively on TAP starting July 15". The Source. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  21. "LA metro 2015 funding sources" (PDF).
  22. "Ridership Statistics". www.metro.net. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  23. "California Code, Public Utilities Code – PUC § 130051". Findlaw. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  24. "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority: It Is Too Early to Predict Service Sector Success, but Opportunities for Improved Analysis and Communication Exist." page 41, California State Auditor, December 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  25. https://www.metro.net/board/Items/2009/11_November/20091118OPItem48.pdf
  26. "Metro in Transition". Streetsblog Los Angeles. 2009-12-02. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  27. "Force behind campaign against Metro's Purple Line may have a Trump card". The Real Deal Los Angeles. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  28. "FY20 Adopted Budget" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 1, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  29. "Looking for a Way to Fight Climate Change?". June 2017.
  30. "Metro Sustainability".
  31. "Looking for a way to fight climate change? Try taking transit, walking or biking". metro.net. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  32. Overview of Transportation Topics. Realtor.org. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
  33. "Metro Connections Update" (PDF). January 2006.
  34. Loos, Chris (April 2, 2015). "Metro Proposes Simplified Naming Convention for Rail Lines". Urbanize.LA. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  35. "The long-awaited Metro Purple Line Subway Extension is now under construction".
  36. Sharp, Steven (September 15, 2015). "Metro Exploring New Options for West Santa Ana Branch". Urbanize.LA. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  37. Nelson, Laura J. (May 23, 2018). "Metro narrows the options for a light-rail line from downtown L.A. to Artesia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  38. Escobar, Allyson (2017-06-11). "Orange County's first modern streetcar plans to be the future of transit on track". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  39. "Fresh Air".
  40. "Measure M: Metro's Plan to Transform Transportation in LA". The Plan. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  41. "Fresh Air".
  42. "Measure M project descriptions". The Source. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  43. "Editorial: It was a terrible idea to build a new freeway in Los Angeles County. Now it's on hold for good". Los Angeles Times. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  44. "New Flyer C 40 LF in "Crash"".
  45. Roe, Mike; Fonseca, Ryan (March 7, 2019). "Captain Marvel Takes LA Metro, But She's Not The First Movie Hero To Go For A Ride". LAist. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.
  46. "Neoplan AN 440 Transliner in "The 40 Year Old Virgin"".
  47. "NABI 416 in "Battle: Los Angeles"".
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